Evaluation of the role of human β-defensin 3 in modulation of immunity and inflammatory response after knee replacement
Identifieur interne : 003E42 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003E41; suivant : 003E43Evaluation of the role of human β-defensin 3 in modulation of immunity and inflammatory response after knee replacement
Auteurs : Jiguang Jia ; Hao Peng ; Sen ChenSource :
- Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine [ 1792-0981 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
The present study investigated the value of human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in adjusting the immunity and inflammatory response of T lymphocytes in the body after knee replacement. Sixty-four cases of knee replacement patients were successively selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group each with 32 cases. Once a day, for 7 days, patients in the control group were injected with placebo saline solution in the articular cavity. Levels of Th1 and/Th2, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were compared one month later, and implant infection rates were compared within 1-year follow-up. Compared with patients in the control group, the levels of Th1 and Th1/Th2 in the observation group significantly increased, yet their Th2 decreased. The levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were also observed to be significantly elevated, yet IL-10 decreased. Furthermore, their TLR-4 and ALP levels were significantly higher. Three cases of implant-related infection occurred in the control group and 1 case in the observation group. In conclusion, HBD-3 could adjust the immunity and inflammatory response of cells in the body after knee replacement, possibly playing an important role in implant-related infection.
Url:
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4100
PubMed: 28413475
PubMed Central: 5377263
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5377263Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the role of human β-defensin 3 in modulation of immunity and inflammatory response after knee replacement</title><author><name sortKey="Jia, Jiguang" sort="Jia, Jiguang" uniqKey="Jia J" first="Jiguang" last="Jia">Jiguang Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Hao" sort="Peng, Hao" uniqKey="Peng H" first="Hao" last="Peng">Hao Peng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Sen" sort="Chen, Sen" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Sen" last="Chen">Sen Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28413475</idno><idno type="pmc">5377263</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377263</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5377263</idno><idno type="doi">10.3892/etm.2017.4100</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003E42</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003E42</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of the role of human β-defensin 3 in modulation of immunity and inflammatory response after knee replacement</title><author><name sortKey="Jia, Jiguang" sort="Jia, Jiguang" uniqKey="Jia J" first="Jiguang" last="Jia">Jiguang Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Hao" sort="Peng, Hao" uniqKey="Peng H" first="Hao" last="Peng">Hao Peng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Sen" sort="Chen, Sen" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Sen" last="Chen">Sen Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1792-0981</idno><idno type="eISSN">1792-1015</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The present study investigated the value of human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in adjusting the immunity and inflammatory response of T lymphocytes in the body after knee replacement. Sixty-four cases of knee replacement patients were successively selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group each with 32 cases. Once a day, for 7 days, patients in the control group were injected with placebo saline solution in the articular cavity. Levels of Th1 and/Th2, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were compared one month later, and implant infection rates were compared within 1-year follow-up. Compared with patients in the control group, the levels of Th1 and Th1/Th2 in the observation group significantly increased, yet their Th2 decreased. The levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were also observed to be significantly elevated, yet IL-10 decreased. Furthermore, their TLR-4 and ALP levels were significantly higher. Three cases of implant-related infection occurred in the control group and 1 case in the observation group. In conclusion, HBD-3 could adjust the immunity and inflammatory response of cells in the body after knee replacement, possibly playing an important role in implant-related infection.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saksena, J" uniqKey="Saksena J">J Saksena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Platts, Ad" uniqKey="Platts A">AD Platts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dowd, Gs" uniqKey="Dowd G">GS Dowd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Mw" uniqKey="Zhao M">MW Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, H" uniqKey="Tian H">H Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, L" uniqKey="Zeng L">L Zeng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Bg" uniqKey="Li B">BG Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Fl" uniqKey="Zhang F">FL Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ly" uniqKey="Li L">LY Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kanchanabat, B" uniqKey="Kanchanabat B">B Kanchanabat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stapanavatr, W" uniqKey="Stapanavatr W">W Stapanavatr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meknavin, S" uniqKey="Meknavin S">S Meknavin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soorapanth, C" uniqKey="Soorapanth C">C Soorapanth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sumanasrethakul, C" uniqKey="Sumanasrethakul C">C Sumanasrethakul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanchanasuttirak, P" uniqKey="Kanchanasuttirak P">P Kanchanasuttirak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huizinga, Mr" uniqKey="Huizinga M">MR Huizinga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brouwer, Rw" uniqKey="Brouwer R">RW Brouwer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisschop, R" uniqKey="Bisschop R">R Bisschop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Veen, Hc" uniqKey="Van Der Veen H">HC van der Veen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Akker Scheek, I" uniqKey="Van Den Akker Scheek I">I van den Akker-Scheek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Raay, Jj" uniqKey="Van Raay J">JJ van Raay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schrama, Jc" uniqKey="Schrama J">JC Schrama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Espehaug, B" uniqKey="Espehaug B">B Espehaug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hallan, G" uniqKey="Hallan G">G Hallan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engesaeter, Lb" uniqKey="Engesaeter L">LB Engesaeter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furnes, O" uniqKey="Furnes O">O Furnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Havelin, Li" uniqKey="Havelin L">LI Havelin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fevang, Bt" uniqKey="Fevang B">BT Fevang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Montanaro, L" uniqKey="Montanaro L">L Montanaro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Speziale, P" uniqKey="Speziale P">P Speziale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campoccia, D" uniqKey="Campoccia D">D Campoccia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravaioli, S" uniqKey="Ravaioli S">S Ravaioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cangini, I" uniqKey="Cangini I">I Cangini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pietrocola, G" uniqKey="Pietrocola G">G Pietrocola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giannini, S" uniqKey="Giannini S">S Giannini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arciola, Cr" uniqKey="Arciola C">CR Arciola</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ning, R" uniqKey="Ning R">R Ning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, X" uniqKey="Zhang X">X Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, X" uniqKey="Guo X">X Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jarczak, J" uniqKey="Jarczak J">J Jarczak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ko Ciuczuk, Em" uniqKey="Ko Ciuczuk E">EM Kościuczuk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lisowski, P" uniqKey="Lisowski P">P Lisowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strzalkowska, N" uniqKey="Strzalkowska N">N Strzałkowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="J Wik, A" uniqKey="J Wik A">A Jóźwik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horba Czuk, J" uniqKey="Horba Czuk J">J Horbańczuk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krzy Ewski, J" uniqKey="Krzy Ewski J">J Krzyżewski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zwierzchowski, L" uniqKey="Zwierzchowski L">L Zwierzchowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bagnicka, E" uniqKey="Bagnicka E">E Bagnicka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Batoni, G" uniqKey="Batoni G">G Batoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maisetta, G" uniqKey="Maisetta G">G Maisetta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esin, S" uniqKey="Esin S">S Esin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campa, M" uniqKey="Campa M">M Campa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hinrichsen, K" uniqKey="Hinrichsen K">K Hinrichsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Podschun, R" uniqKey="Podschun R">R Podschun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schubert, S" uniqKey="Schubert S">S Schubert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schroder, Jm" uniqKey="Schroder J">JM Schröder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harder, J" uniqKey="Harder J">J Harder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Proksch, E" uniqKey="Proksch E">E Proksch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yp" uniqKey="Chen Y">YP Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Cc" uniqKey="Wu C">CC Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Wp" uniqKey="Ho W">WP Ho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chiang, Er" uniqKey="Chiang E">ER Chiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Yp" uniqKey="Su Y">YP Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Th" uniqKey="Chen T">TH Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiu, Fy" uniqKey="Chiu F">FY Chiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Wm" uniqKey="Chen W">WM Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilarranz, R" uniqKey="Gilarranz R">R Gilarranz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chamizo, F" uniqKey="Chamizo F">F Chamizo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horcajada, I" uniqKey="Horcajada I">I Horcajada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bordes Benitez, A" uniqKey="Bordes Benitez A">A Bordes-Benítez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, Pk" uniqKey="Singh P">PK Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shiha, Mj" uniqKey="Shiha M">MJ Shiha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A Kumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Colavita, I" uniqKey="Colavita I">I Colavita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nigro, E" uniqKey="Nigro E">E Nigro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarnataro, D" uniqKey="Sarnataro D">D Sarnataro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scudiero, O" uniqKey="Scudiero O">O Scudiero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Granata, V" uniqKey="Granata V">V Granata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daniele, A" uniqKey="Daniele A">A Daniele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zagari, A" uniqKey="Zagari A">A Zagari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pessi, A" uniqKey="Pessi A">A Pessi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salvatore, F" uniqKey="Salvatore F">F Salvatore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bedran, Tb" uniqKey="Bedran T">TB Bedran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayer, Mp" uniqKey="Mayer M">MP Mayer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spolidorio, Dp" uniqKey="Spolidorio D">DP Spolidorio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grenier, D" uniqKey="Grenier D">D Grenier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warnke, Ph" uniqKey="Warnke P">PH Warnke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springer, In" uniqKey="Springer I">IN Springer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Russo, Pa" uniqKey="Russo P">PA Russo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiltfang, J" uniqKey="Wiltfang J">J Wiltfang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Essig, H" uniqKey="Essig H">H Essig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kosmahl, M" uniqKey="Kosmahl M">M Kosmahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherry, E" uniqKey="Sherry E">E Sherry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acil, Y" uniqKey="Acil Y">Y Acil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Varoga, D" uniqKey="Varoga D">D Varoga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wruck, Cj" uniqKey="Wruck C">CJ Wruck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tohidnezhad, M" uniqKey="Tohidnezhad M">M Tohidnezhad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brandenburg, L" uniqKey="Brandenburg L">L Brandenburg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paulsen, F" uniqKey="Paulsen F">F Paulsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mentlein, R" uniqKey="Mentlein R">R Mentlein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seekamp, A" uniqKey="Seekamp A">A Seekamp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Besch, L" uniqKey="Besch L">L Besch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pufe, T" uniqKey="Pufe T">T Pufe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mu Oz, M" uniqKey="Mu Oz M">M Muñoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cobos, A" uniqKey="Cobos A">A Cobos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campos, A" uniqKey="Campos A">A Campos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ariza, D" uniqKey="Ariza D">D Ariza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mu Oz, E" uniqKey="Mu Oz E">E Muñoz</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez, A" uniqKey="G Mez A">A Gómez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Semple, F" uniqKey="Semple F">F Semple</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macpherson, H" uniqKey="Macpherson H">H MacPherson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webb, S" uniqKey="Webb S">S Webb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, Sl" uniqKey="Cox S">SL Cox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallin, Lj" uniqKey="Mallin L">LJ Mallin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tyrrell, C" uniqKey="Tyrrell C">C Tyrrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grimes, Gr" uniqKey="Grimes G">GR Grimes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Semple, Ca" uniqKey="Semple C">CA Semple</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nix, Ma" uniqKey="Nix M">MA Nix</name></author><author><name sortKey="Millhauser, Gl" uniqKey="Millhauser G">GL Millhauser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Exp Ther Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Exp Ther Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ETM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1792-0981</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1792-1015</issn><publisher><publisher-name>D.A. Spandidos</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28413475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5377263</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/etm.2017.4100</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ETM-0-0-4100</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of the role of human β-defensin 3 in modulation of immunity and inflammatory response after knee replacement</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jia</surname><given-names>Jiguang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-4100"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>Hao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-4100"></xref><xref rid="c1-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="corresp"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Sen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-etm-0-0-4100"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-etm-0-0-4100">Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-etm-0-0-4100"><italic>Correspondence to</italic>: Dr Hao Peng, Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China, E-mail: <email>penghao5868@163.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>06</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1343</fpage><lpage>1346</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>1</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Jia et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License</ext-link>, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The present study investigated the value of human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in adjusting the immunity and inflammatory response of T lymphocytes in the body after knee replacement. Sixty-four cases of knee replacement patients were successively selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group each with 32 cases. Once a day, for 7 days, patients in the control group were injected with placebo saline solution in the articular cavity. Levels of Th1 and/Th2, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were compared one month later, and implant infection rates were compared within 1-year follow-up. Compared with patients in the control group, the levels of Th1 and Th1/Th2 in the observation group significantly increased, yet their Th2 decreased. The levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were also observed to be significantly elevated, yet IL-10 decreased. Furthermore, their TLR-4 and ALP levels were significantly higher. Three cases of implant-related infection occurred in the control group and 1 case in the observation group. In conclusion, HBD-3 could adjust the immunity and inflammatory response of cells in the body after knee replacement, possibly playing an important role in implant-related infection.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>human β-defensin 3</kwd><kwd>knee replacement</kwd><kwd>T lymphocyte</kwd><kwd>interleukin-2</kwd><kwd>tumor necrosis factor-α</kwd><kwd>toll-like receptor 4</kwd><kwd>alkaline phosphatase</kwd><kwd>implant-related infection</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), is considered as one of the successful surgeries as it is able to eradicate knee joint pain effectively, recover knee joint function and improve the quality of life of the affected patients (<xref rid="b1-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Long-term study has proved that TKA provides a relatively higher survival rate (<xref rid="b2-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>), however, with a variety of complications, and their incidence rates vary (<xref rid="b3-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>). Complications mainly included formation of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, prosthesis failure (including aseptic loosening, prosthesis wear or fracture, joint removal and liner out), nerve and vascular injury, formation of deep hematoma, periprosthetic fracture, knee stiffness, complications of patellofemoral (including patellofemoral instability, patella fracture, patellar clunk syndrome, extensor device fracture), pain and implant-related infection (<xref rid="b4-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>) which is the disastrous complication of TKA with incidence of 1–2.5% (<xref rid="b5-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>).</p><p><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, is the main pathogen responsible for nosocomial infection, osteomyelitis and other infections related to orthopaedic implants (<xref rid="b6-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>). An earlier study showed that the bacteria transfer into osteocytes after infection could stimulate cytokine secreting, chemotactic factor and endogenous antimicrobial peptide β-defensin (<xref rid="b7-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>). This is a newly found bacterial infection inhibitor that is characterized by wide antimicrobial spectrum, rapid action, and a special action on immune regulation of bone infection (<xref rid="b8-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>). Based on <italic>in vitro</italic> cell and animal models, human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) has the ability to regulate immunological activity of T, B lymphocyte, levels of interleukin (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inflammatory factors, inhibit biofilm and is able to affect implant-related infection (<xref rid="b9-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="b10-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>). The above applies to the TKA in clinic. Therefore, the present study explored the importance of HBD-3 in T lymphocyte response in the body after knee replacement.</p></sec><sec sec-type="subjects|methods"><title>Patients and methods</title><sec><title></title><sec><title>Patients</title><p>We selected 64 cases of patients who were admitted and underwent TKA treatment in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2014 to June 2015, and the study obtained the approval of the Ethics Committee and written informed consent of the patient or their family. The patients were divided into the control group and the observation group each with 32 cases in accordance with the order of admission. Among which, 22 males and 10 females were in control group; aged from 38 to 76 years with an average age of 53.2±15.6 years; unilateral knee replacement was performed in 20 cases, bilateral knee replacement in 12 cases (5 cases in the same period and 7 cases in stages); primary disease: osseous arthritis in 16 cases, rheumatoid arthritis in 7 cases, traumatic arthritis in 6 cases and joint deformity in 3 cases; score of HSS before surgery was 32–65 with an average of 48.7±12.3 points; knee range of motion was 65–82° with an average of 76.7±8.3°. There were 20 males and 12 females in the observation group; aged from 41 to 78 years with an average age of 52.8±14.9 years; unilateral knee replacement was performed in 18 cases, bilateral knee replacement in 14 cases (5 cases in the same period and 9 cases in stages). Primary disease: osseous arthritis in 6 cases, rheumatoid arthritis in 6 cases, traumatic arthritis in 2 cases and joint deformity in 3 cases; score of HSS before surgery was 35–69 with an average of 51.3±15.6 points; knee range of motion was 63–85° with an average of 764.8±8.5°. The baseline data of two groups were comparable.</p></sec><sec><title>Research method</title><p>The study of two groups was completed by the same surgery and nursing team in line with the standard medical procedure. The main steps of TKA: Notch at anterior median of knee joint, open up joint capsule to expose joint cavity, cut-off cruciate ligaments, remove joint marginal osteophyte and residual meniscus, release medial and lateral accessory ligament properly. In severe inversion deformity, attention was paid to the release of soft tissues around medial tibial plateau. Under the state of extreme genuflex, osteotomy of femur and tibia were carried out, osteotomy of 6° valgus and 3° external rotation at femoral condyle, of 5° backward at tibial plateau. Patella is not replaced routinely, so when repairing patella cartilage, an electric knife was used to scorch along the patella to block innervation and reduce the occurrence of anterior pain after surgery. The cemented prosthesis was placed when patellar tracking, stability of knee joint and ligament balance state were satisfactory. After surgery, 0° joint extension with brace protection was carried out.</p><p>The control group was given placebo saline solution of 10 ml in articular cavity, and the observation group HBD-3 (standard, 10 µg:50 µg:1 mg, Art no., CSB-P12186-3; Beijing Biodee Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) of 10 ml once a day, for 7 days.</p><p>To prevented the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, heparin sodium of 3,000 µ for subcutaneous injection was utilized for 1 week. Attention was paid to the observation of drainage, functional exercise of flexion and extension of quadriceps and knee joint were carried out. After removing the drainage tube, patients could walk with the help of the walking aid. The main method of functional exercise was to straighten knee joint actively. Intravenous analgesia pump was utilized to relieve pain and strive to achieve the state of extreme extension within 2 h with 90° flexion degree to the maximum.</p></sec><sec><title>Observation indicators</title><p>Follow-up was until January 2016 and the average follow-up time was of 13 months. Comparison of Th1/Th2, IL-2 and IL-10, TNF-α, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and implant infection rate within 1-year follow-up was carried out. Th1/Th2 was detected by flow cytometry, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and TLR-4 levels were detected by ELISA method, and ALP level was detected by 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), the ELISA kits of IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and TLR-4 were purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) and experimental procedures were conducted according to the kit instructions.</p></sec><sec><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>SPSS 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis, data were expressed by the mean ± standard deviation, comparisons among group were tested by Student's t-test, countable data were expressed as the number of case or a percentage, comparison within groups was tested by χ<sup>2</sup> test, P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec><title></title><sec><title>Comparison of Th1/Th2 levels</title><p>Th1 and Th1/Th2 of observation group was increased significantly comparing with that of control group, while Th2 decreased, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) (<xref rid="tI-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="table">Table I</xref> and <xref rid="f1-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Comparison of IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α levels</title><p>IL-2 and TNF-α levels increased significantly comparing with that of control group, while IL-10 level decreased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) (<xref rid="tII-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="table">Table II</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Comparison of TLR-4 and ALP levels</title><p>TLR-4 and ALP levels of observation group were significantly higher than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) (<xref rid="tIII-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="table">Table III</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Comparison of implant infection during the follow-up</title><p>There were 3 cases of implant infection in control group (9.4%), 1 case in observation group (3.1%), there was no statistical significance (P=0.306, unilateral) by Fisher's exact probability method.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Thorough debrigement and two-stage revision are currently recognized as gold standards for late infection treatment after TKA surgery (<xref rid="b11-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>). Spacers to hold thoroughly removed infected tissues are divided as static and dynamic, the two have similar effects in removing infection. However, the dynamic one retains bone mass and has relatively flexible knee joint, so that it can prevent soft tissue contracture and patella baja and help later prosthesis implantation and rapid preoperative recovery (<xref rid="b12-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>). In TKA failure cases, the daily habits of patients also count, and preoperative blood glucose control, cardiopulmonary function improvement, stopping smoking, weight control and lymphedema treatment can reduce the occurrence of infection (<xref rid="b13-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>).</p><p>Studies found that cells of infected parts could directly secrete β-defensin to resist bacteria and infection. β-defensin also participated in the regulation of innate immunity and adaptive immunity in the hosts (<xref rid="b14-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>). HBD-3 could also reduce CD98 expression and inhibited bacteria infection via competitively combining with surface receptor CD98 of the epithelial A549 cells (<xref rid="b15-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>). HBD-3 also regulated epithelial cells and fibroblasts to inhibit inflammation (<xref rid="b16-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>). Warnke <italic>et al</italic> found that under chronic inflammation in the body, osteoblast secretion of HBD-3 obviously increased and perhaps activated the immune system in bone tissues (<xref rid="b17-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>). Varoga <italic>et al</italic> found that <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> supernatant could induce the release and expression of HBD-3 via TLR-2 and −4 on the surface of osteoblasts (<xref rid="b18-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>). So, endogenous antimicrobial peptide HBD-3 constituted the first line of defense after bacteria invaded the bone tissues.</p><p>The present study observed significant increases of Th1, Th1/Th2, IL-2 and TNF-α, decreases of Th2, IL-10, and obviously higher levels of TLR-4 and ALP, in the observation group as compared to control. Th1 cells mainly secreted IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α, mainly mediated immunity response relevant to cellular poison and local inflammation, assisted generation of antibodies and participated in cell immunity and delayed hypersensitivity inflammation. Th1 cells played an important role in intracellular pathogen infection of the body. Th2 cells mainly secreted IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, which mainly worked to stimulate the proliferation of B cells and generation of immunoglobulin G and antibody E and showed relation with immunity of body fluids. It has been proven that implant-related infection could induce the increase of Th1 cells and led to increase of Th1/Th2 (<xref rid="b19-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>). HBD-3 may regulate Th1/Th2, further enhanced the immunity response of cells and removed infection. The regulation process of Th1/Th2 by HBD-3 was related to increasing the expression of TLR-4 (<xref rid="b20-etm-0-0-4100" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>). ALP, secreted by osteoblasts, participated in the formation of new bone at the interface between implant and bone tissue. Three cases of implant-related infection occurred in the control group, and one such case in the observation group. No significant difference was detected due to the small sample size. However, it could be observed that HBD-3 regulated the immunity and inflammation of body cells after knee replacement, possibly playing an important role in implant-related infection. Further research need to be conducted in future on large sample sizes for more confirmatory results in clinical settings.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1-etm-0-0-4100"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saksena</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Platts</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Dowd</surname><given-names>GS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Recurrent haemarthrosis following total knee replacement</article-title><source>Knee</source><volume>17</volume><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><year>2010</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.knee.2009.06.008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19616438</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b2-etm-0-0-4100"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>BG</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>FL</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>LY</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation and analysis of the tibial coronal alignment after total knee replacement with the extramedullary tibial cutting guided by the tibial tubercle and anterior tibial tendon in Chinese patients</article-title><source>Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao</source><volume>48</volume><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>355</lpage><year>2016</year><comment>(In Chinese)</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27080295</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b3-etm-0-0-4100"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kanchanabat</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Stapanavatr</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Meknavin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Soorapanth</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Sumanasrethakul</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kanchanasuttirak</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Systematic review and meta-analysis on the rate of postoperative venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery in Asian patients without thromboprophylaxis</article-title><source>Br J Surg</source><volume>98</volume><fpage>1356</fpage><lpage>1364</lpage><year>2011</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/bjs.7589</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21674473</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b4-etm-0-0-4100"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huizinga</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Brouwer</surname><given-names>RW</given-names></name><name><surname>Bisschop</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Veen</surname><given-names>HC</given-names></name><name><surname>van den Akker-Scheek</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>van Raay</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Long-term follow-up of anatomic graduated component total knee arthroplasty: a 15- to 20-year survival analysis</article-title><source>J Arthroplasty</source><volume>27</volume><fpage>1190</fpage><lpage>1195</lpage><year>2012</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.arth.2011.11.020</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22425295</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b5-etm-0-0-4100"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schrama</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Espehaug</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Hallan</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Engesaeter</surname><given-names>LB</given-names></name><name><surname>Furnes</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Havelin</surname><given-names>LI</given-names></name><name><surname>Fevang</surname><given-names>BT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Risk of revision for infection in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with osteoarthritis: a prospective, population-based study on 108,786 hip and knee joint arthroplasties from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register</article-title><source>Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)</source><volume>62</volume><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>479</lpage><year>2010</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/acr.20036</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20391501</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b6-etm-0-0-4100"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Montanaro</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Speziale</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Campoccia</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Ravaioli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cangini</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Pietrocola</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Giannini</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Arciola</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Scenery of Staphylococcus implant infections in orthopedics</article-title><source>Future Microbiol</source><volume>6</volume><fpage>1329</fpage><lpage>1349</lpage><year>2011</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2217/fmb.11.117</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22082292</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b7-etm-0-0-4100"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ning</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Staphylococcus aureus regulates secretion of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 through activation of nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway in human osteoblasts</article-title><source>Braz J Infect Dis</source><volume>15</volume><fpage>189</fpage><lpage>194</lpage><year>2011</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1413-8670(11)70173-8</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21670915</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b8-etm-0-0-4100"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jarczak</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kościuczuk</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lisowski</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Strzałkowska</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Jóźwik</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Horbańczuk</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Krzyżewski</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Zwierzchowski</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Bagnicka</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Defensins: natural component of human innate immunity</article-title><source>Hum Immunol</source><volume>74</volume><fpage>1069</fpage><lpage>1079</lpage><year>2013</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23756165</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b9-etm-0-0-4100"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Batoni</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Maisetta</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Esin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Campa</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human beta-defensin-3: a promising antimicrobial peptide</article-title><source>Mini Rev Med Chem</source><volume>6</volume><fpage>1063</fpage><lpage>1073</lpage><year>2006</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/138955706778560193</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17073706</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b10-etm-0-0-4100"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hinrichsen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Podschun</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Schubert</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Schröder</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Harder</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Proksch</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mouse beta-defensin-14, an antimicrobial ortholog of human beta-defensin-3</article-title><source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source><volume>52</volume><fpage>1876</fpage><lpage>1879</lpage><year>2008</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AAC.01308-07</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18332171</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b11-etm-0-0-4100"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>YP</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>CC</given-names></name><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>WP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Autoclaved metal-on-cement spacer versus static spacer in two-stage revision in periprosthetic knee infection</article-title><source>Indian J Orthop</source><volume>50</volume><fpage>146</fpage><lpage>153</lpage><year>2016</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0019-5413.177587</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27053803</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b12-etm-0-0-4100"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chiang</surname><given-names>ER</given-names></name><name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>YP</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>TH</given-names></name><name><surname>Chiu</surname><given-names>FY</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>WM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of articulating and static spacers regarding infection with resistant organisms in total knee arthroplasty</article-title><source>Acta Orthop</source><volume>82</volume><fpage>460</fpage><lpage>464</lpage><year>2011</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/17453674.2011.581266</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21883049</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b13-etm-0-0-4100"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gilarranz</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Chamizo</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Horcajada</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Bordes-Benítez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prosthetic joint infection caused by Trueperella bernardiae</article-title><source>J Infect Chemother</source><volume>7</volume><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><year>2016</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b14-etm-0-0-4100"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>Shiha</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antibacterial responses of retinal Müller glia: production of antimicrobial peptides, oxidative burst and phagocytosis</article-title><source>J Neuroinflammation</source><volume>11</volume><fpage>33</fpage><year>2014</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-2094-11-33</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24548736</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b15-etm-0-0-4100"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Colavita</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Nigro</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Sarnataro</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Scudiero</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Granata</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Daniele</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Zagari</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Pessi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Salvatore</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Membrane protein 4F2/CD98 is a cell surface receptor involved in the internalization and trafficking of human β-defensin 3 in epithelial cells</article-title><source>Chem Biol</source><volume>22</volume><fpage>217</fpage><lpage>228</lpage><year>2015</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.020</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25641165</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b16-etm-0-0-4100"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bedran</surname><given-names>TB</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayer</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Spolidorio</surname><given-names>DP</given-names></name><name><surname>Grenier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Synergistic anti-inflammatory activity of the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin-3 (hBD-3) and cathelicidin (LL-37) in a three-dimensional co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><volume>9</volume><fpage>e106766</fpage><year>2014</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0106766</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25187958</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b17-etm-0-0-4100"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Warnke</surname><given-names>PH</given-names></name><name><surname>Springer</surname><given-names>IN</given-names></name><name><surname>Russo</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiltfang</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Essig</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kosmahl</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Sherry</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Acil</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Innate immunity in human bone</article-title><source>Bone</source><volume>38</volume><fpage>400</fpage><lpage>408</lpage><year>2006</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16263346</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b18-etm-0-0-4100"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Varoga</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Wruck</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Tohidnezhad</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Brandenburg</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Paulsen</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Mentlein</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Seekamp</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Besch</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Pufe</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Osteoblasts participate in the innate immunity of the bone by producing human beta defensin-3</article-title><source>Histochem Cell Biol</source><volume>131</volume><fpage>207</fpage><lpage>218</lpage><year>2009</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00418-008-0522-8</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18925411</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b19-etm-0-0-4100"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Muñoz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cobos</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Ariza</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Muñoz</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Gómez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Post-operative unwashed shed blood transfusion does not modify the cellular immune response to surgery for total knee replacement</article-title><source>Acta Anaesthesiol Scand</source><volume>50</volume><fpage>443</fpage><lpage>450</lpage><year>2006</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.00977.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16548856</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b20-etm-0-0-4100"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Semple</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>MacPherson</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Webb</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cox</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Mallin</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Tyrrell</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Grimes</surname><given-names>GR</given-names></name><name><surname>Semple</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Nix</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Millhauser</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Human β-defensin 3 affects the activity of pro-inflammatory pathways associated with MyD88 and TRIF</article-title><source>Eur J Immunol</source><volume>41</volume><fpage>3291</fpage><lpage>3300</lpage><year>2011</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/eji.201141648</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21809339</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="f1-etm-0-0-4100" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Th1/Th2 detection by flow cytometry. (A) Th1 count for control group. (B) Th1 count for observation group. (C) Th2 count for control group. (D) Th2 count for observation group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="etm-13-04-1343-g00"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tI-etm-0-0-4100" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table I.</label><caption><p>Comparison of Th1/Th2 levels (%).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groups</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Th1</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Th2</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Th1/Th2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.6±5.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.6±5.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6±0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observation</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.5±6.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.7±2.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3±1.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">t-test</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.527</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.413</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.534</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tII-etm-0-0-4100" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table II.</label><caption><p>Comparison of IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α levels (pg/ml).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groups</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-2</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-10</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TNF-α</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140.7±43.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.2±23.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114.7±32.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observation</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213.5±52.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.9±21.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156.3±35.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">t-test</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.628</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.420</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.306</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-etm-0-0-4100"><p>IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tIII-etm-0-0-4100" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table III.</label><caption><p>Comparison of TLR-4 and ALP levels.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Groups</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TLR-4 (ng/ml)</th><th align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALP (U/l)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2±4.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.8±48.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observation</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6±4.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165.9±54.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">t-test</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.968</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.125</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-etm-0-0-4100"><p>TLR-4, toll-like receptor 4; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 003E42 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 003E42 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= LymphedemaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5377263
|texte= Evaluation of the role of human β-defensin 3 in modulation of immunity and inflammatory response after knee replacement
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28413475" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a LymphedemaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |