Early Contralateral Shoulder-Arm Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Post-Surgery Radiation Therapy
Identifieur interne : 003C39 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 003C38; suivant : 003C40Early Contralateral Shoulder-Arm Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Post-Surgery Radiation Therapy
Auteurs : Nele Adriaenssens ; Vincent Vinh-Hung ; Geertje Miedema ; Harijati Versmessen ; Jan Lamote ; Marian Vanhoeij ; Pierre Lievens ; Hilde Van Parijs ; Guy Storme ; Mia Voordeckers ; Mark De RidderSource :
- Breast Cancer : Basic and Clinical Research [ 1178-2234 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Shoulder/arm morbidity is a common complication of breast cancer surgery and radiotherapy (RT), but little is known about acute contralateral morbidity.
Patients were 118 women enrolled in a RT trial. Arm volume and shoulder mobility were assessed before and 1–3 months after RT. Correlations and linear regression were used to analyze changes affecting ipsilateral and contralateral arms, and changes affecting relative interlimb differences (RID).
Changes affecting one limb correlated with changes affecting the other limb. Arm volume between the two limbs correlated (R = 0.57). Risk factors were weight increase and axillary dissection. Contralateral and ipsilateral loss of abduction strongly correlated (R = 0.78). Changes of combined RID exceeding 10% affected the ipsilateral limb in 25% of patients, and the contralateral limb in 18%. Aromatase inhibitor therapy was significantly associated with contralateral loss of abduction.
High incidence of early contralateral arm morbidity warrants further investigations.
Url:
DOI: 10.4137/BCBCR.S9362
PubMed: 22904635
PubMed Central: 3418149
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3418149Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Early Contralateral Shoulder-Arm Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Post-Surgery Radiation Therapy</title><author><name sortKey="Adriaenssens, Nele" sort="Adriaenssens, Nele" uniqKey="Adriaenssens N" first="Nele" last="Adriaenssens">Nele Adriaenssens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Physical Therapy Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinh Hung, Vincent" sort="Vinh Hung, Vincent" uniqKey="Vinh Hung V" first="Vincent" last="Vinh-Hung">Vincent Vinh-Hung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Radiation Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miedema, Geertje" sort="Miedema, Geertje" uniqKey="Miedema G" first="Geertje" last="Miedema">Geertje Miedema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Versmessen, Harijati" sort="Versmessen, Harijati" uniqKey="Versmessen H" first="Harijati" last="Versmessen">Harijati Versmessen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamote, Jan" sort="Lamote, Jan" uniqKey="Lamote J" first="Jan" last="Lamote">Jan Lamote</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanhoeij, Marian" sort="Vanhoeij, Marian" uniqKey="Vanhoeij M" first="Marian" last="Vanhoeij">Marian Vanhoeij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lievens, Pierre" sort="Lievens, Pierre" uniqKey="Lievens P" first="Pierre" last="Lievens">Pierre Lievens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Physical Therapy Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Parijs, Hilde" sort="Van Parijs, Hilde" uniqKey="Van Parijs H" first="Hilde" last="Van Parijs">Hilde Van Parijs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, Guy" sort="Storme, Guy" uniqKey="Storme G" first="Guy" last="Storme">Guy Storme</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voordeckers, Mia" sort="Voordeckers, Mia" uniqKey="Voordeckers M" first="Mia" last="Voordeckers">Mia Voordeckers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Ridder, Mark" sort="De Ridder, Mark" uniqKey="De Ridder M" first="Mark" last="De Ridder">Mark De Ridder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22904635</idno><idno type="pmc">3418149</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418149</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3418149</idno><idno type="doi">10.4137/BCBCR.S9362</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003C39</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003C39</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Early Contralateral Shoulder-Arm Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Post-Surgery Radiation Therapy</title><author><name sortKey="Adriaenssens, Nele" sort="Adriaenssens, Nele" uniqKey="Adriaenssens N" first="Nele" last="Adriaenssens">Nele Adriaenssens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Physical Therapy Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinh Hung, Vincent" sort="Vinh Hung, Vincent" uniqKey="Vinh Hung V" first="Vincent" last="Vinh-Hung">Vincent Vinh-Hung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Radiation Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miedema, Geertje" sort="Miedema, Geertje" uniqKey="Miedema G" first="Geertje" last="Miedema">Geertje Miedema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Versmessen, Harijati" sort="Versmessen, Harijati" uniqKey="Versmessen H" first="Harijati" last="Versmessen">Harijati Versmessen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamote, Jan" sort="Lamote, Jan" uniqKey="Lamote J" first="Jan" last="Lamote">Jan Lamote</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanhoeij, Marian" sort="Vanhoeij, Marian" uniqKey="Vanhoeij M" first="Marian" last="Vanhoeij">Marian Vanhoeij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lievens, Pierre" sort="Lievens, Pierre" uniqKey="Lievens P" first="Pierre" last="Lievens">Pierre Lievens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Physical Therapy Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Parijs, Hilde" sort="Van Parijs, Hilde" uniqKey="Van Parijs H" first="Hilde" last="Van Parijs">Hilde Van Parijs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, Guy" sort="Storme, Guy" uniqKey="Storme G" first="Guy" last="Storme">Guy Storme</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voordeckers, Mia" sort="Voordeckers, Mia" uniqKey="Voordeckers M" first="Mia" last="Voordeckers">Mia Voordeckers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Ridder, Mark" sort="De Ridder, Mark" uniqKey="De Ridder M" first="Mark" last="De Ridder">Mark De Ridder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Breast Cancer : Basic and Clinical Research</title><idno type="eISSN">1178-2234</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Shoulder/arm morbidity is a common complication of breast cancer surgery and radiotherapy (RT), but little is known about acute contralateral morbidity.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients were 118 women enrolled in a RT trial. Arm volume and shoulder mobility were assessed before and 1–3 months after RT. Correlations and linear regression were used to analyze changes affecting ipsilateral and contralateral arms, and changes affecting relative interlimb differences (RID).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Changes affecting one limb correlated with changes affecting the other limb. Arm volume between the two limbs correlated (R = 0.57). Risk factors were weight increase and axillary dissection. Contralateral and ipsilateral loss of abduction strongly correlated (R = 0.78). Changes of combined RID exceeding 10% affected the ipsilateral limb in 25% of patients, and the contralateral limb in 18%. Aromatase inhibitor therapy was significantly associated with contralateral loss of abduction.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>High incidence of early contralateral arm morbidity warrants further investigations.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boyle, P" uniqKey="Boyle P">P Boyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levin, B" uniqKey="Levin B">B Levin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howlader, N" uniqKey="Howlader N">N Howlader</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noone, A" uniqKey="Noone A">A Noone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krapcho, M" uniqKey="Krapcho M">M Krapcho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ts" uniqKey="Lee T">TS Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kilbreath, Sl" uniqKey="Kilbreath S">SL Kilbreath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Refshauge, Km" uniqKey="Refshauge K">KM Refshauge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herbert, Rd" uniqKey="Herbert R">RD Herbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beith, Jm" uniqKey="Beith J">JM Beith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levangie, Pk" uniqKey="Levangie P">PK Levangie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drouin, J" uniqKey="Drouin J">J Drouin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shah, C" uniqKey="Shah C">C Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicini, Fa" uniqKey="Vicini F">FA Vicini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mortimer, Ps" uniqKey="Mortimer P">PS Mortimer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bentzen, Sm" uniqKey="Bentzen S">SM Bentzen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dische, S" uniqKey="Dische S">S Dische</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arrault, M" uniqKey="Arrault M">M Arrault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vignes, S" uniqKey="Vignes S">S Vignes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsai, Rj" uniqKey="Tsai R">RJ Tsai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dennis, Lk" uniqKey="Dennis L">LK Dennis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Cf" uniqKey="Lynch C">CF Lynch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snetselaar, Lg" uniqKey="Snetselaar L">LG Snetselaar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zamba, Gk" uniqKey="Zamba G">GK Zamba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scott Conner, C" uniqKey="Scott Conner C">C Scott-Conner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ridner, Sh" uniqKey="Ridner S">SH Ridner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietrich, Ms" uniqKey="Dietrich M">MS Dietrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Br" uniqKey="Stewart B">BR Stewart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armer, Jm" uniqKey="Armer J">JM Armer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tengrup, I" uniqKey="Tengrup I">I Tengrup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tennvall Nittby, L" uniqKey="Tennvall Nittby L">L Tennvall-Nittby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christiansson, I" uniqKey="Christiansson I">I Christiansson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laurin, M" uniqKey="Laurin M">M Laurin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haines, Tp" uniqKey="Haines T">TP Haines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinnamon, P" uniqKey="Sinnamon P">P Sinnamon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voordeckers, M" uniqKey="Voordeckers M">M Voordeckers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Steene, J" uniqKey="Van De Steene J">J Van de Steene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinh Hung, V" uniqKey="Vinh Hung V">V Vinh-Hung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, G" uniqKey="Storme G">G Storme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voordeckers, M" uniqKey="Voordeckers M">M Voordeckers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinh Hung, V" uniqKey="Vinh Hung V">V Vinh-Hung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Steene, J" uniqKey="Van De Steene J">J Van de Steene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lamote, J" uniqKey="Lamote J">J Lamote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, G" uniqKey="Storme G">G Storme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reynders, T" uniqKey="Reynders T">T Reynders</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tournel, K" uniqKey="Tournel K">K Tournel</name></author><author><name sortKey="De, Cp" uniqKey="De C">CP De</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sitzia, J" uniqKey="Sitzia J">J Sitzia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Karges, Jr" uniqKey="Karges J">JR Karges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mark, Be" uniqKey="Mark B">BE Mark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stikeleather, Sj" uniqKey="Stikeleather S">SJ Stikeleather</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worrell, Tw" uniqKey="Worrell T">TW Worrell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meijer, Rs" uniqKey="Meijer R">RS Meijer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rietman, Js" uniqKey="Rietman J">JS Rietman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geertzen, Jh" uniqKey="Geertzen J">JH Geertzen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosmans, Jc" uniqKey="Bosmans J">JC Bosmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dijkstra, Pu" uniqKey="Dijkstra P">PU Dijkstra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Esch, D" uniqKey="Esch D">D Esch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lepley, M" uniqKey="Lepley M">M Lepley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eston, Rg" uniqKey="Eston R">RG Eston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reilly, T" uniqKey="Reilly T">T Reilly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duff, M" uniqKey="Duff M">M Duff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Ad" uniqKey="Hill A">AD Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgreal, G" uniqKey="Mcgreal G">G McGreal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, S" uniqKey="Walsh S">S Walsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdermott, Ew" uniqKey="Mcdermott E">EW McDermott</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Iggins, Nj" uniqKey="O Iggins N">NJ O’Higgins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cho, J" uniqKey="Cho J">J Cho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, W" uniqKey="Han W">W Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jw" uniqKey="Lee J">JW Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Husted Madsen, A" uniqKey="Husted Madsen A">A Husted Madsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haugaard, K" uniqKey="Haugaard K">K Haugaard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soerensen, J" uniqKey="Soerensen J">J Soerensen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nesvold, Il" uniqKey="Nesvold I">IL Nesvold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dahl, Aa" uniqKey="Dahl A">AA Dahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lokkevik, E" uniqKey="Lokkevik E">E Lokkevik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marit, Ma" uniqKey="Marit M">MA Marit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fossa, Sd" uniqKey="Fossa S">SD Fossa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shamley, D" uniqKey="Shamley D">D Shamley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srinaganathan, R" uniqKey="Srinaganathan R">R Srinaganathan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oskrochi, R" uniqKey="Oskrochi R">R Oskrochi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lascurain Aguirrebena, I" uniqKey="Lascurain Aguirrebena I">I Lascurain-Aguirrebena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sugden, E" uniqKey="Sugden E">E Sugden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, Dn" uniqKey="Chan D">DN Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lui, Ly" uniqKey="Lui L">LY Lui</name></author><author><name sortKey="So, Wk" uniqKey="So W">WK So</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosbie, J" uniqKey="Crosbie J">J Crosbie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kilbreath, Sl" uniqKey="Kilbreath S">SL Kilbreath</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dylke, E" uniqKey="Dylke E">E Dylke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, B" uniqKey="Clark B">B Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sitzia, J" uniqKey="Sitzia J">J Sitzia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harlow, W" uniqKey="Harlow W">W Harlow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gartner, R" uniqKey="Gartner R">R Gartner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Mb" uniqKey="Jensen M">MB Jensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kronborg, L" uniqKey="Kronborg L">L Kronborg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ewertz, M" uniqKey="Ewertz M">M Ewertz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kehlet, H" uniqKey="Kehlet H">H Kehlet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kroman, N" uniqKey="Kroman N">N Kroman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Helms, G" uniqKey="Helms G">G Helms</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, T" uniqKey="Kuhn T">T Kuhn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moser, L" uniqKey="Moser L">L Moser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remmel, E" uniqKey="Remmel E">E Remmel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kreienberg, R" uniqKey="Kreienberg R">R Kreienberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lievens, P" uniqKey="Lievens P">P Lievens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nesvold, Il" uniqKey="Nesvold I">IL Nesvold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fossa, Sd" uniqKey="Fossa S">SD Fossa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naume, B" uniqKey="Naume B">B Naume</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dahl, Aa" uniqKey="Dahl A">AA Dahl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boyd, Bs" uniqKey="Boyd B">BS Boyd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burnham, Kp" uniqKey="Burnham K">KP Burnham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Dr" uniqKey="Anderson D">DR Anderson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benjamini, Y" uniqKey="Benjamini Y">Y Benjamini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yekutieli, D" uniqKey="Yekutieli D">D Yekutieli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voordeckers, M" uniqKey="Voordeckers M">M Voordeckers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinh Hung, V" uniqKey="Vinh Hung V">V Vinh-Hung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lamote, J" uniqKey="Lamote J">J Lamote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bretz, A" uniqKey="Bretz A">A Bretz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Storme, G" uniqKey="Storme G">G Storme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adriaenssens, N" uniqKey="Adriaenssens N">N Adriaenssens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Parijs, H" uniqKey="Van Parijs H">H Van Parijs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miedema, G" uniqKey="Miedema G">G Miedema</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stout Gergich, Nl" uniqKey="Stout Gergich N">NL Stout Gergich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfalzer, La" uniqKey="Pfalzer L">LA Pfalzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgarvey, C" uniqKey="Mcgarvey C">C McGarvey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springer, B" uniqKey="Springer B">B Springer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerber, Lh" uniqKey="Gerber L">LH Gerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soballe, P" uniqKey="Soballe P">P Soballe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perre, Ci" uniqKey="Perre C">CI Perre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoefnagel, Ca" uniqKey="Hoefnagel C">CA Hoefnagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kroon, Bb" uniqKey="Kroon B">BB Kroon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zoetmulder, Fa" uniqKey="Zoetmulder F">FA Zoetmulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rutgers, Ej" uniqKey="Rutgers E">EJ Rutgers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fontaine, C" uniqKey="Fontaine C">C Fontaine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adriaenssens, N" uniqKey="Adriaenssens N">N Adriaenssens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Parijs, H" uniqKey="Van Parijs H">H Van Parijs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caers, J" uniqKey="Caers J">J Caers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fontaine, C" uniqKey="Fontaine C">C Fontaine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinh Hung, V" uniqKey="Vinh Hung V">V Vinh-Hung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smoot, B" uniqKey="Smoot B">B Smoot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, J" uniqKey="Wong J">J Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, B" uniqKey="Cooper B">B Cooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dent, Sf" uniqKey="Dent S">SF Dent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaspo, R" uniqKey="Gaspo R">R Gaspo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kissner, M" uniqKey="Kissner M">M Kissner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pritchard, Ki" uniqKey="Pritchard K">KI Pritchard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borstad, Jd" uniqKey="Borstad J">JD Borstad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rostkowska, E" uniqKey="Rostkowska E">E Rostkowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bak, M" uniqKey="Bak M">M Bak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samborski, W" uniqKey="Samborski W">W Samborski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Malicka, I" uniqKey="Malicka I">I Malicka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barczyk, K" uniqKey="Barczyk K">K Barczyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanuszkiewicz, J" uniqKey="Hanuszkiewicz J">J Hanuszkiewicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skolimowska, B" uniqKey="Skolimowska B">B Skolimowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wozniewski, M" uniqKey="Wozniewski M">M Wozniewski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ebaugh, D" uniqKey="Ebaugh D">D Ebaugh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spinelli, B" uniqKey="Spinelli B">B Spinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmitz, Kh" uniqKey="Schmitz K">KH Schmitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beurskens, Ch" uniqKey="Beurskens C">CH Beurskens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Uden, Cj" uniqKey="Van Uden C">CJ van Uden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strobbe, Lj" uniqKey="Strobbe L">LJ Strobbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oostendorp, Ra" uniqKey="Oostendorp R">RA Oostendorp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wobbes, T" uniqKey="Wobbes T">T Wobbes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Werner, Rs" uniqKey="Werner R">RS Werner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccormick, B" uniqKey="Mccormick B">B McCormick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petrek, J" uniqKey="Petrek J">J Petrek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="May, S" uniqKey="May S">S May</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chance Larsen, K" uniqKey="Chance Larsen K">K Chance-Larsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Littlewood, C" uniqKey="Littlewood C">C Littlewood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lomas, D" uniqKey="Lomas D">D Lomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saad, M" uniqKey="Saad M">M Saad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mayrovitz, Hn" uniqKey="Mayrovitz H">HN Mayrovitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, J" uniqKey="Macdonald J">J Macdonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, S" uniqKey="Davey S">S Davey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olson, K" uniqKey="Olson K">K Olson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Washington, E" uniqKey="Washington E">E Washington</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Breast Cancer (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Breast Cancer (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Breast Cancer : Basic and Clinical Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2234</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Libertas Academica</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22904635</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3418149</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4137/BCBCR.S9362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">bcbcr-6-2012-079</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Early Contralateral Shoulder-Arm Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Post-Surgery Radiation Therapy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adriaenssens</surname><given-names>Nele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vinh-hung</surname><given-names>Vincent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miedema</surname><given-names>Geertje</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Versmessen</surname><given-names>Harijati</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lamote</surname><given-names>Jan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vanhoeij</surname><given-names>Marian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lievens</surname><given-names>Pierre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Parijs</surname><given-names>Hilde</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Storme</surname><given-names>Guy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Voordeckers</surname><given-names>Mia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Ridder</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>1</label>Breast Clinic, Oncological Surgery, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="af2-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>2</label>Physical Therapy Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="af3-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>3</label>Radiation Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland</aff><aff id="af4-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>4</label>Oncology Centre, Department of Radiation therapy, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Corresponding author email: <email>anhxang@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article. Unrestricted non-commercial use is permitted provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Shoulder/arm morbidity is a common complication of breast cancer surgery and radiotherapy (RT), but little is known about acute contralateral morbidity.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients were 118 women enrolled in a RT trial. Arm volume and shoulder mobility were assessed before and 1–3 months after RT. Correlations and linear regression were used to analyze changes affecting ipsilateral and contralateral arms, and changes affecting relative interlimb differences (RID).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Changes affecting one limb correlated with changes affecting the other limb. Arm volume between the two limbs correlated (R = 0.57). Risk factors were weight increase and axillary dissection. Contralateral and ipsilateral loss of abduction strongly correlated (R = 0.78). Changes of combined RID exceeding 10% affected the ipsilateral limb in 25% of patients, and the contralateral limb in 18%. Aromatase inhibitor therapy was significantly associated with contralateral loss of abduction.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>High incidence of early contralateral arm morbidity warrants further investigations.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>early breast cancer</kwd><kwd>short-course radiation therapy</kwd><kwd>image-guided radiation therapy</kwd><kwd>shoulder/arm morbidity</kwd><kwd>breast cancer-related lymphedema</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide with highest incidence rates recorded in northern and western Europe, in Australia and in North America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">1</xref> In the United States, it has been estimated that 2,632,005 women of all ages were alive with an ever diagnosis of invasive breast cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">2</xref> Survivors bear the risk of treatment sequels that can affect daily life activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-bcbcr-6-2012-079">5</xref> Lymphedema of the arm is a swelling of the arm resulting from an increase in interstitial fluid due to a failure of lymph drainage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-bcbcr-6-2012-079">6</xref> The pathogenesis is variously explained by surgery and/or radiotherapy damage to collecting lymphatics, disturbance of protein concentrations and hemodynamic factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-bcbcr-6-2012-079">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-bcbcr-6-2012-079">7</xref> The incidence of lymphedema has varied widely from 0%–3% to 58%–65%, depending on the breast cancer treatment, patient related risk factors, the length of follow-up, and the methods used to measure and to define lymphedema.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-bcbcr-6-2012-079">5</xref> Known risk factors are the extent of breast and axillary surgery, radiation treatment (RT), and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-bcbcr-6-2012-079">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-bcbcr-6-2012-079">7</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-bcbcr-6-2012-079">10</xref> Impaired shoulder mobility might result from axillary and chest wall fibrosis, from neural damage or lymphedema, or from damage to vasculature or to the musculoskeletal system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-bcbcr-6-2012-079">7</xref> Risk factors appear comparable to lymphedema, and reports on the incidence of shoulder mobility impairment have also varied widely from 0.8% to 67%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">3</xref> This suggests that lymphedema and impaired shoulder mobility might occur conjointly,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-bcbcr-6-2012-079">11</xref> therefore a systematic evaluation on how measurements of arm volume relate to measurements of shoulder mobility appears warranted. It might also be noted that in the evaluation of breast cancer treatment outcomes on shoulder-arm morbidity, changes in volume of the arm and changes in mobility of the shoulder on the operated side typically have been assessed in comparison with the contralateral limb.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-bcbcr-6-2012-079">5</xref> No study have investigated contralateral shoulder-arm morbidity on its own, except in one report of early arm swelling affecting both sides after breast surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-bcbcr-6-2012-079">12</xref> Since assessment of shoulder-arm morbidity, occurring after therapy, relies on measures of the contralateral limb as reference,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-bcbcr-6-2012-079">13</xref> contralateral arm swelling or loss of mobility could have an important impact on the detection of morbidity.</p><p>In the present study, our aim is to explore the early 2-months post-RT onset of arm swelling and loss of shoulder mobility in patients who were enrolled in a clinical trial of post surgery radiotherapy for breast cancer, taking the opportunity that arm volume and shoulder mobility were prospectively recorded in the enrolled patients. Specifically, the study will look (1) at correlations between changes of arm volume and changes in shoulder mobility measurements within the same limb, (2) at correlations between the ipsilateral and the contralateral limb, and (3) an explorative analysis will be done to evaluate factors affecting the risk of arm swelling and shoulder mobility impairment.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec sec-type="subjects"><title>Selection of patients</title><p>The study population were women who gave informed consent to participate in the UZ-Brussel ethics board approved TomoBreast clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT00459628). The trial opened on May 1, 2007 and closed on August 31, 2011. Eligible patients were women aged 18 years or older, presenting with a primary breast carcinoma, completely resected by total mastectomy or by tumorectomy, stage pT1-3 N0M0 or pT1-2 N1M0 with pathological nodal status assessed by sentinel nodes biopsy or by axillary lymph node dissection, who were to receive post-surgery RT. Women who gave written informed consent were allocated to either a control group or to an experimental group by computer randomization balanced by nodal status, type of surgery, and chemotherapy sequence using Efron’s biased coin design. Planned total accrual was 118 patients based on a power of 0.80 to detect a 5% vs. 25% incidence of all heart and lung toxicities between the two treatment arms (primary endpoint, not the purpose of the present study).</p><p>In the control group, a dose of 50 Gy was delivered in 25 fractions over 5 weeks by conventional RT to the chest wall using tangential photon fields, and to the supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary nodes in case of pN1status, using an anterior field matched to the tangential fields. Breast conserved patients received an additional boost of 16 Gy in 8 fractions over 2 weeks to the initial tumor bed using a direct electron field.</p><p>In the experimental group, a dose of 42 Gy was delivered in 15 fractions over 3 weeks by short-course IGRT (image guided RT) to the chest wall in case of total mastectomy or the whole breast in case of tumorectomy, and to the supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary nodes in case of pN1status. Breast conserved patients received a simultaneous integrated boost of 9 Gy delivered during the same 15 fractions.</p><p>Surgery quality assurance was testified through accreditation of the UZ Brussel’s Breast Clinic as a recognized reference center (“Gespecialiseerd oncologisch zorgprogramma borstkanker”, Federal Public Service, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.health.belgium.be">www.health.belgium.be</ext-link>). Radiotherapy procedures for the conventional group have been previously reported by Voordeckers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-bcbcr-6-2012-079">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-bcbcr-6-2012-079">15</xref> Procedures and specifications for contouring of organs at risk and target volumes for the IGRT group have been reported by Reynders et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-bcbcr-6-2012-079">16</xref> TomoBreast physics implementation were supervised by TR, all treatment plannings underwent full RT staff review for approval prior to delivery, radiation treatment procedures were supervised by the RT department’s quality officer (MR).</p></sec><sec><title>Physical therapy assesment</title><p>Assessments by a physical therapist were done before RT (baseline evaluation) and at 2 ± 1 month after RT (first follow-up). Further assessments were planned yearly up to 3 years after RT, these are on-going. The volume of the arms were obtained from circumference measurements using the mean of the frustum and the cylinder model methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-bcbcr-6-2012-079">17</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-bcbcr-6-2012-079">19</xref> Measurements that were recorded for the evaluation of shoulder mobility were:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-bcbcr-6-2012-079">20</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-bcbcr-6-2012-079">28</xref> (1) <italic>Anteflexion</italic>, the maximum range of active forward elevation of the arm, in degrees; (2) <italic>Retroflexion</italic>, the maximum range of active backward elevation of the arm, in degrees; (3) <italic>Abduction</italic>, the maximum range of active lateral elevation of the arm, in degrees; (4) <italic>Endorotation</italic>, measured by counting the vertebrae between C7 and the most cranial vertebra the patient could reach with her thumb on her back; (5) <italic>Scapular distance</italic>, measured in cm as the distance between the spine and the angulus inferior of the scapulae, with the arms in 90° anteflexion. Note that signs of shoulder-arm mobility impairment are indicated by <italic>decreased</italic> values of abduction, retroflexion, and anteflexion, and by <italic>increased</italic> values of endorotation and scapular distance.</p><p>For each type of measure obtained in a patient, volume, anteflexion, retroflexion, abduction, endorotation, and scapular distance, we derived the patient’s corresponding relative interlimb difference (RID), expressed as the percent difference between ipsilateral and c ontralateral arm. The RIDs were computed as: <italic>RID</italic> = 100 * (<italic>ipsilateral measure – contralateral measure</italic>)/<italic>contralateral measure</italic>. That is, for volume, the <italic>RID</italic> was computed as 100 * <italic>( ipsilateral arm volume – contralateral arm volume)</italic>/<italic>( contralateral arm volume)</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-bcbcr-6-2012-079">29</xref> For anteflexion, the <italic>RID</italic> was computed as 100 * <italic>(ipsilateral arm anteflexion – contralateral arm anteflexion)</italic>/<italic>(contralateral arm anteflexion)</italic>, and so on for retroflexion, abduction, endorotation, and scapular distance.</p><p>Patients’ subjective arm symptoms were scored during the physical therapy assessment. A score of 1 was attributed when any of the following subjective symptoms was present in the ipsilateral arm/hand: altered sensations, heaviness, swelling, fatigue, warmth, burning, pain, or when actions required more effort. A score of 0 indicated no subjective symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-bcbcr-6-2012-079">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-bcbcr-6-2012-079">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-bcbcr-6-2012-079">30</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-bcbcr-6-2012-079">33</xref> Other data recorded at physical therapy assessment were patient’s age, operated side, dominant side, weight and height, type of breast/axillary surgery, time interval between assessments, hormone therapy, aromatase inhibitor therapy, RT to locoregional lymph nodes and chemotherapy.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The outcomes of interest were the changes over time that occurred between baseline (pre-RT) and at the first follow-up (post-RT). We use the notation “Δ” to designate the change over time, computed as the value of a measure made at follow-up, minus the value of that measure made at baseline. That is, in a patient having at baseline ipsilateral arm volume of 1802 mL and contralateral arm volume of 1677 mL, and, at follow-up, ipsilateral arm volume of 1908 mL and contralateral arm volume of 1657 mL, we compute the three following Δ changes:</p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Ipsilateral Δ volume = +106 mL (=1908–1802 mL).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Contralateral Δ volume = −20 mL (=1657–1677 mL).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Δ volume RID = volume RID at follow-up–volume RID at baseline = +7.6% (=15.1%–7.5%),</p></list-item></list><p>where, by applying the RID definition,</p><disp-formula id="FD1"><mml:math id="mm1"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>15.1</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1908</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1657</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>1657</mml:mn><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mtext>is the</mml:mtext><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>volume RID at follow</mml:mtext><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mtext>up</mml:mtext><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula><p>and</p><disp-formula id="FD2"><mml:math id="mm2"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mo>*</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1802</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1677</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>1677</mml:mn><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mtext>is the volume RID at baseline.</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></disp-formula><p>Descriptive analysis used histograms distributions of the Δ RIDs. Grading of limb edema used the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 (CTCAE v3.0), with grade 1 representing 5%–10% interlimb discrepancy, grade 2 > 10%–30%, and grade 3 > 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-bcbcr-6-2012-079">13</xref> For grading of mobility impairment, CTCAE did not define a lower bound to take into account common intra-individual asymmetry. In absentia, a Δ RID lower bound of 10% or more was used as indicator of mobility impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-bcbcr-6-2012-079">34</xref> Paired Student t-tests were used to evaluate the univariate statistical significance of the changes. Multivariate correlations were used in order to examine the relationships between the changes affecting arm volume and the changes affecting measures of shoulder mobility, and between the ipsilateral and the contralateral side for absolute measures. Ordinary least squares regression were used to explore factors that could affect the changes in arm volume and shoulder mobility. All Δ changes were analyzed as continuous response variables. Independent variables considered for inclusion in regression models were patients’ age (continuous), patient’s shoulder-arm symptom score (binary), body mass index (BMI, continuous), weight change after RT (continuous), time interval between assessments (continuous), type of breast surgery (mastectomy vs breast conserving, coded as binary), axillary surgery (dissection vs. sentinel node biopsy, coded as binary), side of surgery is side of dominant arm or not (binary yes vs. no), chemotherapy (binary yes vs. no), hormone therapy (binary yes vs. no), aromatase inhibitor therapy (binary yes vs. no), type of RT (binary short-course IGRT vs. conventional), RT to lymph node areas (binary yes vs. no). In order to select among the models, we used the Bayesian information criteria (BIC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-bcbcr-6-2012-079">35</xref> BIC penalizes models which use a large number of parameters and penalizes for sample size. Variables were selected only if they improve the model’s information according to the BIC. Considering that response variables were not independent (multiple dependent outcomes), we further penalized the selected models by adjusting their <italic>P</italic>-values using the false discovery rate controlling procedure of Benjamini and Yekutieli.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-bcbcr-6-2012-079">36</xref></p><p>General statistical computations and regression analyses used JMP v. 9.0.2 (SAS Institute, Cary NC, USA). Computation of adjusted <italic>P</italic>-values used function “p.adjust” from R version 2.14.1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-bcbcr-6-2012-079">37</xref></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>Between May 1, 2007 and August 31, 2011, 123 women consented to participate, of whom 2 were ineligible (1 bilateral breast surgery, 1 retracted consent). Of the 121 eligible, 62 were assigned to conventional RT, 59 to short-course IGRT. For the present study, two patients had no follow-up physical therapy assessment, and one patient with a baseline weight of 150 kg was excluded, on consideration of that extreme outlying value relative to other patients’ weight range which was 42–102 kg, leaving 118 patients evaluable for analyses. One patient had a contralateral arm paralysis since childhood, the scapular distance and arm mobility could not be measured and were assigned as missing values. One patient was confined to a wheelchair at pre-RT assessment, retroflexion was not measurable and was assigned as missing value. Two patients had pre-RT measurements of retroflexion exceeding 90°, the corresponding records could not be checked, these were also assigned as missing values.</p><p>Follow-up cutoff date was October 14, 2011. Median times of physical therapy assessment were 38 days (interquartile range IQR 31–45) from surgery to first physical therapy (baseline) assessment, 6 days (IQR 3–9) from baseline to start of RT, and 105 days (IQR 93–121) between baseline and the first post-RT follow-up. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 1</xref> summarizes the patients’ characteristics. The age distribution of the patients enrolled in the trial tended to be younger than patients treated in the institution,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-bcbcr-6-2012-079">38</xref> reflecting that older patients were reluctant to accept randomization. Nevertheless, patients older than 70 years represented a substantial 12.7% of patients recruited. Regarding body mass index, half of the study population were overweight. Arm symptoms were present prior to RT in 18.6%. Half of the patients received breast conserving surgery with sentinel nodes biopsy only.</p><p>Distribution of the Δ RIDs showed for volume that 28% (=33/118) of the patients had a Δ volume RID exceeding 5% (CTCAE grade 1 limb edema). Excess Δ volume RID was on the ipsilateral limb (positive Δ volume RID) in 19 (=58% of 33) patients, on the contralateral limb in the other 14 (=42% of 33) patients (negative Δ volume RID indicating a relative volume increase of the contralateral limb). By CTCAE grade 2 or more limb edema, Δ volume RID exceeding 10% was observed on the ipsilateral limb in 5% (=6/118) and on the contralateral limb in 3% (=3/118) of the patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Fig. 1</xref>, top left histogram). Regarding mobility, Δ RID exceeded 10% on the ipsilateral limb by abduction in 21% (=25/117), retroflexion in 22% (=25/114), by anteflexion in 17% (=20/117), by endorotation in 23% (=28/114), and by scapular distance in 17% (=20/117) of the patients. Δ RID exceeded 10% on the contralateral limb by abduction in 15% (=18/117), retroflexion in 25% (=29/114), by anteflexion in 3% (=4/117), by endorotation in 31% (=35/114), and by scapular distance in 21% (=24/117) of the patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Fig. 1</xref>, other histograms). Considering combined Δ RIDs exceeding 10%, 25% (=29/118) of the patients had at least one of volume or abduction impairment of the ipsilateral limb, and 18% (=21/118) had at least a volume or abduction impairment of the contralateral limb.</p><p>Comparisons of the means of pre- and post-RT measurements found no significant changes between baseline and 2-months follow-up, other than a significant mean weight increase of 0.8 kg and a contralateral arm loss of abduction of 6 degrees (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 2</xref>). Notably, none of the arm volume assessments either by absolute measure or by relative difference showed a significant change.</p><p>Multivariate correlations among the different measurements and between ipsilateral and contralateral arms are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>. The corresponding graphical display is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Figures 2</xref>–<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">4</xref>. In order to interpret the correlations, we need to recall the conventions that we used: morbidity is indicated by <italic>increases</italic> of measurements regarding arm volume, endorotation, and scapular distance, whereas morbidity is indicated by <italic>decreases</italic> of measurements of abduction, retroflexion, and anteflexion. Hence, the significant correlations indicated concordant impairments within the ipsilateral arm (ipsilateral vs. ipsilateral, upper left quarter of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>): increase of arm volume correlated with loss of abduction (correlation coefficient R = −0.32) and impairment of scapular movement (R = 0.19). Likewise, concordant impairments were noted between abduction, anteflexion, and endorotation. Retroflexion however showed no significant correlation. Within the contralateral arm (contralateral vs. contralateral, lower right quarter of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>), a similar relationship was noted between arm volume and abduction (R = −0.24), and between arm volume and scapular distance (R = 0.32). Impairment of abduction significantly correlated with anteflexion, endorotation, and scapular distance in the same limb. No significant correlation was found for the contralateral retroflexion.</p><p>Comparison of ipsilateral vs. contralateral arm shows that changes affecting one limb strongly correlated with changes affecting the other limb (upper right quarter of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>). The highest correlations were abduction (R = 0.78), retroflexion (R = 0.73), scapular distance (R = 0.65), and arm volume (R = 0.57), all <italic>P</italic>-values <0.001. Other correlations also indicated concordant impairments. The only discordant exception that we found was the −0.16 coefficient between ipsilateral retroflexion and contralateral abduction.</p><p>Results of the exploratory analyses according to the type of response outcome are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>.</p><p>By RIDs, only the presence of pre-RT arm symptoms was identified as a significant factor. The sign of the coefficient for the presence of pre-RT arm symptoms indicated that pre-RT arm symptoms were associated with improved ipsilateral abduction and anteflexion, relatively to the contralateral arm.</p><p>By absolute assessments, increased body weight and axillary lymph node dissection were positively associated with change of arm volume, ipsilaterally as well as contralaterally. Axillary lymph node dissection was associated with impairment of ipsilateral and contralateral scapular movement. Radiotherapy to regional nodes was associated with impaired ipsilateral abduction, while aromatase inhibitor therapy was associated with impaired contralateral abduction. The presence of pre-RT arm symptoms was associated with improved ipsilateral abduction, anteflexion, and endorotation. We also note an association between mastectomy and improvement of ipsilateral anteflexion and contralateral scapular distance.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>A priori, there is no reason why the contralateral limb should be considered as being at risk of morbidity. Our attention was drawn following an interim analysis of the TomoBreast trial which was done to ascertain against unexpected toxicities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-bcbcr-6-2012-079">39</xref> The circumstances of patients for whom physical therapy assessment was difficult raised the question to which extent contralateral limb morbidity could confound measurements.</p><p>In a consecutive series of 193 women undergoing unilateral breast cancer surgery who were assessed for arm volume before surgery and at 6 weeks post-surgery, Haines and Sinnamon observed a 10% or greater absolute volume increase in one or more segments of the upper limbs, ipsilaterally in 35% of the patients, and contralaterally in 32% of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-bcbcr-6-2012-079">12</xref> Our finding that an almost equal number of patients experienced contralateral grade 1 limb edema, 14 of 118 patients, as compared with ipsilateral edema in 19 of 118 patients, closely matches that report. Haines and Sinnamon reported correlations of the volume changes between ipsilateral and contralateral arms ranging from 0.38–0.44 between distal segments, to 0.55–0.64 between proximal segments. We found a remarkable concordant correlation of 0.57 between the ipsilateral and the contralateral volume changes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>). Correlations of volume changes between the two limbs are also suggested in a prospective study of 196 patients assessed preoperatively and at 3-months intervals postoperatively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-bcbcr-6-2012-079">40</xref> With an average time to onset of 6.9 months, 43 women developed lymphedema. Among unaffected patients, volume of the contralateral limb showed no change between baseline and follow-up, from 1253 mL to 1252 mL, whereas among affected patients, volume of the contralateral limb increased from 1315 mL to 1341 mL, as compared with the ipsilateral limb which increased from 1331 mL to 1377 mL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-bcbcr-6-2012-079">40</xref></p><p>Our regression analysis indicated that weight gain and axillary lymph node dissection contributed to increase of arm volume on both sides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>). It is understandable that weight gain might affect both limbs. However it is unclear why dissection on one side should affect the contralateral limb. Redistribution of lymph flow from the ipsilateral to the contralateral side has been hypothesized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-bcbcr-6-2012-079">12</xref> Such redistribution have been shown to occur in a lymphoscintigraphic study of radiotracer distribution, before surgery-radiotherapy and 6 months thereafter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-bcbcr-6-2012-079">41</xref> In 20 patients in whom uptake of activity could be demonstrated prior to surgery-radiotherapy, only one patient revealed drainage to the contralateral axilla. After treatment, lymphoscintigraphic cross over to the contralateral axilla was found in 6 out of 11 patients. Chemotherapy might have been a contributing factor, either directly by favoring capillary leakage,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-bcbcr-6-2012-079">42</xref> or indirectly by the use of subcutaneous infusion ports which have been known to increase the risk of thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-bcbcr-6-2012-079">43</xref> However, chemotherapy was not significant in our regression analysis.</p><p>The contralateral arm was also affected by loss of mobility, with a loss of contralateral abduction as measured by Δ RID exceeding 10% in 18 of 117 patients, as compared with ipsilateral loss of abduction in 25 of 117 patients. Similarly to arm volume, contralateral and ipsilateral loss of abduction were highly correlated, R = 0.78 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>). We found no directly comparable evidence from the literature to support our observation. However, we note a study of 144 breast cancer survivors reporting that women with lymphedema had bilaterally less elbow flexion strength and shoulder range of movement,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-bcbcr-6-2012-079">44</xref> well in correspondance with the correlation of −0.32 between ipsilateral arm volume change and contralateral abduction (negative correlation: increase of arm volume correlates with decrease of abduction) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 3</xref>).</p><p>The regression analysis found aromatase inhibitor therapy as the only significant factor associated with contralateral loss of abduction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>). In a comprehensive review, the incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms from 8 randomized clinical trials and 46,676 patients have been reported in up to 37.6% of aromatase inhibitor patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-bcbcr-6-2012-079">45</xref> However, no study has reported physical therapy assessment in the evaluation of aromatase inhibitors.</p><p>Multiple other mechanisms can be invoked to explain contralateral loss of mobility, such as post-surgery changes of body posture at rest or during arm elevation, shoulder girdle misalignment, alterations of scapular kinematics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-bcbcr-6-2012-079">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-bcbcr-6-2012-079">46</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-bcbcr-6-2012-079">49</xref> The paradoxical effect of mastectomy that we found in the regression analysis, improved ipsilateral anteflexion and contralateral scapular distance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>), suggests overcompensating mechanisms and would tend to support the hypothesis of altered scapular kinematics. Rotator cuff disease can also be invoked as part of the normal aging process, with breast cancer treatment exerting an additional stress on the degenerative tissues. However, even though the trial included elderly patients, age was not a significant factor in the regression analysis.</p><p>The presence of arm symptoms prior to RT was associated with improved ipsilateral mobility (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>). As part of the institution’s standard surgical management, ambulatory physical therapy is prescribed to all operated breast cancer patients. We hypothesize that the presence of arm symptoms in our patients might have been a surrogate indicator of compliance, as symptomatic patients would have been more likely to seek physical therapy. Beurskens et al reported in a randomized study that symptomatic patients following breast cancer surgery and axillary lymph node dissection who received physiotherapy within 3 months had significant improvement in shoulder mobility, but no significant difference of arm volume, as compared with patients who did not receive physiotherapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-bcbcr-6-2012-079">50</xref> Our finding of a favorable relationship between presence of arm symptoms and shoulder mobility, but not with arm volume, is well in keeping with that study. However, we did not record the patients’ compliance to receipt of physical therapy during the study.</p><p>There is a pitfall in the comparison of grouped measurement means as in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 2</xref>. The lack of differences should not be equated with lack of toxicities. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Figure 5</xref> uncovers the underlying changes explaining why the comparison of means failed to detect differences. At baseline pre-RT 21% (blue bars) and 17% (brown bars) of the patients presented with grade 1 or more edema affecting the ipsilateral and the contralateral limb, respectively. At 2-months follow-up post-RT, the distributions of these patients shifted towards 0, indicating regression of their edema. But at the same time, other patients experienced new onset of edema: 14% on the ipsilateral limb (dark green bars), 12% on the contralateral limb (yellow bars). The changes of states suggests that arm swelling arises from different mechanisms, some possibly transient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-bcbcr-6-2012-079">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-bcbcr-6-2012-079">51</xref> In any case, the comparison of means did not take into account what happened to individual patients and missed the changes.</p><p>We acknowledge several limitations to the present study. The TomoBreast trial was neither designed nor powered for the present explorative analyses. Pre-operative assessments were not done. Receipt of physical therapy during the course of the trial was not monitored, although this could be considered as a strength, in effect the investigators were blinded to that treatment modality. We did not assess the reproducibility of arm and shoulder measurements, which could affect the reliability of the observations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-bcbcr-6-2012-079">52</xref> However, 83% of the measurements were made by the same physical therapist (NA), which helped to ensure consistency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-bcbcr-6-2012-079">18</xref> Quality of life assessments were not integrated into the analyses. The follow-up is short, the present study addresses only early morbidity, it cannot infer whether or not the findings will hold with longer follow-up.</p><p>Regarding the explorative analysis, our choice of the BIC as a selection criteria for regression might have been too stringent, excluding potentially clinically important variables. Nevertheless, we believe it ensured against “discovery overoptimism”. Out of the 18 evaluated responses, only 10 were retained by the BIC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>). Further penalizing for multiple outcomes using a relatively conservative method (see results with other methods in Supplementary data), only 5 of the responses would be retained with an adjusted <italic>P</italic>-value <0.05 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">Table 4</xref>). Hence, associations such as between axillary dissection and impaired scapular distance or between aromatase inhibitor and loss of abduction should not be considered as firmly established.</p><p>In summary, the study builds on the strengths of a prospective clinical trial in which the patients’ management and observation have been consistently assured by the same team, which we believe outweigh the limitations. While the explorative analysis should be considered only as hypothesis generating, the study found a high incidence of increased arm volume and shoulder mobility impairment affecting both arms. There are several potentially important implications. The findings argue that exclusive focus on the ipsilateral “affected” arm bears the risk of overlooking morbidity affecting the contralateral limb. Not recognizing contralateral limb impairment might delay its management. Comparisons assuming the contralateral limb as reference might underestimate toxicity, or conversely overestimate efficacy of ipsilateral limb treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-bcbcr-6-2012-079">53</xref> Further researches are needed to evaluate contralateral shoulder-arm morbidity.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>We argue that conventional assessment based on comparison of operated side with non-operated side can underestimate the true severity of toxicity affecting one or both arms, or conversely overestimate efficacy of management of the affected limb. Assessment should not rely exclusively on interlimb differences but should also take into account serial measurements. High incidence of early morbidity affecting the contralateral arm warrants further investigations.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Data</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="s1-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><table-wrap id="t5-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="anchor"><label>Table S1</label><caption><p>Adjusted <italic>P</italic>-values according to different methods.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Response variable</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted<break></break><italic>P</italic> of full model</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Order index j of the unadjusted <italic>P</italic>’s</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simes’ j*alpha/unadjusted <italic>P</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simes’ compared with unadjusted <italic>P</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hommel’s adjusted <italic>P</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benjamini 2001’s adjusted <italic>P</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benjamini 1995’s adjusted <italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ipsil_Δ arm volume</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0003</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0056</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0051</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ipsil_Δ abduction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0074</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0194</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0888</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.067</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ipsil_Δ retroflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ipsil_Δ anteflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0007</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0083</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0105</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ipsil_Δ endorotation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0012</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0111</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ipsil_Δ scapular distance</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0384</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0278</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">False</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3456</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.242</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.069</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">contr_Δ arm volume</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0027</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0139</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0351</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">contr_Δ abduction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0269</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0250</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">False</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2421</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.188</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.054</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">contr_Δ retroflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">contr_Δ anteflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">contr_Δ endorotation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">contr_Δ scapular distance</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0183</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0222</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.183</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.144</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.041</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ volume RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ abduction RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0055</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0167</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.066</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.058</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ retroflexion RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ anteflexion RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0028</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">True</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ endorotation RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ scapular distance RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We are grateful to many who helped us to complete the present study. Eva Swinnen initiated the physical therapy assessment for the TomoBreast trial. Magda Boels, Michele Leunen, Guy Verfaillie, Robert Sacre helped with the preoperative and the surgical management of the patients. Truus Reynders implemented the physics’ quality assurance of the TomoBreast radiation therapy planning. Mark Robberecht supervised the quality assurance of radiation therapy from planning’s approval to patients’ daily treatments. Patrick Haentjens provided precious statistical advice during the manuscript’s revision. Heartfelt thanks to all patients who participated and made the study possible.</p></ack><fn-group><fn id="fn1-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: NA, VVH. Analysed the data: NA, VVH. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: NA, VVH. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: NA, VVH, GM, HV, JL, MVa, PL, HVP, GS, MVo, MDR. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: NA, VVH, GM, HV, JL, MVa, PL, HVP, GS, MVo, MDR. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: NA, VVH. Made critical revisions and approved final version: NA, VVH, GM, HV, JL, MVa, PL, HVP, GS, MVo, MDR. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.</p></fn><fn id="fn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><p><bold>Disclosures and Ethics</bold></p><p>As a requirement of publication author(s) have provided to the publisher signed confirmation of compliance with legal and ethical obligations including but not limited to the following: authorship and contributorship, conflicts of interest, privacy and confidentiality and (where applicable) protection of human and animal research subjects. The authors have read and confirmed their agreement with the ICMJE authorship and conflict of interest criteria. The authors have also confirmed that this article is unique and not under consideration or published in any other publication, and that they have permission from rights holders to reproduce any copyrighted material. Any disclosures are made in this section. The external blind peer reviewers report no conflicts of interest.</p></fn><fn id="fn3-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><p><bold>Funding</bold></p><p>TomoBreast was funded by grant SCIE2006-30 from the Foundation against Cancer, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.kanker.be/index.php/team-van-professor-vincent-vinh-hung/project/id-menu-4100.html">http://www.kanker.be/index.php/team-van-professor-vincent-vinh-hung/project/id-menu-4100.html</ext-link></p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>International Agency for Research on Cancer</collab><source>World cancer report</source><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Boyle</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><publisher-loc>Lyon, France</publisher-loc><publisher-name>International Agency for Research on Cancer</publisher-name><year>2008</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b2-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>National Cancer Institute</collab><article-title>SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975–2008</article-title><source>Based on November 2010 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site</source><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Howlader</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Noone</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Krapcho</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><publisher-loc>Bethesda, MD</publisher-loc><year>2011</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b3-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>TS</given-names></name><name><surname>Kilbreath</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Refshauge</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Herbert</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name><name><surname>Beith</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prognosis of the upper limb following surgery and radiation for breast cancer</article-title><source>Breast Cancer Res Treat</source><year>2008</year><volume>110</volume><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17899373</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b4-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Levangie</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>Drouin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Magnitude of late effects of breast cancer treatments on shoulder function: a systematic review</article-title><source>Breast Cancer Res Treat</source><year>2009</year><volume>116</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19031114</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b5-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Vicini</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Breast Cancer-Related Arm Lymphedema: Incidence Rates, Diagnostic Techniques, Optimal Management and Risk Reduction Strategies</article-title><source>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys</source><year>2011</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b6-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mortimer</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The pathophysiology of lymphedema</article-title><source>Cancer</source><year>1998</year><volume>83</volume><fpage>2798</fpage><lpage>802</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9874400</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b7-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bentzen</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Dische</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Morbidity related to axillary irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer</article-title><source>Acta Oncol</source><year>2000</year><volume>39</volume><fpage>337</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10987231</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b8-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arrault</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Vignes</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Risk factors for developing upper limb lymphedema after breast cancer treatment</article-title><source>Bull Cancer</source><year>2006</year><volume>93</volume><fpage>1001</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17074659</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b9-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tsai</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Dennis</surname><given-names>LK</given-names></name><name><surname>Lynch</surname><given-names>CF</given-names></name><name><surname>Snetselaar</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name><name><surname>Zamba</surname><given-names>GK</given-names></name><name><surname>Scott-Conner</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The risk of developing arm lymphedema among breast cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of treatment factors</article-title><source>Ann Surg Oncol</source><year>2009</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>1959</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19365624</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b10-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ridner</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name><name><surname>Dietrich</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Stewart</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></name><name><surname>Armer</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Body mass index and breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema</article-title><source>Support Care Cancer</source><year>2011</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>853</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21240649</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b11-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tengrup</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Tennvall-Nittby</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Christiansson</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Laurin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Arm morbidity after breast-conserving therapy for breast cancer</article-title><source>Acta Oncol</source><year>2000</year><volume>39</volume><fpage>393</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10987237</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b12-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haines</surname><given-names>TP</given-names></name><name><surname>Sinnamon</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Early arm swelling after breast surgery: changes on both sides</article-title><source>Breast Cancer Res Treat</source><year>2007</year><volume>101</volume><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>2</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17061048</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b13-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program</collab><source>Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v30 (CTCAE)</source><publisher-name>National Cancer Institute</publisher-name><year>2006</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b14-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Voordeckers</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Van de Steene</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinh-Hung</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Storme</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy for pT1-pT2 node negative (pN0) breast cancer: is it worth the effort?</article-title><source>Radiother Oncol</source><year>2003</year><volume>68</volume><fpage>227</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">13129629</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b15-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Voordeckers</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinh-Hung</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Van de Steene</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lamote</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Storme</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The lymph node ratio as prognostic factor in node-positive breast cancer</article-title><source>Radiother Oncol</source><year>2004</year><volume>70</volume><fpage>225</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15064006</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b16-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reynders</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Tournel</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>De</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Dosimetric assessment of static and helical TomoTherapy in the clinical implementation of breast cancer treatments</article-title><source>Radiother Oncol</source><year>2009</year><volume>93</volume><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19682758</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b17-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sitzia</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Volume measurement in lymphoedema treatment: examination of formulae</article-title><source>Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)</source><year>1995</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7620649</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b18-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Karges</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Mark</surname><given-names>BE</given-names></name><name><surname>Stikeleather</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Worrell</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Concurrent validity of upper-extremity volume estimates: comparison of calculated volume derived from girth measurements and water displacement volume</article-title><source>Phys Ther</source><year>2003</year><volume>83</volume><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12564949</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b19-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meijer</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Rietman</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Geertzen</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Bosmans</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Dijkstra</surname><given-names>PU</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Validity and intra-and interobserver reliability of an indirect volume measurements in patients with upper extremity lymphedema</article-title><source>Lymphology</source><year>2004</year><volume>37</volume><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15560108</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b20-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Esch</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Lepley</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><source>Evaluation of Joint Motion: Methods of Measurement and Recording</source><publisher-loc>Minneapolis</publisher-loc><publisher-name>University of Minnesota Press</publisher-name><year>1974</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b21-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Eston</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Reilly</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Part two: neuromuscular and goniometric aspects of movement, 6. Flexibility</article-title><source>Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, Procedure and Data</source><year>1990</year><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>21</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b22-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duff</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>McGreal</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Walsh</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>McDermott</surname><given-names>EW</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Higgins</surname><given-names>NJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prospective evaluation of the morbidity of axillary clearance for breast cancer</article-title><source>Br J Surg</source><year>2001</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11136322</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b23-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A scoring system to predict nonsentinel lymph node status in breast cancer patients with metastatic sentinel lymph nodes: a comparison with other scoring systems</article-title><source>Ann Surg Oncol</source><year>2008</year><volume>15</volume><fpage>2278</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18528729</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b24-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Husted Madsen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Haugaard</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Soerensen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Arm morbidity following sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection: a study from the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group</article-title><source>Breast</source><year>2008</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>138</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17928226</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b25-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nesvold</surname><given-names>IL</given-names></name><name><surname>Dahl</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Lokkevik</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Marit</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Fossa</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Arm and shoulder morbidity in breast cancer patients after breast-conserving therapy versus mastectomy</article-title><source>Acta Oncol</source><year>2008</year><volume>47</volume><fpage>835</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18568481</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b26-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shamley</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Srinaganathan</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Oskrochi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lascurain-Aguirrebena</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Sugden</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Three-dimensional scapulothoracic motion following treatment for breast cancer</article-title><source>Breast Cancer Res Treat</source><year>2009</year><volume>118</volume><fpage>315</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18998205</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b27-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>DN</given-names></name><name><surname>Lui</surname><given-names>LY</given-names></name><name><surname>So</surname><given-names>WK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effectiveness of exercise programmes on shoulder mobility and lymphoedema after axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer: systematic review</article-title><source>J Adv Nurs</source><year>2010</year><volume>66</volume><fpage>1902</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20626480</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b28-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crosbie</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kilbreath</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Dylke</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of mastectomy on shoulder and spinal kinematics during bilateral upper-limb movement</article-title><source>Phys Ther</source><year>2010</year><volume>90</volume><fpage>679</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20223945</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b29-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Sitzia</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Harlow</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Incidence and risk of arm oedema following treatment for breast cancer: a three-year follow-up study</article-title><source>QJM</source><year>2005</year><volume>98</volume><fpage>343</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15820971</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b30-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gartner</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name><name><surname>Kronborg</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ewertz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kehlet</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kroman</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Self-reported arm-lymphedema and functional impairment after breast cancer treatment—a nationwide study of prevalence and associated factors</article-title><source>Breast</source><year>2010</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>506</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20561790</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b31-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Helms</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuhn</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Moser</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Remmel</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Kreienberg</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Shoulder-arm morbidity in patients with sentinel node biopsy and complete axillary dissection—data from a prospective randomised trial</article-title><source>Eur J Surg Oncol</source><year>2009</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>696</fpage><lpage>701</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18838245</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b32-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lievens</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lymphedema or swelling?</article-title><source>Journal of Lymphoedema</source><year>2008</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>9</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b33-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nesvold</surname><given-names>IL</given-names></name><name><surname>Fossa</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Naume</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Dahl</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Kwan’s arm problem scale: psychometric examination in a sample of stage II breast cancer survivors</article-title><source>Breast Cancer Res Treat</source><year>2009</year><volume>117</volume><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19112616</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b34-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boyd</surname><given-names>BS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Common Interlimb Asymmetries and Neurogenic Responses during Upper Limb Neurodynamic Testing: Implications for Test Interpretation</article-title><source>J Hand Ther</source><year>2012</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22079598</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b35-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burnham</surname><given-names>KP</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection</article-title><source>Sociological Methods and Research</source><year>2004</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>304</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b36-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Benjamini</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Yekutieli</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency</article-title><source>The Annals of Statistics</source><year>2001</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>1165</fpage><lpage>88</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b37-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>The R Foundation for Statistical Computing</collab><article-title>R version 2.14.1 (2011-12-22)</article-title><source>The Comprehensive R Archive Network</source><month>12</month><year>2011</year><comment>Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cran.r-project.org/index.html">http://cran.r-project.org/index.html</ext-link></comment><date-in-citation>Accessed January 4, 2012.</date-in-citation></element-citation></ref><ref id="b38-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Voordeckers</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinh-Hung</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Lamote</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Bretz</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Storme</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Survival benefit with radiation therapy in node-positive breast carcinoma patients</article-title><source>Strahlenther Onkol</source><year>2009</year><volume>185</volume><fpage>656</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19806330</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b39-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Adriaenssens</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Parijs</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Miedema</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Preliminary analysis of a randomized clinical trial comparing shoulder-arm morbidity between early breast cancer patients treated with short course image guided radiation therapy and conventional post surgery radiation therapy</article-title><source>The Journal of Breast Health</source><year>2012</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="b40-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stout Gergich</surname><given-names>NL</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfalzer</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>McGarvey</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Springer</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerber</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name><name><surname>Soballe</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Preoperative assessment enables the early diagnosis and successful treatment of lymphedema</article-title><source>Cancer</source><year>2008</year><volume>112</volume><fpage>2809</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18428212</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b41-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Perre</surname><given-names>CI</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoefnagel</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kroon</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><name><surname>Zoetmulder</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Rutgers</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Altered lymphatic drainage after lymphadenectomy or radiotherapy of the axilla in patients with breast cancer</article-title><source>Br J Surg</source><year>1996</year><volume>83</volume><fpage>1258</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8983622</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b42-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fontaine</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Adriaenssens</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Parijs</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A propsective analysis of the incidence of breast cancer related lymphedema of the arm after surgery and axillary lymph node dissection in early breast cancer patients treated with concomitant irradiation and anthracyclines followed by paclitaxel</article-title><source>European Journal of Lymphology</source><year>2011</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>4</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b43-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caers</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fontaine</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinh-Hung</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Catheter tip position as a risk factor for thrombosis associated with the use of subcutaneous infusion ports</article-title><source>Support Care Cancer</source><year>2005</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15538639</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b44-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smoot</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Upper extremity impairments in women with or without lymphedema following breast cancer treatment</article-title><source>J Cancer Surviv</source><year>2010</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20373044</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b45-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dent</surname><given-names>SF</given-names></name><name><surname>Gaspo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Kissner</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Pritchard</surname><given-names>KI</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Aromatase inhibitor therapy: toxicities and management strategies in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early breast cancer</article-title><source>Breast Cancer Res Treat</source><year>2011</year><volume>126</volume><fpage>295</fpage><lpage>310</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21249443</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b46-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Borstad</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Resting position variables at the shoulder: evidence to support a posture-impairment association</article-title><source>Phys Ther</source><year>2006</year><volume>86</volume><fpage>549</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16579671</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b47-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rostkowska</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Bak</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Samborski</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Body posture in women after mastectomy and its changes as a result of rehabilitation</article-title><source>Adv Med Sci</source><year>2006</year><volume>51</volume><fpage>287</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17357328</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b48-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>48</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Malicka</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Barczyk</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanuszkiewicz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Skolimowska</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Wozniewski</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Body posture of women after breast cancer treatment</article-title><source>Ortop Traumatol Rehabil</source><year>2010</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>353</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20876929</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b49-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>49</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ebaugh</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Spinelli</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Schmitz</surname><given-names>KH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Shoulder impairments and their association with symptomatic rotator cuff disease in breast cancer survivors</article-title><source>Med Hypotheses</source><year>2011</year><volume>77</volume><fpage>481</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21764521</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b50-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>50</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Beurskens</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><name><surname>van Uden</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Strobbe</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Oostendorp</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Wobbes</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The efficacy of physiotherapy upon shoulder function following axillary dissection in breast cancer, a randomized controlled study</article-title><source>BMC Cancer</source><year>2007</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>166</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17760981</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b51-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>51</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Werner</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>McCormick</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Petrek</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Arm edema in conservatively managed breast cancer: obesity is a major predictive factor</article-title><source>Radiology</source><year>1991</year><volume>180</volume><fpage>177</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2052688</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b52-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>52</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>May</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Chance-Larsen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Littlewood</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Lomas</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Saad</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Reliability of physical examination tests used in the assessment of patients with shoulder problems: a systematic review</article-title><source>Physiotherapy</source><year>2010</year><volume>96</volume><fpage>179</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20674649</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b53-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>53</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mayrovitz</surname><given-names>HN</given-names></name><name><surname>Macdonald</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Davey</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Olson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Washington</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Measurement decisions for clinical assessment of limb volume changes in patients with bilateral and unilateral limb edema</article-title><source>Phys Ther</source><year>2007</year><volume>87</volume><fpage>1362</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17684090</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="f1-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Distributions of the pre- to post-radiotherapy changes (Δ) of the relative interlimb differences (RID).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bcbcr-6-2012-079f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Correlations among ipsilateral shoulder-arm changes.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> ΔI. = changes observed on the ipsilateral limb after breast radiotherapy, for measurements of abduction (abd.), retroflexion (retroflx.), anteflexion (anteflx.), endorotation (endo.), scapular distance (sc.dist.), and volume (vol.). Ellipses: 95% confidence density. Red colored ellipses indicate statistically significant correlations (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bcbcr-6-2012-079f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Correlations among contralateral shoulder-arm changes.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> ΔC. = changes observed on the contralateral limb after breast radiotherapy, for measurements of abduction (abd.), retroflexion (retroflx.), anteflexion (anteflx.), endorotation (endo.), scapular distance (sc.dist.), and volume (vol.). Ellipses: 95% confidence density. Red colored ellipses indicate statistically significant correlations (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bcbcr-6-2012-079f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Correlations between ipsilateral and contralateral shoulder-arm changes.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Changes observed on the ipsilateral (ΔI.) and contralateral (ΔC.) limb after breast radiotherapy, for measurements of abduction (abd.), retroflexion (retroflx.), anteflexion (anteflx.), endorotation (endo.), scapular distance (sc.dist.), and volume (vol.). Ellipses: 95% confidence density. Red colored ellipses indicate statistically significant correlations (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bcbcr-6-2012-079f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Distribution of volume relative interlimb difference (RID) at baseline and after radiotherapy (RT).</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Top graph: At baseline pre-radiotherapy, 21% of the patients presented with limb edema, as defined by a volume RID of ≥5%. These patients are represented as blue bars. Bottom graph: Pre-radiotherapy, some patients improved (shift of the blue bars toward 0), some worsened (increase up to RID > 30). The dark green bars are patients who had no ipsilateral limb edema at baseline. The net result Pre-radiotherapy is an incidence of 24% patients with ipsilateral limb edema, composed of patients who had persistent edema (blue), minus those whose edema resolved, but incremented by patients with new onset of ipsilateral edema (dark green). Conversely, at baseline 17% of the patients presented with contralateral limb edema, shown as brown bars. Pre-radiotherapy, the incidence of contralateral limb edema is 18%. The 18% is composed of patients with prior contralateral edema that did not resolve (brown), incremented by patients with new onset of contralateral edema (yellow).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="bcbcr-6-2012-079f5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Patients’ characteristics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<break></break>118</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%<break></break>100</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Age (median 54, interquartile range IQR 48–67)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <50 years</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50–60 years</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 61–70 years</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >70 years</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Weight pre-RT (median 65.5, IQR 58.7–75.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <70 kg</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥70 kg</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Body mass index (median 24.9, IQR 22.4–28.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Arm symptoms pre-RT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unknown</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Chemotherapy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Hormone therapy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Aromatase inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Type of surgery</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Breast conserving + sentinel nodes biopsy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mastectomy + sentinel nodes biopsy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Breast conserving + axillary dissection</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mastectomy + axillary dissection</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Operated side is dominant</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unknown</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Type of radiotherapy (randomization arm)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Conventional</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Short-course IGRT</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Arm and shoulder changes from pre to post-radiotherapy.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mode of evaluation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Side</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Measurement</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-RT</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Post-RT</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean change Δ</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Standard error of Δ</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="13" colspan="1">Absolute</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="7" colspan="1">No laterality Ipsilateral</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (kg)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arm volume (mL)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1654.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1670.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.148</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abduction (°)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.254</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retroflexion (°)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.150</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anteflexion (°)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.111</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endorotation (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.291</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scapular distance (cm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.159</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Contralateral</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arm volume (mL)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1640.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1645.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.591</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abduction (°)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.023</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retroflexion (°)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.202</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anteflexion (°)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.879</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endorotation (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.152</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scapular distance (cm)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.097</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Relative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6" colspan="1">Percent difference ipsilateral vs. contralateral</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% volume diff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.282</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% abduction diff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.274</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% retroflexion diff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.790</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% anteflexion diff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.119</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% endorotation diff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.921</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% scapular distance diff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.503</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Ipsilateral and contralateral correlations (95% confidence intervals) of shoulder-arm Δ changes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Side</th><th colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Ipsilateral</th><th colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Contralateral</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abduction</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retroflexion</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anteflexion</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endorotation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scapular distance</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arm volume</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abduction</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retroflexion</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anteflexion</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endorotation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scapular distance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="12" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Ipsilateral</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arm volume</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−0.32</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (−0.48, −0.14)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.01 (−0.19, 0.18)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1 (−0.28, 0.09)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 (−0.09, 0.28)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.19</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (0.00, 0.36)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.57</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.43, 0.68)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−0.32</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (−0.48, −0.14)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 (−0.14, 0.23)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.08 (−0.26, 0.11)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 (−0.18, 0.19)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.35</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.17, 0.50)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abduction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04<break></break>(−0.22, 0.15)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.38</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref><break></break>(0.20, 0.52)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−0.20</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref><break></break>(−0.37, −0.01)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.09<break></break>(−0.27, 0.10)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.21</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.38, −0.02)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.78</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.70, 0.85)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (−0.20, 0.17)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.26</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">**</xref> (0.08, 0.43)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.18</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.36, 0.00)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.17</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.34, 0.02)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retroflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 (−0.06, 0.31)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.08 (−0.26, 0.11)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.14 (−0.32, 0.05)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (−0.20, 0.17)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.16</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.33, 0.03)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.73</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.63, 0.81)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.03 (−0.22, 0.15)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04 (−0.23, 0.14)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.14 (−0.32, 0.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anteflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.31</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (−0.47, −0.14)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.19</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (0.01, 0.37)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (−0.15, 0.22)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 (−0.09, 0.27)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.03 (−0.21, 0.16)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.41</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.24, 0.55)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (−0.19, 0.18)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 (−0.10, 0.27)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endorotation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 (−0.10, 0.27)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (−0.20, 0.17)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.09 (−0.27, 0.10)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07 (−0.25, 0.12)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 (−0.10, 0.27)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.46</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.30, 0.60)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.18</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.01, 0.35)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scapular distance</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.16</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.02, 0.34)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.18</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.36, 0.00)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (−0.29, 0.07)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 (−0.16, 0.21)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.16</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079">*</xref> (−0.02, 0.34)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.65</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.53, 0.75)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Contralateral</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arm volume</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−0.24</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">**</xref> (−0.41, −0.06)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 (−0.17, 0.2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (−0.29, 0.08)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (−0.19, 0.18)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.32</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.14, 0.48)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abduction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 (−0.24, 0.13)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.32</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (0.14, 0.48)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.28</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079">***</xref> (−0.45, −0.1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−<bold>0.24</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-bcbcr-6-2012-079">**</xref> (−0.4, −0.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retroflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 (−0.14, 0.23)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.1 (−0.28, 0.08)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.01 (−0.19, 0.18)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anteflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (−0.29, 0.08)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03 (−0.16, 0.21)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endorotation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 (−0.1, 0.27)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic> = 0.01 to 0.05;</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>**</label><p><italic>P</italic> = 0.001 to <0.01;</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><label>***</label><p><italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-bcbcr-6-2012-079" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Risk factors of shoulder-arm changes from baseline.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Response variable</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model’s adjusted <italic>P</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk factor</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coefficient</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted <italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Ipsilateral</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ arm volume</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ weight</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALND</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ abduction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.067</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT to regional nodes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-RT arm symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ retroflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ anteflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mastectomy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-RT arm symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.021</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ endorotation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-RT arm symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ scapular distance</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.242</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALND</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Contralateral</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ arm volume</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ weight</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALND</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.045</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ abduction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.188</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aromatase inhibitor therapy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.027</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ retroflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ anteflexion</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ endorotation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ scapular distance</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.144</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALND</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mastectomy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Relative</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ volume RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ abduction RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.058</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-RT arm symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ retroflexion RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ anteflexion RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pre-RT arm symptoms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ endorotation RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Δ scapular distance RID</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Adjusted <italic>P</italic> used false discovery control method of Benjamini and Yekutieli<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-bcbcr-6-2012-079">36</xref> with n comparisons equal to 18, the number of dependent response variables being evaluated.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-bcbcr-6-2012-079"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> RT, radiation treatment; ALND, axillary lymph node dissection; RID, relative interlimb difference; Δ, change of measurement between baseline and first post-RT follow-up at 2 months; −, No risk factor identified, regression models were not improved with covariates.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 003C39 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 003C39 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= LymphedemaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3418149
|texte= Early Contralateral Shoulder-Arm Morbidity in Breast Cancer Patients Enrolled in a Randomized Trial of Post-Surgery Radiation Therapy
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:22904635" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a LymphedemaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |