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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Can unequal be more fair? Ethics, subject allocation, and randomised clinical trials.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Avins, A L" sort="Avins, A L" uniqKey="Avins A" first="A L" last="Avins">A L Avins</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">9873981</idno>
<idno type="pmc">479141</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479141</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:479141</idno>
<date when="1998">1998</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001857</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Can unequal be more fair? Ethics, subject allocation, and randomised clinical trials.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Avins, A L" sort="Avins, A L" uniqKey="Avins A" first="A L" last="Avins">A L Avins</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Medical Ethics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0306-6800</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1473-4257</idno>
<imprint><date when="1998">1998</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Randomised clinical trials provide the most valid means of establishing the efficacy of clinical therapeutics. Ethical standards dictate that patients and clinicians should not consent to randomisation unless there is uncertainty about whether any of the treatment options is superior to the others ("equipoise"). However, true equipoise is rarely present; most randomised trials, therefore, present challenging ethical dilemmas. Minimising the tension between science and ethics is an obligation of investigators and clinicians. This article briefly reviews several techniques for addressing this issue and suggests that unbalanced randomisation, a technique rarely employed in current clinical trial practice, may be useful for enhancing the ethical design of human experimentation.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Med Ethics</journal-id>
<journal-title>Journal of Medical Ethics</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0306-6800</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1473-4257</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">9873981</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">479141</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Can unequal be more fair? Ethics, subject allocation, and randomised clinical trials.</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Avins</surname>
<given-names>A L</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff>Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>401</fpage>
<lpage>408</lpage>
<related-article related-article-type="commentary" vol="26" page="179" id="N0x8ec4340.0x960f2b8" xlink:href="10860209" ext-link-type="pubmed"></related-article>
<abstract><p>Randomised clinical trials provide the most valid means of establishing the efficacy of clinical therapeutics. Ethical standards dictate that patients and clinicians should not consent to randomisation unless there is uncertainty about whether any of the treatment options is superior to the others ("equipoise"). However, true equipoise is rarely present; most randomised trials, therefore, present challenging ethical dilemmas. Minimising the tension between science and ethics is an obligation of investigators and clinicians. This article briefly reviews several techniques for addressing this issue and suggests that unbalanced randomisation, a technique rarely employed in current clinical trial practice, may be useful for enhancing the ethical design of human experimentation.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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