Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis: Addressing the Public Health Problem</title><author><name sortKey="Addiss, David G" sort="Addiss, David G" uniqKey="Addiss D" first="David G." last="Addiss">David G. Addiss</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20614015</idno><idno type="pmc">2894130</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894130</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2894130</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000741</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001E43</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001E43</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis: Addressing the Public Health Problem</title><author><name sortKey="Addiss, David G" sort="Addiss, David G" uniqKey="Addiss D" first="David G." last="Addiss">David G. Addiss</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seim, A" uniqKey="Seim A">A Seim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dreyer, G" uniqKey="Dreyer G">G Dreyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addiss, D" uniqKey="Addiss D">D Addiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shenoy, Rk" uniqKey="Shenoy R">RK Shenoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandhya, K" uniqKey="Sandhya K">K Sandhya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suma, Tk" uniqKey="Suma T">TK Suma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumaraswami, V" uniqKey="Kumaraswami V">V Kumaraswami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dreyer, G" uniqKey="Dreyer G">G Dreyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Medeiros, Z" uniqKey="Medeiros Z">Z Medeiros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Netto, Mj" uniqKey="Netto M">MJ Netto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leal, Nc" uniqKey="Leal N">NC Leal</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Castro, Lg" uniqKey="De Castro L">LG de Castro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Addiss, Dg" uniqKey="Addiss D">DG Addiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, Ma" uniqKey="Brady M">MA Brady</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Ea" uniqKey="Ottesen E">EA Ottesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hooper, Pj" uniqKey="Hooper P">PJ Hooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, M" uniqKey="Bradley M">M Bradley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biswas, G" uniqKey="Biswas G">G Biswas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brantus, P" uniqKey="Brantus P">P Brantus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suma, Tk" uniqKey="Suma T">TK Suma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shenoy, Rk" uniqKey="Shenoy R">RK Shenoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumaraswami, V" uniqKey="Kumaraswami V">V Kumaraswami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Addiss, Dg" uniqKey="Addiss D">DG Addiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Louis Charles, J" uniqKey="Louis Charles J">J Louis-Charles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, J" uniqKey="Roberts J">J Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leconte, F" uniqKey="Leconte F">F LeConte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wendt, Hm" uniqKey="Wendt H">HM Wendt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mathieu, E" uniqKey="Mathieu E">E Mathieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amann, J" uniqKey="Amann J">J Amann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eigege, A" uniqKey="Eigege A">A Eigege</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, F" uniqKey="Richards F">F Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sodahlon, Y" uniqKey="Sodahlon Y">Y Sodahlon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cantey, Pt" uniqKey="Cantey P">PT Cantey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rout, J" uniqKey="Rout J">J Rout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rou, G" uniqKey="Rou G">G Rou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williamson, J" uniqKey="Williamson J">J Williamson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, Lm" uniqKey="Fox L">LM Fox</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stolk, Wa" uniqKey="Stolk W">WA Stolk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swaminathan, S" uniqKey="Swaminathan S">S Swaminathan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Oortmarssen, Gj" uniqKey="Van Oortmarssen G">GJ van Oortmarssen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Pk" uniqKey="Das P">PK Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habbema, Jd" uniqKey="Habbema J">JD Habbema</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cantey, Pt" uniqKey="Cantey P">PT Cantey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, G" uniqKey="Rao G">G Rao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rout, J" uniqKey="Rout J">J Rout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, L" uniqKey="Fox L">L Fox</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boyd, A" uniqKey="Boyd A">A Boyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Won, Ky" uniqKey="Won K">KY Won</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclintock, Sk" uniqKey="Mcclintock S">SK McClintock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donovan, Cv" uniqKey="Donovan C">CV Donovan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laney, Sj" uniqKey="Laney S">SJ Laney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, Jo" uniqKey="Gyapong J">JO Gyapong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, M" uniqKey="Gyapong M">M Gyapong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yellu, N" uniqKey="Yellu N">N Yellu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anakwah, K" uniqKey="Anakwah K">K Anakwah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amofah, G" uniqKey="Amofah G">G Amofah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="article-commentary"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20614015</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2894130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10-PNTD-EC-1225R1</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000741</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Expert Commentary</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline"><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Global Health</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Preventive Medicine</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Global Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis: Addressing the Public Health Problem</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Addiss</surname><given-names>David G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Fetzer Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>de Silva</surname><given-names>Nilanthi</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>daddiss@fetzer.org</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>e741</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>David G. Addiss. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement></permissions><related-article xlink:href="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000708" related-article-type="commentary-article" ext-link-type="uri" vol="4" page="e708" id="d32e92"><article-title>The Economic Benefits Resulting from the First 8 Years of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (2000–2007)</article-title></related-article><counts><page-count count="2"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="" id="s1"><title>Background</title><p>On July 15, 1997, two months after the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution calling for the “global elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem,” a small group of public health leaders and scientists gathered at Magnetic Island, near Townsville, Australia. They were meeting to consider the elements of a program to achieve such a lofty goal. The evening before the meeting began I asked several of those present, all veterans of global efforts to eradicate smallpox, polio, or Guinea worm disease, whether the LF elimination program should concern itself with providing care to those who already suffer the clinical manifestations of LF. Their response was uniformly negative: LF elimination should focus solely on interrupting transmission of the parasite. As with other disease eradication efforts, the intended beneficiaries were future generations; saddling the LF elimination program with responsibilities for clinical care could dilute focus, divert resources, and complicate strategies and partnerships.</p><p>Two days later, the group unanimously endorsed a “two-pillar” strategy that included both interrupting transmission and providing care for those with disease <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Seim1">[1]</xref>. Several arguments had shifted the group's position. First, there was the ethical issue: how could one ignore the suffering of 15 million people with lymphedema and 25 million men with urogenital disease, principally hydrocele? Hydrocele is readily treated with surgery, and evidence was beginning to accumulate that simple measures, including hygiene and skin care, could help arrest the progression of lymphedema <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Shenoy1">[2]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Dreyer1">[3]</xref>. Second, the “public health problem” to which the WHA resolution referred was clinical disease; by itself, the presence of microfilaria in the blood does not constitute a public health problem. In affected communities, clearing the blood of microfilaria through annual mass drug administration (MDA) can interrupt transmission of the parasite. However, the scientific evidence remained divided on what effect, if any, these drugs have on established disease <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Addiss1">[4]</xref>. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, it was thought that providing care for those with filariasis-associated morbidity could increase community acceptance of MDA.</p><p>The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) in 2000. Ten years on, progress in scaling up MDA has been phenomenal; 496 million persons received antifilarial drugs in 2008 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-World1">[5]</xref>, yielding impressive global health benefits <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Ottesen1">[6]</xref>. In contrast, despite excellent pilot programs (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Brantus1">[7]</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Addiss2">[9]</xref>) and some at the state and national levels <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Mathieu1">[10]</xref>, morbidity management has generally languished.</p><p>What are the reasons for this imbalance? For one, the concerns expressed at Magnetic Island had merit. The single focus of other disease elimination programs enabled them to be streamlined and efficient. The dual goals of interrupting transmission and managing morbidity may require different approaches, skills, and timeframes. Given limited resources and the ambitious goal of interrupting transmission by 2020, MDA has taken priority. Despite the experience of those who advocated a “two-pillar” strategy, there has been no scientific evidence that lymphedema management actually improves acceptance of MDA. Thus, it has been difficult to dispel the notion that investing in lymphedema management drains limited resources from the primary goal of interrupting transmission.</p><p>In this issue of <italic>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</italic>, Paul Cantey and colleagues elegantly demonstrate how program evaluation, at its best, can both improve program effectiveness and contribute to scientific knowledge. They provide the first solid evidence that lymphedema management, far from competing with MDA, actually enhances drug coverage <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Cantey1">[11]</xref>. The importance of high coverage for interrupting LF transmission cannot be overstated; indeed, success depends on it <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Stolk1">[12]</xref>.</p></sec><sec sec-type="" id="s2"><title>Findings</title><p>Following the 2008 MDA in Orissa, India, an area with substantial morbidity, Cantey and colleagues used a well-accepted cluster survey design to assess drug coverage and identify barriers to compliance. The survey was meticulously conducted in three areas where diethylcarbamazine (DEC) had been distributed 6–8 weeks previously. Residents of one area received the standard pre-MDA education that is typical for Orissa (MDA-only). Another area had enhanced community-based pre-MDA education that was designed to address barriers to compliance identified in the 2007 MDA (Com-MDA) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Cantey2">[13]</xref>. In the third area, which also received enhanced community-based pre-MDA education, a lymphedema management program had been initiated earlier in the year (Com-MDA+LM). Patients and their families were trained in basic lymphedema self-care and, interestingly, the public also was educated as to the benefits of these measures for affected persons.</p><p>The results were striking. In an area where compliance with MDA chronically hovered around 50%, the proportion of survey respondents who reported taking DEC was 52.9%, 75.0%, and 90.2%, respectively. Compliance was significantly higher in the Com-MDA+LM area than in the Com-MDA area—and well above the threshold considered necessary to interrupt transmission <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Cantey1">[11]</xref>. Further, at the individual level, knowledge of at least one component of lymphedema self-care was significantly and independently associated with adherence to DEC. This association was observed even among those who did not have a family member with leg swelling.</p></sec><sec sec-type="" id="s3"><title>Implications</title><p>These provocative and encouraging findings raise important questions for the GPELF and for further research. It is notable that the work was done in India, the country with the greatest LF burden. Can the results be replicated in other settings, in areas with less intense morbidity or different economic conditions? To what extent did they depend on a solid public–private partnership that utilized the ample community connections and mobilization skills of the private partner, the Church's Auxiliary for Social Action? What specific components of the lymphedema management program had the greatest effect on drug coverage, and why? The results both highlight the importance of lymphedema care and suggest that community awareness of its availability and benefits may be the key to increasing acceptance of MDA.</p></sec><sec sec-type="" id="s4"><title>Future Directions</title><p>Scientific evidence that lymphedema management can enhance MDA coverage and thereby hasten the interruption of LF transmission comes at a critical juncture in the life of the GPELF. In some countries, a boost in drug coverage provided by lymphedema management could mean the crucial difference between success and failure. This approach may be especially effective in areas where systematic noncompliance with MDA has been identified as a potential barrier to LF elimination <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Boyd1">[14]</xref>.</p><p>In other countries, LF transmission appears to be on the verge of elimination, and Ministries of Health will soon be seeking official verification of this accomplishment. The imprecise wording of the WHA resolution in 1997 served well for mobilizing a variety of partners with different interpretations of the final endpoint, ranging from reduced transmission to global extinction of the parasite. Now, however, precise verification criteria are needed. It would be inconsistent with the WHA resolution to verify “elimination as a public health problem” solely on the basis of infection.</p><p>The findings of Cantey et al. will stimulate a fresh and vigorous discussion regarding the relationship between the dual programmatic goals of interrupting transmission and reducing current LF-related suffering. They point the way toward a more comprehensive LF program that is integrated into the health system <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0000741-Gyapong1">[15]</xref> and more fully equipped to truly eliminate LF as a public health problem.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The author has declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure"><p>The author received no funding for this paper.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="pntd.0000741-Seim1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Seim</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Dreyer</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Addiss</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>Controlling morbidity and interrupting transmission: twin pillars of lymphatic filariasis elimination.</article-title><source>Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical</source><volume>32</volume><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>328</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10380574</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Shenoy1"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shenoy</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name><name><surname>Sandhya</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Suma</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumaraswami</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><year>1995</year><article-title>A preliminary study of filariasis related acute adenolymphangitis with special reference to precipitating factors and treatment modalities.</article-title><source>Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health</source><volume>26</volume><fpage>301</fpage><lpage>305</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8629065</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Dreyer1"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dreyer</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Netto</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Leal</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><name><surname>de Castro</surname><given-names>LG</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>1999</year><article-title>Acute attacks in the extremities of persons living in an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis: differentiation of two syndromes.</article-title><source>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg</source><volume>93</volume><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10674092</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Addiss1"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Addiss</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name><name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><year>2007</year><comment>Morbidity management in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: A review of the scientific literature. Filaria J 6:2. Available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.filariajournal.com/content/6/1/2">http://www.filariajournal.com/content/6/1/2</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-World1"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><year>2009</year><article-title>Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis.</article-title><source>Wkly Epidemiol Rec</source><volume>84</volume><fpage>437</fpage><lpage>444</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19860021</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Ottesen1"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ottesen</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><name><surname>Hooper</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bradley</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Biswas</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><year>2008</year><article-title>The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: health impact after 8 years.</article-title><source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>2</volume><fpage>e317</fpage><comment>doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000317">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000317</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18841205</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Brantus1"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brantus</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><year>2009</year><article-title>Ten years of managing the clinical manifestations and disabilities of lymphatic filariasis.</article-title><source>Ann Trop Med Parasitol</source><volume>103</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S5</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19843392</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Suma1"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Suma</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name><name><surname>Shenoy</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumaraswami</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><year>2002</year><article-title>Efficacy and sustainability of a footcare programme in preventing acute attacks of adenolymphangitis in Brugian filariasis.</article-title><source>Trop Med Int Health</source><volume>7</volume><fpage>763</fpage><lpage>766</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12225507</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Addiss2"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Addiss</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name><name><surname>Louis-Charles</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>LeConte</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Wendt</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2010</year><article-title>Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis.</article-title><source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>4</volume><fpage>e668</fpage><comment>doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1471/journal.pntd.0000668">10.1471/journal.pntd.0000668</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20422031</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Mathieu1"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mathieu</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Amann</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Eigege</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Sodahlon</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><year>2008</year><article-title>Collecting baseline information for national morbidity alleviation programs: different methods to estimate lymphatic filariasis morbidity prevalence.</article-title><source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><volume>78</volume><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18187799</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Cantey1"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cantey</surname><given-names>PT</given-names></name><name><surname>Rout</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Rou</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Williamson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name></person-group><year>2010</year><article-title>Increasing compliance with mass drug administration programs for lymphatic filariasis in India through education and lymphedema management programs.</article-title><source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>4</volume><fpage>e728</fpage><comment>doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000728">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000728</ext-link></comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Stolk1"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stolk</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Swaminathan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>van Oortmarssen</surname><given-names>GJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>Habbema</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name></person-group><year>2003</year><article-title>Prospects for elimination of bancroftian filariasis by mass drug treatment in Pondicherry, India: a simulation study.</article-title><source>J Infect Dis</source><volume>188</volume><fpage>1371</fpage><lpage>1381</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14593597</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Cantey2"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cantey</surname><given-names>PT</given-names></name><name><surname>Rao</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Rout</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fox</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><year>2010</year><article-title>Predictors of compliance with a mass drug administration program for lymphatic filariasis in Orissa State, India, 2008.</article-title><source>Trop Med Int Health</source><volume>15</volume><fpage>224</fpage><lpage>231</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20002615</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Boyd1"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boyd</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Won</surname><given-names>KY</given-names></name><name><surname>McClintock</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Donovan</surname><given-names>CV</given-names></name><name><surname>Laney</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2010</year><article-title>A community-based study of factors associated with continuing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Leogane, Haiti.</article-title><source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>4</volume><fpage>e640</fpage><comment>doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000640">10.1371/journal.pntd.0000640</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20351776</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0000741-Gyapong1"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gyapong</surname><given-names>JO</given-names></name><name><surname>Gyapong</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Yellu</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Anakwah</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Amofah</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2010</year><article-title>Integration of control of neglected tropical diseases into health-care systems: challenges and opportunities.</article-title><source>Lancet</source><volume>375</volume><fpage>160</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20109893</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001E430 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001E430 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= LymphedemaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |