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Is Lymphostasis an Aggravant of Lipedema?

Identifieur interne : 002132 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002131; suivant : 002133

Is Lymphostasis an Aggravant of Lipedema?

Auteurs : Maria De Fátima Guerreiro Godoy ; Edivandra Buzato ; Patricia Amador Franco Brigidio ; José Maria Pereira De Godoy

Source :

RBID : PMC:3506057

Abstract

A 54-year-old female patient reported that a characteristic of her family was ‘fat legs’ with postural edema since adolescence. Over the years the patient had been gaining weight with an increase in fatty tissue in the legs and arms. At the age of 24 years she started taking oral contraceptives and noted worse swelling and pain in the lower limbs. She was advised to suspend the use of the contraceptives and to start using a transdermal lymphatic system drug and physical exercise which partially improved the symptoms. Three years ago she noted that the swelling was increasing without improvement and sought a physician who raised the hypothesis of lymphedema and referred her to a specialized center. Lipedema and lymphedema was diagnosed in the physical examination. A 3-day intensive treatment program (8 h daily) was started for lymphedema which included manual and mechanical lymph drainage associated with short-strech (<50 mm Hg) compression stockings custom made using a cotton-polyester fabric. Volumetry and perimetry were performed before starting and after the treatment and the legs were photographed. Volumetric and perimetric reductions were obtained suggesting the involvement of regional cutaneous lymphostasis in this disease.


Url:
DOI: 10.1159/000342073
PubMed: 23185156
PubMed Central: 3506057

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PMC:3506057

Le document en format XML

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<p>A 54-year-old female patient reported that a characteristic of her family was ‘fat legs’ with postural edema since adolescence. Over the years the patient had been gaining weight with an increase in fatty tissue in the legs and arms. At the age of 24 years she started taking oral contraceptives and noted worse swelling and pain in the lower limbs. She was advised to suspend the use of the contraceptives and to start using a transdermal lymphatic system drug and physical exercise which partially improved the symptoms. Three years ago she noted that the swelling was increasing without improvement and sought a physician who raised the hypothesis of lymphedema and referred her to a specialized center. Lipedema and lymphedema was diagnosed in the physical examination. A 3-day intensive treatment program (8 h daily) was started for lymphedema which included manual and mechanical lymph drainage associated with short-strech (<50 mm Hg) compression stockings custom made using a cotton-polyester fabric. Volumetry and perimetry were performed before starting and after the treatment and the legs were photographed. Volumetric and perimetric reductions were obtained suggesting the involvement of regional cutaneous lymphostasis in this disease.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Allen, Ev" uniqKey="Allen E">EV Allen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hines, Ea" uniqKey="Hines E">EA Hines</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Langendoen, Si" uniqKey="Langendoen S">SI Langendoen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Habbema, L" uniqKey="Habbema L">L Habbema</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nijsten, Tec" uniqKey="Nijsten T">TEC Nijsten</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neumann, Ham" uniqKey="Neumann H">HAM Neumann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wagner, S" uniqKey="Wagner S">S Wagner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pereira De Godoy, Jm" uniqKey="Pereira De Godoy J">JM Pereira De Godoy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Moura Lvares, R" uniqKey="De Moura Lvares R">R De Moura Álvares</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simon Torati, Jl" uniqKey="Simon Torati J">JL Simon Torati</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Fatima Guerreiro Godoy, M" uniqKey="De Fatima Guerreiro Godoy M">M De Fátima Guerreiro Godoy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suga, H" uniqKey="Suga H">H Suga</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Araki, J" uniqKey="Araki J">J Araki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aoi, N" uniqKey="Aoi N">N Aoi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Higashino, T" uniqKey="Higashino T">T Higashino</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yoshimura, K" uniqKey="Yoshimura K">K Yoshimura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lohrmann, C" uniqKey="Lohrmann C">C Lohrmann</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Foeldi, E" uniqKey="Foeldi E">E Foeldi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Langer, M" uniqKey="Langer M">M Langer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Szolnoky, G" uniqKey="Szolnoky G">G Szolnoky</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Borsos, B" uniqKey="Borsos B">B Borsos</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barsony, K" uniqKey="Barsony K">K Bársony</name>
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<name sortKey="Balogh, M" uniqKey="Balogh M">M Balogh</name>
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<name sortKey="Kemeny, L" uniqKey="Kemeny L">L Kemény</name>
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</biblStruct>
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<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Case Rep Dermatol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Case Rep Dermatol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CDE</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Case Reports in Dermatology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1662-6567</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>S. Karger AG</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Allschwilerstrasse 10, P.O. Box · Postfach · Case postale, CH–4009, Basel, Switzerland · Schweiz · Suisse, Phone: +41 61 306 11 11, Fax: +41 61 306 12 34, karger@karger.ch</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23185156</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3506057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000342073</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">cde-0004-0222</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Published online: October, 2012</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Is Lymphostasis an Aggravant of Lipedema?</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Godoy</surname>
<given-names>Maria de Fátima Guerreiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Buzato</surname>
<given-names>Edivandra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brigidio</surname>
<given-names>Patricia Amador Franco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pereira de Godoy</surname>
<given-names>José Maria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>c</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<sup>a</sup>
Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) and Clínica Godoy, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<sup>b</sup>
Clínica Godoy, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<sup>c</sup>
Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) and CNPq (National Council for Research and Development), São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*José Maria Pereira de Godoy, MD, PhD, Avenida Constituição 1306, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP 15025-120 (Brazil), E-Mail
<email>godoyjmp@riopreto.com.br</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<season>Sep-Dec</season>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>23</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the . </pmc-comment>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>222</fpage>
<lpage>226</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 by S. Karger AG, Basel</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">
<license-p>
<pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No-Derivative-Works License (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</ext-link>
). Users may download, print and share this work on the Internet for noncommercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited, and a link to the original work on
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.karger.com">http://www.karger.com</ext-link>
and the terms of this license are included in any shared versions.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>A 54-year-old female patient reported that a characteristic of her family was ‘fat legs’ with postural edema since adolescence. Over the years the patient had been gaining weight with an increase in fatty tissue in the legs and arms. At the age of 24 years she started taking oral contraceptives and noted worse swelling and pain in the lower limbs. She was advised to suspend the use of the contraceptives and to start using a transdermal lymphatic system drug and physical exercise which partially improved the symptoms. Three years ago she noted that the swelling was increasing without improvement and sought a physician who raised the hypothesis of lymphedema and referred her to a specialized center. Lipedema and lymphedema was diagnosed in the physical examination. A 3-day intensive treatment program (8 h daily) was started for lymphedema which included manual and mechanical lymph drainage associated with short-strech (<50 mm Hg) compression stockings custom made using a cotton-polyester fabric. Volumetry and perimetry were performed before starting and after the treatment and the legs were photographed. Volumetric and perimetric reductions were obtained suggesting the involvement of regional cutaneous lymphostasis in this disease.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<title>Key Words</title>
<kwd>Lipedema</kwd>
<kwd>Edema outcome</kwd>
<kwd>Lymphedema</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="1"></fig-count>
<table-count count="2"></table-count>
<ref-count count="7"></ref-count>
<page-count count="5"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec1_1">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Lipedema was first described in 1940 by Allen and Hines, when it was defined as an abnormal deposition of adipose tissue in the lower limbs, without involvement of the feet, which usually affects women with a family history of the disease [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
]. The characteristics of lipedema are an excessive deposit of fat in the lower limbs with the legs being classically described as having an ‘Egyptian column’ shape, presence of edema, skin hypothermia, changes in plantar support and a negative Stemmer sign [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
]. The disease naturally progresses and is usually associated with pain. It affects women more often than men with the initial diagnosis usually being made at puberty; often the disease is aggravated by pregnancy and late-onset cases can occur during menopause [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
]. Histological analysis of the tissue shows proliferation of progenitor cells derived from adipose tissue and necrosing adipocytes. It is caused by an increase in adipogenesis leading to necrosis of adipocytes and hypoxia [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
]. Studies evaluating changes in lipedema showed that in lipo-lymphedema the lymphatic vessels are dilated and with obstructive characteristics and dermal reflux and in lipedema they are dilated but without signs of reflux [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
]. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the reduction in the leg volumes (edema) in patients with lipo-lymphedema using manual and mechanical lymph drainage associated with short-strech compression stockings.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec1_2">
<title>Case Report</title>
<p>A 54-year-old female patient reported that a characteristic of her family was ‘fat legs’ with postural edema since adolescence. Over the years the patient had been gaining weight with an increase in fatty tissue in the legs and arms. At the age of 24 years she started taking oral contraceptives and noted worse swelling and pain in the lower limbs. She was advised to suspend the use of the contraceptives and to start using a transdermal lymphatic system drug (topical) and to do physical exercise which partially improved the symptoms. Three years ago she noted that the swelling was increasing without improvement at rest and sought a physician who raised the hypothesis of lymphedema and referred her to a specialized center. Lipedema and lymphedema (lipo-lymphedema) were diagnosed in the physical examination, lymphedema was grade I. A three-day intensive treatment program (8 h daily) was started for lymphedema which included manual and mechanical lymph drainage associated with short-strech (<50 mm Hg) compression stockings custom made using a cotton-polyester fabric. Volumetry and perimetry were performed before starting and after the treatment and the legs were photographed (fig.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1a–c</xref>
). After about 72 h of treatment over three days, there was volumetric reduction of more than 400 ml below the right knee with the greatest perimetric reductions being around 5 cm both above and below the knees (table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>
, table
<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>
).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1_3">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The current study reports on perimetric and volumetric reductions of the legs of a lipedema patient. The results of the intensive lymph drainage employed in this case suggest that there is pathophysiological involvement of this system in the increased leg volume. However, the characteristic of these patients is an accumulation in fat in the extremities.</p>
<p>With the passage of time, the main physiopathological change is necrosis of adipocytes which leads to cutaneous nodules [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
]. However, changes in the lymphatic system showed that there was dilatation of the lymphatic collectors [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
], which is suggestive of lymphatic stasis [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
]. In addition, obesity is common in individuals where the accumulation of fatty tissue occurs mainly in the legs. Thus, changes in the lymphatic system may lead to increases in the volume of the legs. In this case the therapeutic approach led to reductions in volume confirming that the lymphatic system is responsible for this increase in volume.</p>
<p>These patients may benefit from reduced leg size, but will continue with the characteristics of lipedema as the accumulation of adipose tissue is a characteristic of this disease. Hence, the only possible conduct is a physiopathological intervention with lymph drainage and weight loss.</p>
<p>Studies in the literature using pressure therapy showed reductions in leg size also suggesting the involvement of the lymphatic system [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
]. The hypothesis that the lymphatic system is involved in lipedema seems to be related to cutaneous lymphostasis, where an obstructive pattern is not usually detected. Other interventions, such as liposculpture, do not interfere in the pathophysiology but in the shape of the limb and the removal of fatty tissue.</p>
<p>The present study supports the idea that this therapeutic approach interferes in the physiopathology, thus aggravating this physiological condition (lipedema).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1_4">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Stimulation of the lymphatic system can be used to reduce leg volumes in patients with lipedema, thus suggesting the regional involvement of cutaneous lymphostasis in this disease.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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</name>
<name>
<surname>Aoi</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Higashino</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Yoshimura</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Adipose tissue remodeling in lipedema: adipocyte death and concurrent regeneration</article-title>
<source>J Cutan Pathol</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<fpage>1293</fpage>
<lpage>1298</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19281484</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lohrmann</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Foeldi</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Langer</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>MR imaging of the lymphatic system in patients with lipedema and lipo-lymphedema</article-title>
<source>Microvasc Res</source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<fpage>335</fpage>
<lpage>339</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19323976</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Szolnoky</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Borsos</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Bársony</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Balogh</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kemény</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Complete decongestive physiotherapy with and without pneumatic compression for treatment of lipedema: a pilot study</article-title>
<source>Lymphology</source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<fpage>40</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18581957</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
<floats-group>
<fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Appearance of the legs before (a; image courtesy of the patient) and after treatment (b, c).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="cde-0004-0222-g01"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Volume of lower legs below the knee before and after treatment</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr valign="top">
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Volumetry, ml
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">initial evaluation</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">final evaluation (after 3 days)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">difference, ml</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">difference, %</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right leg</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,928</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,513</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−415</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.60</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left leg</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,965</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,696</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−269</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">06.78</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Perimetric size of legs before and after treatment</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr valign="top">
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Site</th>
<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Initial evaluation, cm
<hr></hr>
</th>
<th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Final evaluation (after 3 days), cm
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">right</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">left</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">right</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">left</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–diff. right</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–diff. left</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knee</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.9</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 cm above</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.7</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.8</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 cm below</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.9</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankle</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">median</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mean</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.1875</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.0375</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>

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