Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011</title>
<author><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M" last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Makita, Leo" sort="Makita, Leo" uniqKey="Makita L" first="Leo" last="Makita">Leo Makita</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Susapu, Melinda" sort="Susapu, Melinda" uniqKey="Susapu M" first="Melinda" last="Susapu">Melinda Susapu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A" last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melrose, Wayne" sort="Melrose, Wayne" uniqKey="Melrose W" first="Wayne" last="Melrose">Wayne Melrose</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capuano, Corinne" sort="Capuano, Corinne" uniqKey="Capuano C" first="Corinne" last="Capuano">Corinne Capuano</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Zaixing" sort="Zhang, Zaixing" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Zaixing" last="Zhang">Zaixing Zhang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dapeng, Luo" sort="Dapeng, Luo" uniqKey="Dapeng L" first="Luo" last="Dapeng">Luo Dapeng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozaki, Masayo" sort="Ozaki, Masayo" uniqKey="Ozaki M" first="Masayo" last="Ozaki">Masayo Ozaki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">WHO, Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), Suva, Republic of Fiji</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reeve, David" sort="Reeve, David" uniqKey="Reeve D" first="David" last="Reeve">David Reeve</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ichimori, Kazuyo" sort="Ichimori, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Ichimori K" first="Kazuyo" last="Ichimori">Kazuyo Ichimori</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">WHO, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazadi, Walter M" sort="Kazadi, Walter M" uniqKey="Kazadi W" first="Walter M" last="Kazadi">Walter M. Kazadi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michna, Frederick" sort="Michna, Frederick" uniqKey="Michna F" first="Frederick" last="Michna">Frederick Michna</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelly Hope, Louise A" sort="Kelly Hope, Louise A" uniqKey="Kelly Hope L" first="Louise A" last="Kelly-Hope">Louise A. Kelly-Hope</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">23311302</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3606332</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606332</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3606332</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1186/1756-3305-6-7</idno>
<date when="2013">2013</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002B22</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002B22</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011</title>
<author><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M" last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Makita, Leo" sort="Makita, Leo" uniqKey="Makita L" first="Leo" last="Makita">Leo Makita</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Susapu, Melinda" sort="Susapu, Melinda" uniqKey="Susapu M" first="Melinda" last="Susapu">Melinda Susapu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brady, Molly A" sort="Brady, Molly A" uniqKey="Brady M" first="Molly A" last="Brady">Molly A. Brady</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melrose, Wayne" sort="Melrose, Wayne" uniqKey="Melrose W" first="Wayne" last="Melrose">Wayne Melrose</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capuano, Corinne" sort="Capuano, Corinne" uniqKey="Capuano C" first="Corinne" last="Capuano">Corinne Capuano</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Zaixing" sort="Zhang, Zaixing" uniqKey="Zhang Z" first="Zaixing" last="Zhang">Zaixing Zhang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dapeng, Luo" sort="Dapeng, Luo" uniqKey="Dapeng L" first="Luo" last="Dapeng">Luo Dapeng</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ozaki, Masayo" sort="Ozaki, Masayo" uniqKey="Ozaki M" first="Masayo" last="Ozaki">Masayo Ozaki</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">WHO, Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), Suva, Republic of Fiji</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reeve, David" sort="Reeve, David" uniqKey="Reeve D" first="David" last="Reeve">David Reeve</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ichimori, Kazuyo" sort="Ichimori, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Ichimori K" first="Kazuyo" last="Ichimori">Kazuyo Ichimori</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">WHO, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazadi, Walter M" sort="Kazadi, Walter M" uniqKey="Kazadi W" first="Walter M" last="Kazadi">Walter M. Kazadi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michna, Frederick" sort="Michna, Frederick" uniqKey="Michna F" first="Frederick" last="Michna">Frederick Michna</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelly Hope, Louise A" sort="Kelly Hope, Louise A" uniqKey="Kelly Hope L" first="Louise A" last="Kelly-Hope">Louise A. Kelly-Hope</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Parasites & Vectors</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1756-3305</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>
is present at high prevalence in some parts of Papua New Guinea. However, there has been no rigorous data-based representative assessment of nationwide prevalence of LF. The LF programme has been daunted by the scope of the problem, and progress on mass drug administration (MDA) has been slow and lacking in resources.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>A systematic literature review identified LF surveys in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 2011. Results were extracted by location, time period and test used (blood slide, immunochromatographic test (ICT) or Og4C3 ELISA) and combined by district. Three criteria schemes based on the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis guidelines, with modifications, were developed to classify and prioritize districts by prevalence level. Results of repeated surveys in the same sites were used to investigate the impact of MDA on LF prevalence over the time period.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>There were 312 distinct survey sites identified in 80 of the 89 districts over the 31-year period. The overall LF prevalence in the sites tested was estimated at 18.5 to 27.5% by blood slide for microfilariae (Mf), 10.1% to 12.9% by ICT and 45.4% to 48.8% by Og4C3. Biases in site selection towards areas with LF, and change in type of assay used, affected the prevalence estimates, but overall decline in prevalence over the time period was observed. Depending on the criteria used, 34 to 36 districts (population 2.7 to 2.9 million) were classed as high endemic (≥5% prevalence), 15 to 25 districts (1.7 to 1.9 million) as low endemic (<5%) and 20 to 31 (1.3 to 2.2 million) as non-endemic. Nine districts (0.7 million) had no information. The strong impact of MDA, especially on microfilaria (Mf) prevalence, was noted in sites with repeat surveys.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>This analytical review of past surveys of LF in Papua New Guinea enables better estimation of the national burden, identifies gaps in knowledge, quantifies and locates the population at risk, and can be used to predict the likely impact of MDA and/or vector control. Better targeting of districts by level of prevalence will strengthen the control programme, facilitate monitoring of the disease trend and increase the likelihood of reaching the target of LF elimination by 2020.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bundy, Da" uniqKey="Bundy D">DA Bundy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prybylski, D" uniqKey="Prybylski D">D Prybylski</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alto, Wa" uniqKey="Alto W">WA Alto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mengeap, S" uniqKey="Mengeap S">S Mengeap</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Odaibaiyue, S" uniqKey="Odaibaiyue S">S Odaibaiyue</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tisch, Dj" uniqKey="Tisch D">DJ Tisch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kastens, W" uniqKey="Kastens W">W Kastens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alexander, Nd" uniqKey="Alexander N">ND Alexander</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dimber, Z" uniqKey="Dimber Z">Z Dimber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, F" uniqKey="Bockarie F">F Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ibam, E" uniqKey="Ibam E">E Ibam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpers, Mp" uniqKey="Alpers M">MP Alpers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alexander, N" uniqKey="Alexander N">N Alexander</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perry, R" uniqKey="Perry R">R Perry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, F" uniqKey="Bockarie F">F Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dagoro, H" uniqKey="Dagoro H">H Dagoro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dimber, Z" uniqKey="Dimber Z">Z Dimber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hyun, P" uniqKey="Hyun P">P Hyun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpers, Mp" uniqKey="Alpers M">MP Alpers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kazura, J" uniqKey="Kazura J">J Kazura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenberg, J" uniqKey="Greenberg J">J Greenberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perry, R" uniqKey="Perry R">R Perry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weil, G" uniqKey="Weil G">G Weil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, K" uniqKey="Day K">K Day</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpers, M" uniqKey="Alpers M">M Alpers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tisch, Dj" uniqKey="Tisch D">DJ Tisch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dimber, Z" uniqKey="Dimber Z">Z Dimber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiniboro, B" uniqKey="Kiniboro B">B Kiniboro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tarongka, N" uniqKey="Tarongka N">N Tarongka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hazlett, Fe" uniqKey="Hazlett F">FE Hazlett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kastens, W" uniqKey="Kastens W">W Kastens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpers, Mp" uniqKey="Alpers M">MP Alpers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burkot, Tr" uniqKey="Burkot T">TR Burkot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Durrheim, D" uniqKey="Durrheim D">D Durrheim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melrose, Wd" uniqKey="Melrose W">WD Melrose</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Speare, R" uniqKey="Speare R">R Speare</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ichimori, K" uniqKey="Ichimori K">K Ichimori</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bryan, Jh" uniqKey="Bryan J">JH Bryan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bryan, Jh" uniqKey="Bryan J">JH Bryan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dagoro, H" uniqKey="Dagoro H">H Dagoro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Southgate, Ba" uniqKey="Southgate B">BA Southgate</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iyengar, Mot" uniqKey="Iyengar M">MOT Iyengar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Dijk, Wjom" uniqKey="Van Dijk W">WJOM van Dijk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Webber, Rh" uniqKey="Webber R">RH Webber</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iyengar, Mo" uniqKey="Iyengar M">MO Iyengar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Rook, H" uniqKey="De Rook H">H de Rook</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Dyck, Wjom" uniqKey="Van Dyck W">WJOM van Dyck</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spencer, M" uniqKey="Spencer M">M Spencer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peters, W" uniqKey="Peters W">W Peters</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pedersen, Em" uniqKey="Pedersen E">EM Pedersen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="White, Gb" uniqKey="White G">GB White</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burkot, Tr" uniqKey="Burkot T">TR Burkot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garner, P" uniqKey="Garner P">P Garner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paru, R" uniqKey="Paru R">R Paru</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dagoro, H" uniqKey="Dagoro H">H Dagoro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnes, A" uniqKey="Barnes A">A Barnes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcdougall, S" uniqKey="Mcdougall S">S McDougall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wirtz, Ra" uniqKey="Wirtz R">RA Wirtz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, G" uniqKey="Campbell G">G Campbell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spark, R" uniqKey="Spark R">R Spark</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Den Berg, H" uniqKey="Van Den Berg H">H van den Berg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelly Hope, L" uniqKey="Kelly Hope L">L Kelly-Hope</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lindsay, S" uniqKey="Lindsay S">S Lindsay</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sapak, P" uniqKey="Sapak P">P Sapak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, G" uniqKey="Williams G">G Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hetzel, Mw" uniqKey="Hetzel M">MW Hetzel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gideon, G" uniqKey="Gideon G">G Gideon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lote, N" uniqKey="Lote N">N Lote</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Makita, L" uniqKey="Makita L">L Makita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siba, Pm" uniqKey="Siba P">PM Siba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mueller, I" uniqKey="Mueller I">I Mueller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gass, K" uniqKey="Gass K">K Gass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Rochars Mv, B" uniqKey="De Rochars Mv B">B de Rochars MV</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boakye, D" uniqKey="Boakye D">D Boakye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bradley, M" uniqKey="Bradley M">M Bradley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fischer, Pu" uniqKey="Fischer P">PU Fischer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gyapong, J" uniqKey="Gyapong J">J Gyapong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Itoh, M" uniqKey="Itoh M">M Itoh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ituaso Conway, N" uniqKey="Ituaso Conway N">N Ituaso-Conway</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joseph, H" uniqKey="Joseph H">H Joseph</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kyelem, D" uniqKey="Kyelem D">D Kyelem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melrose, Wd" uniqKey="Melrose W">WD Melrose</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turner, Pf" uniqKey="Turner P">PF Turner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pisters, P" uniqKey="Pisters P">P Pisters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turner, B" uniqKey="Turner B">B Turner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weil, Gj" uniqKey="Weil G">GJ Weil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lammie, Pj" uniqKey="Lammie P">PJ Lammie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weiss, N" uniqKey="Weiss N">N Weiss</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schuurkamp, Gj" uniqKey="Schuurkamp G">GJ Schuurkamp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kereu, Rk" uniqKey="Kereu R">RK Kereu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bulungol, Pk" uniqKey="Bulungol P">PK Bulungol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schuurkamp, Gj" uniqKey="Schuurkamp G">GJ Schuurkamp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kereu, Rk" uniqKey="Kereu R">RK Kereu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bulungol, Pk" uniqKey="Bulungol P">PK Bulungol</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawereng, A" uniqKey="Kawereng A">A Kawereng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spicer, Pe" uniqKey="Spicer P">PE Spicer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tavul, L" uniqKey="Tavul L">L Tavul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ibam, I" uniqKey="Ibam I">I Ibam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kastens, W" uniqKey="Kastens W">W Kastens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hazlett, F" uniqKey="Hazlett F">F Hazlett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tisch, Dj" uniqKey="Tisch D">DJ Tisch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpers, Mp" uniqKey="Alpers M">MP Alpers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weil, Gj" uniqKey="Weil G">GJ Weil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kastens, W" uniqKey="Kastens W">W Kastens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Susapu, M" uniqKey="Susapu M">M Susapu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laney, Sj" uniqKey="Laney S">SJ Laney</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Sa" uniqKey="Williams S">SA Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="King, Cl" uniqKey="King C">CL King</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitja, O" uniqKey="Mitja O">O Mitja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paru, R" uniqKey="Paru R">R Paru</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hays, R" uniqKey="Hays R">R Hays</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Griffin, L" uniqKey="Griffin L">L Griffin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laban, N" uniqKey="Laban N">N Laban</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samson, M" uniqKey="Samson M">M Samson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bassat, Q" uniqKey="Bassat Q">Q Bassat</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tisch, Dj" uniqKey="Tisch D">DJ Tisch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tavul, L" uniqKey="Tavul L">L Tavul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kastens, W" uniqKey="Kastens W">W Kastens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michael, E" uniqKey="Michael E">E Michael</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kazura, Jw" uniqKey="Kazura J">JW Kazura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sapak, P" uniqKey="Sapak P">P Sapak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, G" uniqKey="Williams G">G Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bryan, J" uniqKey="Bryan J">J Bryan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riley, I" uniqKey="Riley I">I Riley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sapak, P" uniqKey="Sapak P">P Sapak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vallely, A" uniqKey="Vallely A">A Vallely</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giuruna, P" uniqKey="Giuruna P">P Giuruna</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maibani, C" uniqKey="Maibani C">C Maibani</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sapak, P" uniqKey="Sapak P">P Sapak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melrose, W" uniqKey="Melrose W">W Melrose</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Durrheim, D" uniqKey="Durrheim D">D Durrheim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pawa, F" uniqKey="Pawa F">F Pawa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wynd, S" uniqKey="Wynd S">S Wynd</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leggatt, P" uniqKey="Leggatt P">P Leggatt</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taufa, T" uniqKey="Taufa T">T Taufa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kombati, Z" uniqKey="Kombati Z">Z Kombati</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schuurkamp, Gj" uniqKey="Schuurkamp G">GJ Schuurkamp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turner, Pf" uniqKey="Turner P">PF Turner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hii, J" uniqKey="Hii J">J Hii</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flew, S" uniqKey="Flew S">S Flew</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Genton, B" uniqKey="Genton B">B Genton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tali, A" uniqKey="Tali A">A Tali</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dagoro, H" uniqKey="Dagoro H">H Dagoro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waulas, B" uniqKey="Waulas B">B Waulas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samson, M" uniqKey="Samson M">M Samson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alpers, Mp" uniqKey="Alpers M">MP Alpers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Parasit Vectors</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Parasit Vectors</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Parasites & Vectors</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1756-3305</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23311302</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3606332</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1756-3305-6-7</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1756-3305-6-7</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Graves</surname>
<given-names>Patricia M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref>
<email>patricia.graves@jcu.edu.au</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Makita</surname>
<given-names>Leo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref>
<email>leo.makita@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Susapu</surname>
<given-names>Melinda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref>
<email>msusapu@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Brady</surname>
<given-names>Molly A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref>
<email>mollyabrady@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>Melrose</surname>
<given-names>Wayne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>wayne.melrose@jcu.edu.au</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Capuano</surname>
<given-names>Corinne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref>
<email>capuanoc@wpro.who.int</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Zaixing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref>
<email>zhangz@wpro.who.int</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Dapeng</surname>
<given-names>Luo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref>
<email>luod@wpro.who.int</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A9"><name><surname>Ozaki</surname>
<given-names>Masayo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9">9</xref>
<email>masayo.ozaki@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A10"><name><surname>Reeve</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>davemreeve@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A11"><name><surname>Ichimori</surname>
<given-names>Kazuyo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref>
<email>ichimorik@who.int</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A12"><name><surname>Kazadi</surname>
<given-names>Walter M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref>
<email>kazadimulombow@wpro.who.int</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A13"><name><surname>Michna</surname>
<given-names>Frederick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>kazadimulombow@wpro.who.int</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A14"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>Moses J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref>
<email>moses.bockarie@liverpool.ac.uk</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="A15"><name><surname>Kelly-Hope</surname>
<given-names>Louise A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref>
<email>L.Kelly-Hope@liverpool.ac.uk</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><label>1</label>
Department of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns and Townsville, Queensland, Australia</aff>
<aff id="I2"><label>2</label>
Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</aff>
<aff id="I3"><label>3</label>
WHO, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</aff>
<aff id="I4"><label>4</label>
Current address: WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines</aff>
<aff id="I5"><label>5</label>
WHO, Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), Suva, Republic of Fiji</aff>
<aff id="I6"><label>6</label>
WHO, Geneva, Switzerland</aff>
<aff id="I7"><label>7</label>
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</aff>
<aff id="I8"><label>8</label>
James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia</aff>
<aff id="I9"><label>9</label>
Current address: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>7</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright ©2013 Graves et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Graves et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/7"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>
is present at high prevalence in some parts of Papua New Guinea. However, there has been no rigorous data-based representative assessment of nationwide prevalence of LF. The LF programme has been daunted by the scope of the problem, and progress on mass drug administration (MDA) has been slow and lacking in resources.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>A systematic literature review identified LF surveys in Papua New Guinea between 1980 and 2011. Results were extracted by location, time period and test used (blood slide, immunochromatographic test (ICT) or Og4C3 ELISA) and combined by district. Three criteria schemes based on the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis guidelines, with modifications, were developed to classify and prioritize districts by prevalence level. Results of repeated surveys in the same sites were used to investigate the impact of MDA on LF prevalence over the time period.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>There were 312 distinct survey sites identified in 80 of the 89 districts over the 31-year period. The overall LF prevalence in the sites tested was estimated at 18.5 to 27.5% by blood slide for microfilariae (Mf), 10.1% to 12.9% by ICT and 45.4% to 48.8% by Og4C3. Biases in site selection towards areas with LF, and change in type of assay used, affected the prevalence estimates, but overall decline in prevalence over the time period was observed. Depending on the criteria used, 34 to 36 districts (population 2.7 to 2.9 million) were classed as high endemic (≥5% prevalence), 15 to 25 districts (1.7 to 1.9 million) as low endemic (<5%) and 20 to 31 (1.3 to 2.2 million) as non-endemic. Nine districts (0.7 million) had no information. The strong impact of MDA, especially on microfilaria (Mf) prevalence, was noted in sites with repeat surveys.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>This analytical review of past surveys of LF in Papua New Guinea enables better estimation of the national burden, identifies gaps in knowledge, quantifies and locates the population at risk, and can be used to predict the likely impact of MDA and/or vector control. Better targeting of districts by level of prevalence will strengthen the control programme, facilitate monitoring of the disease trend and increase the likelihood of reaching the target of LF elimination by 2020.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Lymphatic filariasis</kwd>
<kwd>Papua New Guinea</kwd>
<kwd>Mapping</kwd>
<kwd>Mass drug administration</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-transmitted helminth infection, caused by <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>
and transmitted predominantly by <italic>Anopheles</italic>
mosquitoes in Melanesian countries in the Western Pacific. Papua New Guinea is often described as having very high prevalence of LF – perhaps the highest in the world
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
]. Sites with very high prevalence have been found in Papua New Guinea, leading to much groundbreaking research on the dynamics of transmission, the relationship between infection and morbidity, and the effect of preventive chemotherapy, also known as mass drug administration (MDA)
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
].</p>
<p>Lymphatic filariasis can be transmitted by a wide range of mosquito genera
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
]. The main vectors of LF in Papua New Guinea are <italic>Anopheles</italic>
mosquitoes (<italic>An farauti, An punctulatus, An koliensis</italic>
and others) although <italic>Culex</italic>
have also been found infected
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
]. <italic>Anopheles</italic>
also transmit malaria in the majority of the endemic LF districts of Papua New Guinea. Distribution of LF is known to be very heterogeneous, being affected by variation in altitude and possibly by former indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaigns for malaria, as was observed in the Solomon Islands and West Papua (formerly Netherlands New Guinea)
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
]. Indoor residual spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) DDT occurred in the East Sepik and Madang Provinces of Papua New Guinea from the 1950s to the 1980s
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
]. Mosquito nets (untreated with insecticide) have also been shown to be effective in reducing prevalence of LF
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
]. Recently, malaria endemic areas have received large scale distributions of insecticide treated nets (ITN) in 2005–2006 and long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) in 2008–2011
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
].</p>
<sec><title>Prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis in Papua New Guinea</title>
<p>There has been no rigorous data-based representative, comprehensive and recent assessment of nationwide prevalence of LF in Papua New Guinea. A summary of surveys for microfilariae in 46 sites in the New Guinea mainland and islands between 1912 and 1952 found prevalence varying from 0% to 71.4%, with a crude average of 26%
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
]. Based on limited survey data from the 1970s and 1980s, Michael and Bundy
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
] put Papua New Guinea in the 20 to 50% prevalence range using modeling and prediction. Kazura and Bockarie
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
] summarized information available to 2003 by district and province, and stated that prevalence varied from 10% to 92% locally.</p>
<p>A preliminary national estimate of 6% LF prevalence in Papua New Guinea was obtained based on the LF Programme mapping prior to the first drug application to the Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF)
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
]. Most of this initial mapping followed the WHO programme managers’ guidelines for preparing and implementing national plans to eliminate LF that were available at the time
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
], which recommended lot quality assurance surveys (LQAS) of 250 older schoolchildren or adults in areas planned to be implementation units (IUs) where prevalence of LF was not known. However some other surveys and studies tested as few as 50–100 persons, as recommended in other WHO documents
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
], in order to classify eligibility of areas for MDA. In both mapping protocols, a single positive (or more) for Mf or antigenemia was enough for an area to be classified as endemic for LF. At the onset of the LF Programme in Papua New Guinea, planned IUs were defined as provinces, although a significant proportion of mapping between 2000 and 2006 was conducted by district, with usually one site per district included.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>GPELF, PacELF and Papua New Guinea</title>
<p>The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) has the goal of interrupting LF transmission worldwide by 2020 using a strategy of preventive chemotherapy -- in this case, MDA for at least five years
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
]. In 1999, the Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PacELF), which included Papua New Guinea, was formed, with MDA starting in Samoa and Vanuatu shortly thereafter
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
]. Most Pacific island countries and areas have made good progress towards the elimination goal, but the LF Programme in Papua New Guinea has suffered from limited resources, challenging terrain and logistical difficulties. Although Papua New Guinea has been the site of extensive research on LF control, this has often been done in localized areas and the results not assessed in a combined manner.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Diagnostic tests for Lymphatic Filariasis</title>
<p>There are currently three recommended tests for <italic>W. bancrofti</italic>
filariasis: examination of stained blood slides to detect Mf, the rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT), and the Og4C3 antigen ELISA assay using serum or plasma, including elution from dried blood spots. The tests were described and compared by Gass <italic>et al</italic>
.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
]:</p>
<p>a) Blood slides: thick blood films are made using either i) 20 ul of fingerprick blood in a circle (as for a malaria thick blood film), ii) 60 ul of fingerprick blood in three lines on a slide using a haemocytometer pipette or a hematocrit tube, or iii) a larger amount of venous blood (1 to 10 ml) which is then passed through Millipore filters in the Knott’s or modified Knott’s methods
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
]. Blood films on slides are not fixed before staining with Giemsa or similar and examining under x400 with identification of Mf as described in
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
]. Filters, if used, are also stained and blood is examined on the filter under ×400. For detection of Mf in Papua New Guinea, blood must be taken at night to maximize the number of Mf present in peripheral blood. Although some Mf are present in the daytime in heavy infections, the infection is periodic and both Mf counts and estimated prevalence will be higher at night.</p>
<p>b) ICT card test: The rapid immunochromatographic test detects antigen from the adult worm that is circulating in the peripheral blood, using a card format and a coloured line readout. It detects higher prevalence in the population than Mf tests on blood slides, since a person may be infected with adult worms that are not producing Mf. The test uses 100 ul of blood. Originally developed in 1997
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
], the test is currently available from Binax NOW at Inverness Medical <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.binaxnow.com/filariasis.aspx">http://www.binaxnow.com/filariasis.aspx</ext-link>
.</p>
<p>c) Og4C3 antigen ELISA: This is a laboratory-based test also detecting antigen from the adult worm. The test uses 50ul of serum or the equivalent eluted from dried whole blood spots. The test is available from TropBio <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.tropbio.com.au">http://www.tropbio.com.au</ext-link>
.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>PNG LF programme</title>
<p>In 2011, Papua New Guinea had 18 provinces, plus the National Capital District and Autonomous Region of Bougainville. Two new provinces (Hela and Jiwaka) were formed in May 2012 by the splitting of Western Highlands, Enga and Southern Highlands provinces
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
]. According to the National Research Institute report in 2010
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
], there were 89 districts and 231 local level government areas. The last census was in 2000, when the estimated population was 5.2 million
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
]; the population in 2012 is estimated by one source to be 6.3 million based on an annual growth rate of 1.936%
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
].</p>
<p>From baseline mapping surveys and using provinces as the IUs, the Papua New Guinea LF programme initially concluded that there were only four provinces or equivalent areas that were completely non-endemic (Eastern Highlands, Manus, Central and the National Capital District) and thus did not need MDA
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
]. However, the decision to use the province as the IU became challenging, as the remaining population of 16 provinces needing to be covered in each round was huge, and the logistics of getting adequate coverage (at least 65% of total population) extremely difficult. At the Regional Programme Managers’ Meeting on Lymphatic Filariasis and other Selected Neglected Tropical Diseases convened by the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific in 2011
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
], it was recommended to change the IU from province to district in order to reduce the size of the target population, to prioritize the districts and to make the programme rollout more manageable with a community-based approach.</p>
<p>Research projects have shown that MDA has impacted LF prevalence dramatically in several provinces including Southern Highlands
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
], Western
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
], East Sepik
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
], Madang
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
] and New Ireland
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
]. These studies have often been done in limited areas for a few years only, and in some sites five rounds of MDA did not reduce prevalence to below criteria for stopping MDA
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
]. However, they provide important information on the impact of MDA and the combined evidence from these studies needs to be comprehensively assessed.</p>
<p>In addition to the research studies mentioned above, one-time province-wide MDAs have also been conducted in several provinces in conjunction with LLIN distribution. This was done in 2005 and 2006 in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Oro (Northern), Gulf, New Ireland, East and West New Britain, East Sepik and Morobe provinces, but was found not to be a sustainable mechanism for MDA because LLINs are not distributed annually. Other MDAs were carried out in Milne Bay Province, which conducted three rounds of MDA in 2005–2007 (including one with LLIN distribution) and two more rounds in 2010 and 2011. Despite these achievements, generally the challenges of delivering MDA and monitoring transmission in Papua New Guinea have been enormous, resources have been extremely limited and other priorities including malaria and HIV have predominated.</p>
<p>A new approach is needed to get Papua New Guinea back on track for elimination by 2020 in line with the global target
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
]. Given the heterogeneity of transmission, it is likely that large areas without any LF are being targeted for MDA, while logistical and political issues mean that some areas with higher prevalence are being neglected. Therefore, revitalization of the LF Programme and initiation of MDA nationwide in time to meet the 2020 target is urgently needed, and a thorough and up- to-date review of LF prevalence level by district may assist in the prioritization of human and financial resources to overcome these barriers.</p>
<p>In this study, data were gathered for all locations where surveys have been done (separately for ICT, Mf and Og4C3 tests). Using this information, areas still to be mapped were identified, districts with high prevalence were noted for prioritization and the size of the population at risk was re-evaluated. District endemicity was classified by three different criteria and new empirical risk maps for Papua New Guinea were developed. Changes in prevalence over time (using three time periods) and the potential impact and benefits of MDA were also assessed.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title>
<p>A search of PubMed was done using the terms (‘Papua New Guinea’ or ‘New Guinea’) and (‘Lymphatic Filariasis’ or ‘<italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>
’ or ‘<italic>W.bancrofti</italic>
’ or ‘filariasis’ or ‘elephantiasis’). Reference lists of published studies were searched for additional references. Informal James Cook University survey reports and relevant doctoral theses at James Cook University, the University of Papua New Guinea and the University of Queensland were retrieved and searched for survey results and locations. Papua New Guinea Department of Health reports, PacELF and WHO meeting reports and records, and MDA drug applications from 1999 (the start of PacELF) to date were also examined.</p>
<p>Data on surveys in Papua New Guinea since 1980 were extracted with locations, numbers tested, numbers positive, test used, age group, and method of Mf examination, where available. Research studies testing interventions (mostly MDA, but some mosquito net projects) were extracted separately by village and time period where possible. Occurrence of any MDA or number of MDA rounds in locations of all surveys was noted, if given or available from other sources. Coordinates of unknown locations were obtained from the Geographic Names Server <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html">http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html</ext-link>
and/or Global Gazetteer Version 2.2 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world">http://www.fallingrain.com/world</ext-link>
. Locations were assigned to districts using the 2010 district and provincial profiles from the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
]. Mapping of prevalence estimates by district was done using the geographical information system (GIS) shape files developed by the University of Papua New Guinea Remote Sensing Centre, available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gis.mortxonblacketer.com.au/upngis/instructions.htm">http://gis.mortxonblacketer.com.au/upngis/instructions.htm</ext-link>
.</p>
<p>Districts were classified as non-endemic, endemic or unknown by three different criteria schemes and the results compared. The first criteria scheme was based on the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) and the second two schemes based on modified or alternative criteria, which also classified districts into low endemic and high endemic. The criteria schemes were as follows:</p>
<p>1. GPELF criteria:</p>
<p>Considering only the most recent mapping survey (target 250 persons tested) by any test in each district:</p>
<p>Zero positives = non endemic</p>
<p>Any positives = endemic</p>
<p>2. GPELF modified criteria:</p>
<p>Considering any test in each district:</p>
<p>Zero positives = non-endemic</p>
<p>If >0% to <5% positive = low endemic</p>
<p>If ≥5% positive = high endemic</p>
<p>Where an unknown district is bordered on all sides by endemic districts, classify as ‘low endemic’ or ‘high endemic’ based on lowest category found in adjacent districts.</p>
<p>3. Alternative criteria:</p>
<p>Using data from all surveys, using Mf results if available, then ICT or Og4C3 results if no Mf tests performed in that district. Considering all positives for the selected test:</p>
<p>If <1% positive = non-endemic</p>
<p>If ≥1% to <5% positive = low endemic</p>
<p>If ≥5% positive = high endemic</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title>
<p>The literature search identified 324 separate survey sites between 1980 to 2011 that are listed by site and date in Additional file
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
: Table S1. Results of 12 survey sites at the same location and time that were reported in duplicate (usually summarized in different ways), were identified and removed (and noted in Additional file
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
: Table S1), leaving 312 separate survey site data points for analysis. The source of information, location, date (year), type of assay, the amount of blood tested (for Mf), the time of testing (for Mf) and the age group tested were noted for each survey, where available. It was also noted whether any MDA, and if possible how many MDAs and which drug used, had been conducted in the locality prior to the survey.</p>
<p>A survey site represents a distinct named geographic location tested at a point in time. This may have been a small number of households in a hamlet that formed part of a larger group in a village survey. The number of persons tested per site ranged from 6 to 1666 for Mf (mean 211 per site), from 1 to 3799 for ICT (mean 290) and from 9 to 1322 for Og4C3 (mean 209). There were 155 surveys that used Mf, 149 using ICT and 79 using Og4C3. The total comes to more than the overall number of survey sites, since some surveys used more than one test. There was no district that had only Og4C3 surveys; therefore districts were classified by endemicity using Mf and ICT results only.</p>
<sec><title>Estimates of national prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis</title>
<p>Combining all the surveys for each assay type gave the following estimates:</p>
<p>Mf: 27.5%, ICT: 12.9%, Og4C3: 48.8% (Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>
). Since the results are biased by the differing sample sizes and the fact that more surveys were done in research sites with high prevalence of Mf, an alternative estimate was made by crudely averaging the prevalence in each district (Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>
). These estimates were:</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Summary percent positive for LF (microfilariae or antigenemia) by district (all surveys conducted 1980–2011)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>REGION</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>DISTRICT</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Pop 2010 est*</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>No of sites surveyed Mf</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>% pos Mf</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>N tested Mf</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>No of sites surveyed ICT</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>% pos ICT</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>N tested ICT</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>No of sites surveyed Og4C3</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>% pos Og4C3</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>N tested Og4C3</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Endemic GPELF Criteria</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Endemic mod GPELF Criteria</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Endemic Alt Criteria</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Bougainville autonomous region<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Central Bougainville<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">48145<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">694<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">415<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">North Bougainville<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">84825<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">20.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">322<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">12.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">218<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">64.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">331<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">South Bougainville<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">70310<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">5.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">280<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Central<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Abau<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">48177<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Goilala<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">34327<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kairuku-Hiri<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">98900<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1062<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rigo<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">49555<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">768<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Chimbu (Simbu)<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Chuave<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">43545<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Gumine<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">43426<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Karimui-Nomane<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">43859<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kerowagi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">66209<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kundiawa-Gembogl<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">70560<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Sina Sina-Yonggomugl<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">45888<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">East New Britain<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Gazelle<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">114921<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">12.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">500<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kokopo<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">74687<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">22.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">115<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">28.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">697<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">62.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">419<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Pomio<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">57558<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">11.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">262<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">25.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">403<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">45.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">366<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rabaul<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">34624<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">24.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">East Sepik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ambunti-Dreikikir<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">68864<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">48<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">33.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">19235<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">13<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">68.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3488<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Angoram<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">85521<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">90<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Maprik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">71859<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">200<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Wewak<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">79515<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">25.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1086<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Wosera Gawi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">61419<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">200<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Yangoro Saussia<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">59432<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">121<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="left" valign="top">Eastern Highlands<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Daulo<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">38487<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Goroka<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">89342<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Henganofi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">69326<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kainantu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">114081<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Lufa<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">57019<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Obura-Wonenara<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">36905<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">750<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Okapa<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">77124<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Unggai-Benna<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55947<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">750<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Enga<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Kandep<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">63086<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kompiam<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">59003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">186<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Lagaip-Porgera<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">121117<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">113<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Wabag<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">78192<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.98<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">205<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Wapen-amanda<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">71267<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Gulf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Kerema<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">84665<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">19.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">688<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">716<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">64.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">222<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kikori<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">53515<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top">Madang<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Bogia<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">74537<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Madang<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">113159<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">32.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">96<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Middle Ramu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">75548<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">41.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">106<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">13.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">92<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">35.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">262<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Rai Coast<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">73486<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">10.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">68<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Sumkar<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">87522<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">23.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2032<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">49.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1690<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Usino-Bundi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">52314<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2510<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">31.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2488<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Manus<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Manus<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">56083<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">Milne Bay<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Alotau<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">95551<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">21.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">479<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">32.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">988<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">57.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1101<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Esa’ala<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">54588<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kiriwina-Goodenough<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">63961<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">20.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1076<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Samarai-Murua<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55246<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">40.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">400<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2187<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">24.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1199<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="9" align="left" valign="top">Morobe<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Bulolo<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">101795<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">149<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Finschafen<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">59690<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Huon<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">78454<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">29.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">128<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kabwum<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55204<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">115<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Lae<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">157082<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">226<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Markham<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">65071<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">13.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Menyamya<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">90347<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Nawae<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">46183<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">28.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Tewae-Siassi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">57107<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">150<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">National Capital District<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Moresby North East<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">120664**<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">341<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Moresby North West<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">120664<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Moresby South<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">120666<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1019<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">New Ireland<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Kavieng<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">71099<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">15.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">380<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">12.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">767<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">418<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Namanatai<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">86416<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">16<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">20.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2029<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">9.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">11884<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">44.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1307<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Northern (Oro)<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ijivitari<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">88727<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">402<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">702<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">416<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Sohe<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">84961<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">462<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">750<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">484<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="8" align="left" valign="top">Southern Highlands<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ialibu-Pangia<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">76654<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Imbonggu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">90667<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">213<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Kagua-Erave<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">82261<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Komo-Margarima<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">96818<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Koroba-Kopiago<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">104986<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Mendi-Munihu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">145483<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Nipa-Kutubu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">148640<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">39.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">771<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">51.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">181<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Tari-Pori<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">78783<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">West New Britain<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Kandrian-Gloucester<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">79356<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">355<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">19.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">523<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">417<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Talasea<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">183437<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">377<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">412<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">22.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">455<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top">West Sepik (Sandaun)<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Aitape-Lumi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">67670<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">?<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Nuku<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">58339<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">136<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Telefomin<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">45112<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">10.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">193<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Vanimo-Green River<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">64335<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">22.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Western (Fly)<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Middle Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">77277<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">41.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1138<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">69.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">674<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">15<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">53.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2374<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">North Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">70443<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">35<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">25.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4826<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">57.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">676<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">High<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">South Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">64388<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">500<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Western Highlands<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Anglimp-South Wahgi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">123618<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Dei<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">63706<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Jimi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">47856<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">234<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Mount Hagen<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">111305<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">450<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Mul-Baiyer<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">72563<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">North Wahgi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">66363<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Tambul-Nebilyer<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">77859<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">250<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Yes<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Low<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">No<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Grand Total<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6829240<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">167<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">27.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">37425<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">148<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">12.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">43264<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">79<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">48.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">16221<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Crude average of sites</td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">18.5</td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">10.1</td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">45.4</td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p>* obtained from source
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
] with adjustment of 2000 census district figures by province- specific growth rates 1980–2000.</p>
<p>** population of National Capital District equally divided between three districts.</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Mf: 18.5%, ICT: 10.1%, and Og4C3: 45.4%. While these lower estimates do not eliminate the bias due to surveys being done in sites where LF was expected to be found, they represent the best estimates in the absence of a national survey with representative sampling.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Comparison between diagnostic tests</title>
<p>When used on the same population and time point, Mf tests are expected to give lower percent prevalence estimates than serological tests that detect adult worm antigen (ICT or Og4C3)
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
]. However, in Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>
it can be seen that lower prevalence by Mf is not always observed for the summarized district data or overall (see previous paragraph), as a result of combining surveys done in different locations and times. Detailed comparison of diagnostic tests is beyond the scope of this paper and will be reported separately, but it can be seen in Additional file
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
: Table S1 that the expected relationships between tests are observed when considering only those sites that used more than one test at the same survey. Prevalence estimated by Mf was always lower than ICT prevalence (19 comparisons) and Mf prevalence only exceeded Og4C3 prevalence for one survey in 1994 (total of 47 comparisons).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Surveys classified by time period</title>
<p>The number of sites surveyed by year is shown in Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>
while the number of persons tested per year is shown in Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>
. The first survey identified was in 1983. Three years (1989, 2007 and 2009) had no surveys by any test. All surveys prior to 1990 detected Mf in blood, while the majority after 2000 used ICT. Og4C3 tests started in 1990 while the first ICT tests were done in 1996.</p>
<fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Number of individual survey sites by year, classified by assay type.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1756-3305-6-7-1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Number of persons tested by year, classified by assay type.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1756-3305-6-7-2"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Surveys were divided into approximately three equal time periods: 1983–1992 (10 years), 1993–2002 (10 years) and 2003–2011 (9 years), to investigate changes over time. There was a decline in the percentage positive in Mf and Og4C3 tests over the three periods (Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>
), but no obvious decline in ICT percentage positive in the latter two time periods.</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Summary of survey results by three time periods</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"> </th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Mf</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>ICT</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Og4C3</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No sites</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No persons</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No sites</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No persons</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No sites</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No persons</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1983–1992<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">50<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6539<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">976<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">64.7<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">1993–2002<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">76<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">19540<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">35<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">8502<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">13.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">47<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">9755<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">56.9<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">2003–2011</td>
<td align="left">29</td>
<td align="left">6608</td>
<td align="left">7.8</td>
<td align="left">115</td>
<td align="left">34762</td>
<td align="left">12.8</td>
<td align="left">27</td>
<td align="left">5169</td>
<td align="left">28.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec><title>Overall classification of districts and mapping</title>
<p>Data were summarized by district for all surveys in each district, by test, and are shown in Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>
. Using the three sets of criteria described in the methods section, numbers of districts in each category are shown in Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>
. Figures
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>
a,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>
b and
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>
c show the classification of endemicity by district, shaded according to the three criteria schemes described above.</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="T3"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Classification of districts by three criteria schemes</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"> </th>
<th align="left"><bold>1 GPELF criteria</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>2 GPELF modified criteria</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>3 Alternative criteria</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">High endemic<hr></hr>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">60<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">36<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">34<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Low endemic<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">25<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">15<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Non endemic<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">20<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">20<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">31<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Unknown<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">9<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Total districts</td>
<td align="left">89</td>
<td align="left">89</td>
<td align="left">89</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p><bold>Maps showing classification of districts by endemicity, according to three criteria schemes. </bold>
<bold>a</bold>
. Map with districts classified using GPELF criteria scheme 1. Red: endemic, >0% pos; Green: non-endemic, 0% pos; Black: unknown; results from all types of test. <bold>b</bold>
. Map with districts classified using modified GPELF criteria scheme 2. Red: High endemic, ≥5% pos; Yellow: Low endemic, >0% and <5% pos (or unknown but all adjacent districts >0%); Green: non-endemic, 0% pos; Black: unknown; results from all types of test. <bold>c</bold>
. Map with districts classified using alternative criteria scheme 3. Red: high endemic; ≥5% pos; Yellow: low endemic, ≥1% and <5% pos; Green: non-endemic, <1% pos; Black: unknown; Mf results used if available, otherwise ICT.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1756-3305-6-7-3"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Overall the picture is similar for most districts by any criteria scheme, in that lowland and coastal districts were more likely to be endemic than inland highland districts. A major distinction between the schemes is that criteria scheme 1 gives only a ‘yes or no’ classification of prevalence, whereas both criteria schemes 2 and 3 divide prevalence into 3 levels – non-endemic, low and high. Criteria schemes 1 (GPELF) and 2 (GPELF modified) classify many more districts as endemic compared to the criteria scheme 3 (alternative), mainly because in the first two schemes, a single positive by any test classifies a district as endemic (regardless of sample size). In the alternative criteria scheme 3, ≥1% of tested persons must be positive (in Mf surveys if available; if not then ICT, with all surveys over time combined) in order for a district to be classified as endemic.</p>
<p>No surveys have been conducted to date in nine districts (of 89 total), in the following provinces: Chimbu (one district), Enga (two districts), NCD (one district), Southern Highlands (four districts), and West Sepik (one district). The unknown district in West Sepik (Aitape Lumi) was surrounded by endemic districts, and therefore classified under criteria scheme 2 as low endemic based on level of endemicity in neighbouring districts. The other unknown districts were each adjacent to both non-endemic and endemic districts and therefore have not been classified.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Impact of MDA on prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis</title>
<p>It was known whether or not MDA had occurred prior to the survey in all except one case (see Additional file
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>
: Table S1). The majority of the surveys occurred prior to any MDA. The number of MDAs at each site was also obtained from the available studies and reports.</p>
<p>In order to examine whether the decline in percentage positivity over time, which is apparent in Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>
as noted above, was due to MDA or other interventions, sites with repeated surveys were categorized into groups having had 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or > =5 MDAs prior to the survey (Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>
). The location, serological test used and MDA drug type and frequency are shown with the LF prevalence results from these sites in Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>
for the appropriate time periods. The impact on prevalence of annual or twice a year MDA is shown graphically for Mf assays in Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>
and for ICT and Og4C3 assays in Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>
. The impact on Mf prevalence was found to be very rapid and large (Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>
) whereas the decline in antigen prevalence appeared to be slower (Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>
).</p>
<table-wrap position="float" id="T4"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Summary of pre and post MDA survey results</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="left"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="top"><tr><th align="left"><bold>Province</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>District</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Locality</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Test</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>MDA drug</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Frequency (if > =1 MDA)</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Pre-MDA</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Post 1 MDA</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Post 2 MDA</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Post 3 MDA</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Post 4 MDA</bold>
</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left"><bold>Post > =5 MDA</bold>
</th>
<th align="left"><bold>Reference</bold>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yr</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No pers</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yr</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No pers</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yr</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No pers</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yr</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No pers</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yr</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No pers</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>Yr</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>No pers</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"><bold>% pos</bold>
<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">E Sepik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ambunti-Dreikikir<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4 mod trans villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC + IVM<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1994<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">797<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">47.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1995<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">756<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">20.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">790<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">5.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1997<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">819<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">750<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">E Sepik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ambunti-Dreikikir<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3 high trans villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC + IVM<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1994<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">281<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">76.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1995<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">318<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">31.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">311<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">23.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1997<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">303<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">10.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">266<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">5.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">E Sepik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ambunti-Dreikikir<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4 mod trans villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1994<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">903<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">42.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1995<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">815<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">29.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">802<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">15.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1997<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">692<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">639<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">E Sepik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ambunti-Dreikikir<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3 high trans villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1994<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">243<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">76.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1995<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">192<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">51.0<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">253<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">42.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1997<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">257<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">21.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">165<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">10.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">E Sepik<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Ambunti-Dreikikir<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7 villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1994<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">177<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">83.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">78<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">531<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">16.9<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Madang<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Sumkar<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Bagabag Is<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC or ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1026<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">28.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2001<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">729<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">16.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Madang<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Usino-Bundi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4 villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">571<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">18.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2004<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">696<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">8.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2005<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">714<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2006<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">529<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Madang<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Usino-Bundi<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4 villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ICT<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">558<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">47.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2004<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">692<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">35.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2005<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">695<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">25.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2006<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">543<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">17.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Milne Bay<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Alotau<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Buhutu valley<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Salt (for 6 months)<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1995<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">434<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">55<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">36.3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Milne Bay<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Alotau<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Dogura<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1995<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">255<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">71<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">66<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Milne Bay<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Samarai-Murua<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Basalaki Is<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1998<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">74<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">35<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Milne Bay<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Samarai-Murua<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Misima Is<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC + IVM<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1996<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">63.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1997<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Milne Bay<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Samarai-Murua<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Misima Is<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1997<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">144<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">53<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">484<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">New Ireland<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Namanatai<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Lihir Is / E Coast<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ICT<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3009<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2008<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">3799<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">0.8<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">New Ireland<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Namanatai<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Lihir Is / W Coast<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ICT<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2003<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1969<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">30.7<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2008<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2464<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">7.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">S Highlands<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Nipa-Kutubu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mt Bosavi: Fogomaiyu<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Weekly (for 6 mths) + ITN<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1987<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">79<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">92<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1987<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">100<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Western<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Middle Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Lake Murray: Usukof<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB or ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Bi-annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1999<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">62<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">14.5<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1999<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">168<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2000<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">168<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">4.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Western<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Middle Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Lake Murray: Giakoret<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1999<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">67<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">77.6<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2000<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">25<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">28<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Western<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Middle Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Nomad<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Og4C3<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">ALB + DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1999<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">262<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">83.2<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">2000<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">146<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">80.1<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Western<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">North Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Star Mtns A + B villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Bi-annual (for 2 yrs) then annual (for 2 yrs)<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1986<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">286<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">34.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1988<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">302<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">12<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1990<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">503<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">6.4<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="bottom">Western<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">North Fly<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Star Mtns B villages<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Mf<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">DEC<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">Annual<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1988<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">312<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">45.14<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">1990<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">372<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">26.14<hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom"> <hr></hr>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="bottom">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
]<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Western</td>
<td align="left">North Fly</td>
<td align="left">Rumginae area</td>
<td align="left">Mf</td>
<td align="left">DEC</td>
<td align="left">Annual</td>
<td align="left">1991</td>
<td align="left">1034</td>
<td align="left">32</td>
<td align="left">1992</td>
<td align="left">208</td>
<td align="left">13</td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">1993</td>
<td align="left">248</td>
<td align="left">7</td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p>Mf: microfilariae; DEC: diethylcarbamazine; IVM: ivermectin; ALB: albendazole.</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Percentage of persons positive for Mf in sites surveyed more than once, according to number of rounds of MDA in that location.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1756-3305-6-7-4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>Percentage of persons positive for LF antigenaemia in sites surveyed more than once, according to number of rounds of MDA in that location.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="1756-3305-6-7-5"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Three studies in Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>
are not plotted in Figures
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>
or
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>
since they did not have an annual or biannual MDA schedule or consistent test used for evaluation:</p>
<p>1) The Milne Bay/Alotau district study by Sapak <italic>et al</italic>
.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
], which used diethylcarbamazine (DEC) salt for six months and tested by Og4C3 antigen;</p>
<p>2) The Milne Bay/Samarai-Murua district/Lihir Island studies, where baseline surveys before MDA were done using Mf tests by Hii <italic>et al</italic>
.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
] whereas follow-ups after 2 and 4 MDAs were done with ICT tests by MItja <italic>et al</italic>
.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
].</p>
<p>3) The Southern Highlands/Nipa-Kutubu district study of Prybylski <italic>et al</italic>
.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
], which used a schedule of weekly DEC for 6 months, and tested by Mf surveys.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title>
<p>Survey results showed large variation in prevalence over the country, which is in line with current research findings and historical data dating back to 1912
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
]. Such heterogeneity across the country is presumably related to the diverse geography, altitude and ecology in this unique country. The differences may also be explained by the diversity of mosquito vectors found in different regions and their ability to transmit. <italic>Anopheles</italic>
vectors have been shown to be more efficient in transmission than <italic>Culex</italic>
in Papua New Guinea
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
], but there are major gaps in the current knowledge of LF vectors and intensity of transmission (except in one or two small areas) as well as on the impact of vector-based interventions. Variation in prevalence may be related to previous malaria control activities, including past insecticide spraying and more recently the distribution of mosquito nets of all types, as well as to some extent, MDA for LF in a limited number of sites.</p>
<p>The data presented and summarized in this study are potentially not representative of the true situation in Papua New Guinea because some survey sites were purposively selected to identify LF where it was thought to exist, and the results from the different surveys are not weighted. Therefore the prevalence estimates should be regarded as likely to be overestimates for the country as a whole. Despite these limitations, the survey results show generally lower prevalence of LF than is usually stated for Papua New Guinea, which is encouraging for the LF programme’s potential success. In addition, despite potential biases in site selection and assays used over time, the review suggests a clear decreasing trend in prevalence over the three broad time periods (Table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>
).</p>
<p>The highest prevalence estimates were consistently found in the coastal provinces, especially those in the north and west of the country, before the year 2000. This is as expected given the warmer temperatures and higher humidity in these low-lying areas favoring mosquito transmission. Some regions, including the highland provinces and more developed areas near Port Moresby or around mine sites, tend to have lower prevalence particularly since 2000, and may be a reflection of the influence of urbanization (which is more unfavourable to <italic>Anopheles</italic>
vectors) and climate as well as control measures.</p>
<p>The spatial heterogeneity of LF observed here in Papua New Guinea is typical of the disease worldwide. There is no doubt that similar records of past surveys exist in other countries and regions, and the compilation and mapping of such data in a systematic way including details on tests used, persons sampled and up-to-date population estimates would enable better prioritization of MDA efforts. Such assessments would assist in monitoring progress and efficacy of the global LF elimination programme and accelerate its achievements.</p>
<p>Many of the surveys included in this analytical review were conducted as part of research, or before GPELF mapping criteria were formulated. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the standard GPELF criteria or threshold for endemicity (one or more positives per 250 persons sampled) to such data. The GPELF modified criteria scheme 2 included in this study aimed to stratify the level of risk more finely than just non-endemic/endemic. The third alternate criteria scheme was developed to classify a district as negative if prevalence was less than 1% (rather than 0%), since many districts had sampled more than the minimum number needed for Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) mapping, and to give more weight to Mf rather than antigen surveys. This review has identified nine districts that remain to be classified, although one (in West Sepik) is likely endemic since it is surrounded on all borders by endemic districts.</p>
<p>Previous estimates stated that five million people in Papua New Guinea are at risk of LF
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
] out of a total population estimated to be between 6.3 and 6.8 million
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
]. Using the LF district classifications gathered here, together with population estimates for 2010 by district (generated from the 2000 census using the province-specific growth rates from 1980–2000
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
]), we can quantify the number of persons potentially at risk of LF in Papua New Guinea who need MDA or other intervention to interrupt LF transmission, as follows:</p>
<p>1. By GPELF criteria,</p>
<p>• 4.81 million people (70.4% of the population) live in 60 ‘endemic’ districts;</p>
<p>• 0.73 million (10.7%) live in the nine unknown districts.</p>
<p>2. By modified GPELF criteria,</p>
<p>• 2.94 million (43.1% of the population) live in 36 ‘high endemic’ districts;</p>
<p>• 1.94 million (28.3%) live in 25 ‘low endemic’ districts;</p>
<p>• 0.66 million (9.7%) live in the eight unknown districts.</p>
<p>3. By alternative criteria,</p>
<p>• 2.68 million (39.2% of the population) live in 34 ‘high endemic’ districts;</p>
<p>• 1.17 million (17.2%) live in 15 ‘low endemic’ districts;</p>
<p>• 0.73 million (10.7%) live in the nine unknown districts.</p>
<p>Based on these different criteria schemes, we can rule out from MDA at least 20 districts (1.29 million people), and possibly as many as 40 districts (2.98 million people). Twenty is the number of non-endemic districts as assessed by the least specific GPELF Criteria Schemes 1 and 2, while under the alternative criteria scheme 3, a total of 31 districts are classified as non-endemic plus potentially nine more (those with currently unknown prevalence). Under criteria scheme 3, the priority ‘high endemic’ districts for MDA have a population of ‘only’ 2.68 million, compared to 4.81 million people in the endemic districts under criteria scheme 1.</p>
<p>The classification of districts will guide the LF programme towards the highest prevalence areas and leave the lower or uncertain areas until last, to maximize impact and avoid wasting resources in a country with significant geographical challenges and limited transport infrastructure. The high endemic districts (numbering 36 and 34 under criteria schemes 2 and 3 respectively) should be the most important focus, followed by the low endemic districts (25 and 15 respectively). Prioritizing high endemic districts will increase the LF programme’s ability to deliver MDA, which as this collation of data clearly highlights has a major impact on prevalence and transmission.</p>
<p>It should be noted that the information available for some districts is limited (one survey site), and it is possible that some may have been wrongly classified as non-endemic. Further surveys in such districts may be warranted when reports of LF morbidity, especially in young people, are received from health workers. It is also important to consider that many districts are large in geographical area (e.g. in Western Province), and thus potentially have areas within them that have different transmission intensity. All districts comprise a number of smaller administrative units called local level governments (LLGs). To date, some survey sites have only been mapped to district, but once survey points are all individually geo-located, it will be possible to classify endemicity of LLGs in the same way as districts and identify further subdistrict areas not needing MDA. The survey point locations data can also be used to model risk factors for infection (e.g. altitude, malaria risk, net coverage, population density, proximity to water) in future.</p>
<p>The MDA impact studies were undertaken in areas with different levels of endemicity and different ecological settings, which further supports the likelihood of successful elimination in Papua New Guinea, especially if coupled with vector control such as the recent scale up of LLIN distribution across many districts. The fact that LF is transmitted mainly by <italic>Anopheles</italic>
vectors may be an advantage as this genus is more likely than <italic>Culex, Mansonia</italic>
or <italic>Aedes</italic>
to be impacted with traditional insecticide-based control methods such as ITNs, LLINS and IRS in an integrated vector management strategy as is currently being promoted by WHO
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
]. A recent review has also advocated integrated vector management for malaria and LF control and highlighted the potential synergistic impact on both diseases
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
].</p>
<p>Above all, this review of data to date highlights the gaps in data and our knowledge, such as the need to classify the remaining nine unknown districts. The greatest need is to mobilize a critical mass of in-country support and resources from interested funding agencies and international stakeholders with the aim to eliminate LF in Papua New Guinea by 2020.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>This analytical review of past surveys of LF in Papua New Guinea has enabled the country to more accurately estimate the national burden of LF, identify gaps in knowledge and predict the impact of MDA and/or vector control. Overall, national prevalence appears less than usually stated in the literature, especially in surveys in more recent years. Prioritization of districts by level of prevalence will strengthen the control programme, eliminate MDA in unnecessary areas and increase the likelihood of reaching the target of interruption of transmission by 2020.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Abbreviations</title>
<p>GPELF: Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis; ICT: Immunochromatographic test; IRS: Indoor residual spraying; ITN: Insecticide treated net; LF: Lymphatic filariasis; LLG: Local level government; LLIN: Long-lasting insecticidal net; MDA: Mass drug administration; Mf: Microfilaria (e); NRI: National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea; PacELF: Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis; PNG: Papua New Guinea; WHO: World Health Organization.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Competing interests</title>
<p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title>
<p>PG: conducted literature searches, compiled data, identified survey locations, wrote manuscript; LM: managed LF programme in Papua New Guinea, conducted surveys; MS: conducted surveys, compiled data; MAB: compiled and organized data; WM: conducted surveys and lab assays; CC: PacELF Team Leader 2006–2009, managed data; ZZ & LD: organized and managed data; MO: compiled, organized and managed data; DR: conducted surveys and lab assays; KI: PacELF Team Leader 2000–2005, managed surveys and logistics; WK: checked surveys and commented on manuscript; MJB: supplied data and locations; LKH: identified locations and mapped data, wrote manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title>
<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S1"><caption><title>Additional file 1</title>
<p><bold>Table S1.</bold>
Proportion of persons tested who were positive for LF (microfilariae (Mf) or antigenemia by ICT or Og4C3 test) by survey site (all surveys conducted 1980-2011, listed in chronological order by district).</p>
</caption>
<media xlink:href="1756-3305-6-7-S1.docx" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="msword"><caption><p>Click here for file</p>
</caption>
</media>
</supplementary-material>
</sec>
</body>
<back><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title>
<p>We are grateful for support from James Cook University including library staff. We thank GlaxoSmithKline and WHO for overall support, programme management and supply of data, and Japan International Cooperation Agency for supporting immunochromatograohic test surveys under PacELF. Rinki Deb (LSTM) helped cross-check location sites; Kel Browne and Stan Mand of the University of Papua New Guinea helped resolve district boundary issues. Liverpool Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases receives funding from the United Kingdom Department for International Development.</p>
</sec>
<ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: interdisciplinary research on a national health problem</article-title>
<source>Trends Parasitol</source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<fpage>260</fpage>
<lpage>263</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00110-7</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12798083</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Michael</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bundy</surname>
<given-names>DA</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Global mapping of lymphatic filariasis</article-title>
<source>Parasitol Today</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<fpage>472</fpage>
<lpage>476</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01151-4</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15275135</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Prybylski</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alto</surname>
<given-names>WA</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mengeap</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Odaibaiyue</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Introduction of an integrated community-based bancroftian filariasis control program into the Mt Bosavi region of the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<fpage>82</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tisch</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kastens</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alexander</surname>
<given-names>ND</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dimber</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ibam</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpers</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Mass treatment to eliminate filariasis in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>347</volume>
<fpage>1841</fpage>
<lpage>1848</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa021309</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12466508</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alexander</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perry</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dagoro</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dimber</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hyun</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpers</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Transmission intensity and its relationship to infection and disease due to Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>J Infect Dis</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>176</volume>
<fpage>242</fpage>
<lpage>246</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/514030</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9207373</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Greenberg</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perry</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Weil</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Day</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpers</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Comparison of single-dose diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<fpage>804</fpage>
<lpage>811</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8279647</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tisch</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dimber</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kiniboro</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tarongka</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hazlett</surname>
<given-names>FE</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kastens</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpers</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation</article-title>
<source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<fpage>289</fpage>
<lpage>293</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18256431</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Burkot</surname>
<given-names>TR</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Durrheim</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Melrose</surname>
<given-names>WD</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Speare</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ichimori</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The argument for integrating vector control with mass drug adminstration campaigns to ensure elimination of lymphatic filariasis</article-title>
<source>Filaria J</source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1475-2883-5-10</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16914040</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bryan</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in the Sepik Provinces of Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>131</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0035-9203(86)90210-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3523861</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bryan</surname>
<given-names>JH</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dagoro</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Southgate</surname>
<given-names>BA</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Filarial vector studies in a diethylcarbamazine-treated and in untreated villages in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>J Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<fpage>445</fpage>
<lpage>451</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8544229</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Iyengar</surname>
<given-names>MOT</given-names>
</name>
<source>Distribution of filariasis in the South Pacific Region. pp. 52</source>
<year>1954</year>
<publisher-name>Noumea: South Pacific Commission</publisher-name>
<fpage>52</fpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>van Dijk</surname>
<given-names>WJOM</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The role of <italic>Culex fatigans</italic>
in the transmission of <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>
in New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Trop Geogr Med</source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<fpage>317</fpage>
<lpage>324</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">5884324</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Webber</surname>
<given-names>RH</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Vector control of filariasis in the Solomon Islands</article-title>
<source>Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health</source>
<year>1975</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>430</fpage>
<lpage>434</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3855</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iyengar</surname>
<given-names>MO</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>de Rook</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>van Dyck</surname>
<given-names>WJOM</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Interruption of transmission of Anopheles-borne filariasis by indoor residual spraying in Netherlands New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Trop Geogr Med</source>
<year>1959</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>290</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14406180</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Spencer</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The history of malaria control in the southwest Pacific region, with particular reference to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Peters</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Studies on the epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. Part III. Holoendemic malaria--analysis of data and relation to control</article-title>
<source>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>1960</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>254</fpage>
<lpage>260</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0035-9203(60)90070-5</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14432206</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pedersen</surname>
<given-names>EM</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>White</surname>
<given-names>GB</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Michael</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis</article-title>
<source>Annu Rev Entomol</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<fpage>469</fpage>
<lpage>487</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18798707</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Burkot</surname>
<given-names>TR</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Garner</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Paru</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dagoro</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Barnes</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>McDougall</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wirtz</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Campbell</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Spark</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Effects of untreated bed nets on the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<fpage>773</fpage>
<lpage>779</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0035-9203(90)90073-N</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2096502</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>van den Berg</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kelly-Hope</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lindsay</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Malaria and lymphatic filariasis: the case for integrated vector management</article-title>
<source>Lancet Inf Dis</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>94</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Sapak</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<source>Influence of bednets on LF in Buhutu valley</source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-name>Pacific Health Dialog</publisher-name>
<fpage>4</fpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hetzel</surname>
<given-names>MW</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gideon</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lote</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Makita</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Siba</surname>
<given-names>PM</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Mueller</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Ownership and usage of mosquito nets after four years of large-scale free distribution in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Malar J</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<fpage>192</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1475-2875-11-192</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22682111</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>The PacELF Way: Towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from the Pacific, 1999–2005</source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name>Manila: WHO Western Pacific Region</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>Preparing and implementing a national plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (in countries where onchocerciasis is not co-endemic</source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name>Geneva: World
Health Organization</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>Operational guidelines for rapid mapping of Bancroftian filariasis in Africa</source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Monitoring and Epidemiological Assessment of Mass Drug Administration</source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name>Geneva: World
Health Organization</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gass</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>de Rochars MV</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Boakye</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bradley</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fischer</surname>
<given-names>PU</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gyapong</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Itoh</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ituaso-Conway</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Joseph</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kyelem</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<etal></etal>
<article-title>A multicenter evaluation of diagnostic tools to define endpoints for programs to eliminate bancroftian filariasis</article-title>
<source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<fpage>e1479</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001479</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22272369</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Melrose</surname>
<given-names>WD</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Turner</surname>
<given-names>PF</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pisters</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Turner</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>An improved Knott’s concentration test for the detection of microfilariae</article-title>
<source>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<fpage>176</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90266-9</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10897361</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis at implementation unit level</source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name>Geneva: World
Health Organization</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Weil</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lammie</surname>
<given-names>PJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Weiss</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The ICT Filariasis Test: A rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis</article-title>
<source>Parasitol Today</source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<fpage>401</fpage>
<lpage>404</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01130-7</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15275155</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>National, The (newspaper)</collab>
<article-title>PNGs new province Hela, Jiwaka declared</article-title>
<source>The National</source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name>Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea</publisher-name>
<comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thenational.com.pg">http://www.thenational.com.pg</ext-link>
</comment>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>NRI</collab>
<source>Papua New Guinea District and Provincial Profiles</source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name>Port Moresby, Papua
New Guinea: National Research Institute</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>CIA</collab>
<source>World Factbook</source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name>Washington DC: Central Intelligence Agency</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>PNGDOH</collab>
<source>Papua New Guinea National Plan to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis 2004–2020 (PNGELF)</source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name>Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: PNG Department of
Health</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>Regional Programme Managers Meeting on Lymphatic Filariasis and Other Selected Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name>Manila, Philippines: WHO Western
Pacific Region</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Schuurkamp</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kereu</surname>
<given-names>RK</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bulungol</surname>
<given-names>PK</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Diethylcarbamazine in the control of bancroftian filariasis in the highly endemic Ok Tedi area of Papua New Guinea: phase 1</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<fpage>89</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Schuurkamp</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kereu</surname>
<given-names>RK</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bulungol</surname>
<given-names>PK</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kawereng</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Spicer</surname>
<given-names>PE</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Diethylcarbamazine in the control of bancroftian filariasis in the Ok Tedi area of Papua New Guinea: phase 2–annual single-dose treatment</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>81</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tavul</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ibam</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kastens</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hazlett</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tisch</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpers</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Efficacy of single-dose diethylcarbamazine compared with diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<fpage>62</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17255231</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Can lymphatic filariasis be eradicated in Papua New Guinea?</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<fpage>61</fpage>
<lpage>64</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Weil</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kastens</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Susapu</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Laney</surname>
<given-names>SJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>SA</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>King</surname>
<given-names>CL</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The impact of repeated rounds of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<fpage>e344</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000344</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19065257</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mitja</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Paru</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hays</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Griffin</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Laban</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Samson</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bassat</surname>
<given-names>Q</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The impact of a filariasis control program on Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<fpage>e1286</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001286</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21886851</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tisch</surname>
<given-names>DJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Michael</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Mass chemotherapy options to control lymphatic filariasis: a systematic review</article-title>
<source>Lancet Inf Dis</source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<fpage>514</fpage>
<lpage>523</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70192-4</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Progress Report 2000–2009 and Strategic Plan 2010–2020</source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-name>Geneva: WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/
2010.2016</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tavul</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kastens</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Michael</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kazura</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Impact of untreated bednets on prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by Anopheles farauti in Papua New Guinea</article-title>
<source>Med Vet Entomol</source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<fpage>116</fpage>
<lpage>119</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.0269-283x.2002.00352.x</pub-id>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11963977</pub-id>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sapak</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bryan</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Riley</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Efficacy of mass single-dose diethylcarbamazine and DEC-fortified salt against bancroftian filariasis in Papua New Guinea six months after treatment</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>220</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sapak</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vallely</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Giuruna</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Maibani</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>Diurnal subperiodic Bancroftian filariasis in Dogura, PNG</article-title>
<source>Pacific Health Dialog</source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Sapak</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Melrose</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Durrheim</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pawa</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wynd</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Leggatt</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Taufa</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<source>Evaluation of the lymphatic filariasis control program, Samurai Murua district</source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-name>Papua New Guinea</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Kombati</surname>
<given-names>Z</given-names>
</name>
<source>Epidemiological aspects of Bancroftian filariasis in Lake Murray and Nomad areas of Western Province, Papua New Guinea</source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-name>Townsville, Australia:
PhD. James Cook University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Schuurkamp</surname>
<given-names>GJ</given-names>
</name>
<source>The epidemiology of malaria and filariasis in the Ok Tedi region of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. PhD</source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-name>Port Moresby,
Papua New Guinea: University of Papua New Guinea</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Turner</surname>
<given-names>PF</given-names>
</name>
<source>Filariasis in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea</source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name>Townsville,
Australia: PhD. James Cook University, Anton Breinl Centre for Tropical
Health and Medicine</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hii</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bockarie</surname>
<given-names>MJ</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Flew</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Genton</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tali</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dagoro</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Waulas</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Samson</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Alpers</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
<article-title>The epidemiology and control of lymphatic filariasis on Lihir Island, New Ireland Province</article-title>
<source>PNG Med J</source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<fpage>188</fpage>
<lpage>195</lpage>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab>
<source>WHO position statement: Integrated vector management to control malaria and lymphatic filariasis</source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name>
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</pmc>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002B220 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002B220 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Sante |area= LymphedemaV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Corpus |type= RBID |clé= |texte= }}
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. | ![]() |