Can pelvic lymphadenectomy be omitted in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer?
Identifieur interne : 000E63 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000E62; suivant : 000E64Can pelvic lymphadenectomy be omitted in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer?
Auteurs : Yaxian Wang ; Tingting Yao ; Jin Yu ; Jing Li ; Qionghua Chen ; Zhongqiu LinSource :
- SpringerPlus [ 2193-1801 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the surgical-pathologic risk factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early stage squamous cell cervical cancer and to evaluate the potential efficacy of omitting pelvic lymphadenectomy.
A total of 276 patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer receiving primary radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy were included in this study.
The incidences of LNM in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer were 0 % (0/8), 17.4 % (36/207), and 29.5 % (18/61), respectively. The most common location of LNM was the obturator lymph node. Human papilloma virus 16 subtype was the most common infection in early stage squamous cell cervical cancer. Univariate analysis revealed that squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) greater than 1.5 μg/L (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 2 cm (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 3 cm (p < 0.001), depth of stromal invasion (p < 0.001) and lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001) were associated with LNM. Logistic regression analysis revealed that depth of stromal invasion {model 1 [p = 0.006; odds ratio (OR) 2.161; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.251–3.734], model 2 [p = 0.002; OR 2.344; 95 % CI 1.337–3.989]}, lymphovascular invasion [model 1 (p = 0.004; OR 2.967; 95 % CI 1.411–6.237), model 2 (p = 0.004; OR 2.978; 95 % CI 1.421–6.243)], and SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L [model 1 (p = 0.023; OR 2.431; 95 % CI 1.129–5.235), model 2 (p = 0.024; OR 2.418; 95 % CI 1.125–5.194)] were independently associated with LNM.
Pelvic lymphadenectomy may be omitted in patients with SCCAg lower than 1.5 μg/L, superficial stromal invasion and without lymphovascular invasion in stage IA2, IB1, IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2927-5
PubMed: 27536545
PubMed Central: 4974207
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PMC:4974207Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Can pelvic lymphadenectomy be omitted in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer?</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yaxian" sort="Wang, Yaxian" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yaxian" last="Wang">Yaxian Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Tingting" sort="Yao, Tingting" uniqKey="Yao T" first="Tingting" last="Yao">Tingting Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Jin" sort="Yu, Jin" uniqKey="Yu J" first="Jin" last="Yu">Jin Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jing" sort="Li, Jing" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jing" last="Li">Jing Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Qionghua" sort="Chen, Qionghua" uniqKey="Chen Q" first="Qionghua" last="Chen">Qionghua Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Zhongqiu" sort="Lin, Zhongqiu" uniqKey="Lin Z" first="Zhongqiu" last="Lin">Zhongqiu Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27536545</idno><idno type="pmc">4974207</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4974207</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4974207</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s40064-016-2927-5</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E63</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E63</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Can pelvic lymphadenectomy be omitted in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer?</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yaxian" sort="Wang, Yaxian" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yaxian" last="Wang">Yaxian Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Tingting" sort="Yao, Tingting" uniqKey="Yao T" first="Tingting" last="Yao">Tingting Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Jin" sort="Yu, Jin" uniqKey="Yu J" first="Jin" last="Yu">Jin Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jing" sort="Li, Jing" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jing" last="Li">Jing Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Qionghua" sort="Chen, Qionghua" uniqKey="Chen Q" first="Qionghua" last="Chen">Qionghua Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Zhongqiu" sort="Lin, Zhongqiu" uniqKey="Lin Z" first="Zhongqiu" last="Lin">Zhongqiu Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">SpringerPlus</title><idno type="eISSN">2193-1801</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>This study aimed to identify the surgical-pathologic risk factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early stage squamous cell cervical cancer and to evaluate the potential efficacy of omitting pelvic lymphadenectomy.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 276 patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer receiving primary radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy were included in this study.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The incidences of LNM in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer were 0 % (0/8), 17.4 % (36/207), and 29.5 % (18/61), respectively. The most common location of LNM was the obturator lymph node. Human papilloma virus 16 subtype was the most common infection in early stage squamous cell cervical cancer. Univariate analysis revealed that squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) greater than 1.5 μg/L (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 2 cm (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 3 cm (p < 0.001), depth of stromal invasion (p < 0.001) and lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001) were associated with LNM. Logistic regression analysis revealed that depth of stromal invasion {model 1 [p = 0.006; odds ratio (OR) 2.161; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.251–3.734], model 2 [p = 0.002; OR 2.344; 95 % CI 1.337–3.989]}, lymphovascular invasion [model 1 (p = 0.004; OR 2.967; 95 % CI 1.411–6.237), model 2 (p = 0.004; OR 2.978; 95 % CI 1.421–6.243)], and SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L [model 1 (p = 0.023; OR 2.431; 95 % CI 1.129–5.235), model 2 (p = 0.024; OR 2.418; 95 % CI 1.125–5.194)] were independently associated with LNM.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Pelvic lymphadenectomy may be omitted in patients with SCCAg lower than 1.5 μg/L, superficial stromal invasion and without lymphovascular invasion in stage IA2, IB1, IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Achouri, A" uniqKey="Achouri A">A Achouri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huchon, C" uniqKey="Huchon C">C 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Springerplus</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Springerplus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>SpringerPlus</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2193-1801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer International Publishing</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27536545</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4974207</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2927</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s40064-016-2927-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Can pelvic lymphadenectomy be omitted in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Yaxian</given-names></name><address><email>qqxianlly@163.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Yao</surname><given-names>Tingting</given-names></name><address><email>yaoyaotingting@msn.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Jin</given-names></name><address><email>fisher267@126.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Jing</given-names></name><address><email>lijingsysu@sina.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Qionghua</given-names></name><address><email>cqhua616@126.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Zhongqiu</given-names></name><address><phone>+86-20-3407-1153</phone><email>zqlinsysu@163.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120 People’s Republic of China</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 People’s Republic of China</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>5</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id>1262</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>This study aimed to identify the surgical-pathologic risk factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early stage squamous cell cervical cancer and to evaluate the potential efficacy of omitting pelvic lymphadenectomy.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 276 patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer receiving primary radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy were included in this study.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The incidences of LNM in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer were 0 % (0/8), 17.4 % (36/207), and 29.5 % (18/61), respectively. The most common location of LNM was the obturator lymph node. Human papilloma virus 16 subtype was the most common infection in early stage squamous cell cervical cancer. Univariate analysis revealed that squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) greater than 1.5 μg/L (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 2 cm (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 3 cm (p < 0.001), depth of stromal invasion (p < 0.001) and lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001) were associated with LNM. Logistic regression analysis revealed that depth of stromal invasion {model 1 [p = 0.006; odds ratio (OR) 2.161; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.251–3.734], model 2 [p = 0.002; OR 2.344; 95 % CI 1.337–3.989]}, lymphovascular invasion [model 1 (p = 0.004; OR 2.967; 95 % CI 1.411–6.237), model 2 (p = 0.004; OR 2.978; 95 % CI 1.421–6.243)], and SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L [model 1 (p = 0.023; OR 2.431; 95 % CI 1.129–5.235), model 2 (p = 0.024; OR 2.418; 95 % CI 1.125–5.194)] were independently associated with LNM.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Pelvic lymphadenectomy may be omitted in patients with SCCAg lower than 1.5 μg/L, superficial stromal invasion and without lymphovascular invasion in stage IA2, IB1, IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Early stage cervical cancer</kwd><kwd>Squamous cell carcinoma antigen</kwd><kwd>Pelvic lymphadenectomy</kwd><kwd>Lymph node metastasis</kwd><kwd>Stromal invasion</kwd><kwd>Lymphovascular invasion</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province</institution></funding-source><award-id>2013B021800234</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Zhongqiu</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Background</title><p>Cervical cancer is a global public health problem and a significant cause of death among women in developing countries (Forouzanfar et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2011</xref>). The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recommends a clinical staging system for cervical cancer. Although lymph node status assessment does not change clinical stage, lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an independent factor in poor survival and relapse of cervical cancer (Pieterse et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">2007</xref>; Ditto et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">2013</xref>; Bai et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2015</xref>). Guidelines recommend radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy is the preferred treatment for early stage (FIGO IA2, IB1, IIA1) cervical cancer. However, pelvic lymphadenectomy is associated with potential risk of serious postoperative complication, such as nerve or vascular injury, lymphedema lymphedema in the lower limbs and pelvic lymph cysts with concomitant infection (Matsuura et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">2006</xref>; Achouri et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>; Kawamura et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">2015</xref>).</p><p>One research suggest that the number of removed lymph nodes in pelvic lymphadenectomy pay no effect on the prognosis of patients with early stage cervical cancer with negative pelvic lymph nodes (Pieterse et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">2007</xref>). Approximately 80 % of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas. Non-squamous histology has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival compared with squamous cell carcinoma in cervical cancer with LNM (Kodama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">2006</xref>; Park et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">2010</xref>). Thus, we speculate that pelvic lymphadenectomy may be avoided in patients with early cervical squamous cell cancer who are in low risk of LNM, to reduce associated morbidity of complete lymphadenectomy and long-term effects of postoperative complication, may help to improve the postoperative quality-of-life of patients.</p><p>Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) is the serum tumor marker most commonly used for clinical monitoring of cervical squamous cell cancer(Kim <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">2013</xref>). Elevated pre-treatment SCCAg levels correlate with LNM and a poor prognosis in cervical squamous cell cancer (van de Lande et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2009</xref>; Kawaguchi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2013</xref>).</p><p>In the present study, we retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 cervical squamous cell cancer who received radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. We examined the effect of clinicopathologic factors, also take preoperative serum SCCAg into account, on the risk for LNM to identify patients with low risk for whom pelvic lymphadenectomy may be omitted.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Patients</title><p>We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with cervical cancer treated at the Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2012 and June 2015. This study included patients who met the following criteria: (1) FIGO IA2, IB1, or IIA1 cervical cancer and received radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy; (2) histological confirmed squamous cell carcinoma according to FIGO classification system; (3) no preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. All patients provided written consent for storage of their information in the hospital database and for use of this information in our research.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Surgical procedures</title><p>Radical hysterectomy included complete removal of the uterus, ovaries, Fallopian tubes, cervix, upper vagina and parametrium. A systematic lymphadenectomy consisted of dissections of lymph nodes in the common iliac, external iliac, internal iliac, obturator and deep inguinal areas, at both sides. The cranial, caudal, ventral, dorsal, lateral and medial boundaries of the lymphadenectomy were 3 cm above the bifurcation of the internal and external iliac arteries, the level of deep iliac circumflex vein, the level of peritoneum, the level of the obturator nerve, the inside of the psoas major muscle and the lateral border of ureter, respectively. Para-aortic lymphadenectomy was performed only in case of gross metastasis to the common iliac nodes or para-aortic nodes was suspected.</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>SCCAg assay</title><p>Serum samples were taken routinely at the patient’s initial visit before surgery for SCCAg analysis. Serum SCCAg levels were analyzed using an automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) system (i2000, Abbott, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The recommended cutoff level of 1.5 ng/ml was applied. Ten patients had no serum SCCAg data.</p></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>Sample collection and HPV testing</title><p>The gynecologist rotated the disposable cervical cell collection brush clockwise 3–5 times at the cervical junction to collect exfoliated cervical cells. The cervical brush was removed, stored in preservation solution, and sent to laboratory to test immediately. HPV genotypes were detected using nucleic acid molecule flow-through PCR and membrane hybridization using gene chip technology with the 21HPV Genoarray Diagnostic Kit (Hybribio Inc, Guangzhou, China). HPV nucleic acid was extracted, and gene amplification and molecular hybridization were performed, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. There were 21 HPV subtypes tested simultaneously in a membrane including 13 types of high-risk HPVs (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68), 5 low-risk HPVs (HPV-6, 11, 42, 43,and 44) and 3 HPVs that are common in Chinese people (HPV-53, 66, and CP8304). Twenty-four patients had no HPV testing data.</p></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The relationship between clinical and pathological factors and LNM was examined by univariate analysis using the χ<sup>2</sup> and Fisher’s exact probability tests. The independent effects of clinical and pathological factors on LNM were then determined by logistic regression analysis, in which factors that were statistically significant in univariate analysis. A <italic>p</italic> value <0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. SPSS software (version 16.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec8"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec9"><title>Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients</title><p>A total of 276 patients treated for squamous cell cervical cancer between January 2012 and June 2015 met criteria for inclusion in the present study. Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref> summarizes the clinicopatholgic characteristics of the 276 patients who had early stage cervical squamous cell cancer with a median age of 49 years (range 22–80 years). One hundred and fifty-eight patients (57.2 %) were premenopausal and 118 patients (42.8 %) were postmenopausal. Staging indicated that 8 patients (2.9 %) had FIGO IA2, 207 patients (75.0 %) had FIGO IB1, and 61 patients (22.1 %) had FIGO IIA1. Two hundred and thirty-two patients (92 %) had positive HPV infection and 68 patients (25.6 %) with SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L. Analysis of histological grade indicated that 98.5 % patients (272/276) had moderately to poorly differentiated cancer. Seventy-nine patients (28.6 %) had deep-full thickness stromal invasion, and 129 patients (46.7 %) with lymphovascular invasion.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Clinicopathological characteristics of patient with stage IA2/IB1/IIA1 cervical squamous cell cancer (n = 276) in relation to the pelvic lymph node status</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Characteristics</th><th align="left">Total</th><th align="left">Positive lymph node metastasis n (%)</th><th align="left">Negative lymph node metastasis n (%)</th><th align="left">p-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"></td><td char="." align="char"></td><td align="left">54</td><td align="left">222</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">Age, years</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> <40</td><td char="." align="char">45</td><td align="left">8 (14.8)</td><td align="left">37 (16.7)</td><td char="." align="char">0.947</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> ≥40</td><td char="." align="char">231</td><td align="left">46 (85.2)</td><td align="left">185 (83.3)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">Menopausal status</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Premenopausal</td><td char="." align="char">158</td><td align="left">26 (48.1)</td><td align="left">132 (59.5)</td><td char="." align="char">0.321</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Postmenopausal</td><td char="." align="char">118</td><td align="left">28 (51.9)</td><td align="left">90 (40.5)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">FIGO stage</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> IA2/IB1</td><td char="." align="char">215</td><td align="left">36 (66.7)</td><td align="left">179 (80.7)</td><td char="." align="char">0.085</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> IIA1</td><td char="." align="char">61</td><td align="left">18 (33.3)</td><td align="left">43 (19.4)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">HPV infection status</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Negative</td><td char="." align="char">20</td><td align="left">1 (2.0)</td><td align="left">19 (9.5)</td><td char="." align="char">0.180</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Positive</td><td char="." align="char">232</td><td align="left">50 (98.0)</td><td align="left">182 (90.5)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">SCCAg (μg/L)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> ≤1.5</td><td char="." align="char">198</td><td align="left">24 (46.1)</td><td align="left">174 (81.3)</td><td align="left"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> >1.5</td><td char="." align="char">68</td><td align="left">28 (53.9)</td><td align="left">40 (18.7)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">Histological grade</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Well differentiated</td><td char="." align="char">4</td><td align="left">0 (0)</td><td align="left">4 (1.8)</td><td char="." align="char">0.733</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Moderately differentiated</td><td char="." align="char">163</td><td align="left">34 (63.0)</td><td align="left">129 (58.1)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Poorly differentiated</td><td char="." align="char">109</td><td align="left">20 (37.0)</td><td align="left">89 (40.1)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">Tumor size (cm)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> ≤2</td><td char="." align="char">124</td><td align="left">8 (14.8)</td><td align="left">116 (52.3)</td><td align="left"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> >2</td><td char="." align="char">152</td><td align="left">46 (85.2)</td><td align="left">106 (47.7)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">Tumor size(cm)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> ≤3</td><td char="." align="char">225</td><td align="left">32 (59.3)</td><td align="left">193 (86.9)</td><td align="left"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> >3</td><td char="." align="char">51</td><td align="left">22 (40.7)</td><td align="left">29 (13.1)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5">Depth of stromal invasion</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Superficial</td><td char="." align="char">129</td><td align="left">6 (11.1)</td><td align="left">122 (55.0)</td><td align="left"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Middle</td><td char="." align="char">69</td><td align="left">16 (29.6)</td><td align="left">53 (23.9)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Deep-full</td><td char="." align="char">79</td><td align="left">32 (59.3)</td><td align="left">47 (21.1)</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4">Lymphovascular invasion</td><td align="left"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Negative</td><td char="." align="char">147</td><td align="left">14 (25.9)</td><td align="left">133 (59.9)</td><td align="left"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Positive</td><td char="." align="char">129</td><td align="left">40 (74.1)</td><td align="left">89 (40.1)</td><td align="left"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>HPV infection</title><p>A total of 252 patients had HPV testing data. Two hundred and thirty-two patients (92.1 %) had positive HPV infection. There were 12 HPV subtypes (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 66 and CP8304) as detected. Single HPV subtype infections accounted for 81.0 % (188/232) of the total number of infections, and multiple-subtype infections accounted for 19.0 % (44/232), including 14.2 % (33/232) of patients with a double infection, 4.7 % (11/232) of patients with a triple or more infection. The HPV16 subtype was the most common infection (n = 190, 81.9 %), followed by HPV58 (n = 19, 8.3 %), HPV52 (n = 18, 7.9 %), HPV18 (n = 16, 7.1 %), HPV 39 (n = 11, 4.7 %).</p></sec><sec id="Sec11"><title>Lymph node metastasis</title><p>The patterns of lymph node metastasis are summarized in Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>. The median number of dissected lymph nodes was 23 (range 10–52) (in Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Fifty-four patients (19.6 %) had 99 positive lymph node metastasis. The incidences of LNM in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 were 0 % (0/8), 17.4 % (36/207), and 29.5 % (18/61), respectively. Multiple (≥2) LNM was found in 10.9 % (30/276). Bilateral LNM was found in 4.7 % (13/276). Skip LNM was found in 1.1 % (3/276). The obturator lymph node was the most common location of lymph node metastasis (n = 50, 50.5 %), followed by the internal iliac lymph node (n = 16, 16.2 %), common iliac lymph node (n = 14, 14.1 %), external iliac lymph node (n = 11, 11.1 %), parametrial lymph node (n = 4, 4.0 %), inguinal lymph node(n = 3, 3.0 %) and para-aortic lymph node(n = 1, 1.0 %).<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Location of pelvic lymph node metastasis in 54 patients (99 positive lymph nodes) with stage IA2/IB1/IIA1 cervical squamous cell cancer</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Pelvic lymph node location</th><th align="left">Metastasis (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Para-aortic</td><td char="(" align="char">1.0 (1/99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Common iliac</td><td char="(" align="char">14.2 (14/99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">External iliac</td><td char="(" align="char">11.1 (11/99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Internal iliac</td><td char="(" align="char">16.2 (16/99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Obturator</td><td char="(" align="char">50.5 (50/99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Parametrial</td><td char="(" align="char">4.0 (4/99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Inguinal</td><td char="(" align="char">3.0 (3/99)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Number of removed lymph nodes per case: 1–276 women. X-axis: disease groups. Y-axis: number of removed lymph nodes. <italic>Bar</italic> mean</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="40064_2016_2927_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec12"><title>Univariate analysis of risk factors with LNM</title><p>Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref> shows the results of univariate analysis of the correlation between clinicopathologic factors and LNM. Patients with SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 2 cm (p < 0.001), tumor size greater than 3 cm (p < 0.001), depth of stromal invasion (p < 0.001) and lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with LNM. Age, menopausal status, FIGO stage, HPV infection status and histological grade were not associated with LNM (p > 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Multivariate analysis of risk factors with LNM</title><p>Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref> shows multivariate analysis of the clinicopathological factors associated with the LNM in which factors that were statistically significant in univariate analysis using 2 models. The results showed that depth of stromal invasion {model 1 [p = 0.006; odds ratio (OR) 2.161; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.251–3.734], model 2 [p = 0.002; OR 2.344; 95 % CI 1.337–3.989]}, lymphovascular invasion [model 1 (p = 0.004; OR 2.967; 95 % CI 1.411–6.237), model 2 (p = 0.004; OR 2.978; 95 % CI 1.421–6.243)], and SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L [model 1 (p = 0.023; OR 2.431; 95 % CI 1.129–5.235), model 2 (p = 0.024; OR 2.418; 95 % CI 1.125–5.194)] were significantly and independently associated with LNM. Tumor size were not significantly associated with LNM (p > 0.05).<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Logistic regression analysis of the clinicopathological variables associated with the pelvic lymph node status using 2 models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Variables</th><th align="left">OR</th><th align="left">95 % CI</th><th align="left">p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="4">Model 1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Depth of stromal invasion</td><td char="." align="char">2.161</td><td align="left">1.251–3.734</td><td char="." align="char">0.006</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Lymphovascular invasion</td><td char="." align="char">2.967</td><td align="left">1.411–6.237</td><td char="." align="char">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> SCCAg (>μg/L)</td><td char="." align="char">2.431</td><td align="left">1.129–5.235</td><td char="." align="char">0.023</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Tumor size (>2 cm)</td><td char="." align="char">2.277</td><td align="left">0.909–5.706</td><td char="." align="char">0.079</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4">Model 2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Depth of stromal invasion</td><td char="." align="char">2.344</td><td align="left">1.337–3.989</td><td char="." align="char">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Lymphovascular invasion</td><td char="." align="char">2.978</td><td align="left">1.421–6.243</td><td char="." align="char">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> SCCAg (>μg/L)</td><td char="." align="char">2.418</td><td align="left">1.125–5.194</td><td char="." align="char">0.024</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Tumor size (>3 cm)</td><td char="." align="char">1.761</td><td align="left">0.797–3.890</td><td char="." align="char">0.162</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec14"><title>Discussion</title><p>In the present study, the incidences of LNM in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 cervical squamous cell cancer were 0 % (0/8), 17.4 % (36/207), and 29.5 % (18/61), respectively. The result is similar to the previous studies that LNM in cervical cancer was found in 0–20.3 % of patients with stage IA2-IB1 and in 16–38.6 % of patients with stage IIA1 (Hongladaromp et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2014</xref>; Togami et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">2014</xref>; Liu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2015</xref>; Zhou et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">2015</xref>). In patients without LNM, the number of removed lymph nodes in pelvic lymphadenectomy was not associated with 5-year disease-free survival (Suprasert et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2012</xref>). But there are some long-term postoperative complication of pelvic lymphadenectomy, the overall incidence of symptomatic postoperative lymphocysts was 34.5 % (Achouri et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>), and the incidence of lower-limb lymphedema increased over time, 12.9 % at 1 year, 20.3 % at 5 years, and 25.4 % at 10 years (Hareyama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2015</xref>), both of which significantly harmed the quality-of-life. However, compared to undergoing open surgery, pelvic lymphadenectomy had a less impact on patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, less blood loss, a lower transfusion rate, less lymphocele infection and other complications (Xiao and Zhang <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">2015</xref>; Bogani et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">2014</xref>). Nevertheless, it means more than 60 % of patients in early stage cervical cancer without LNM will derive no benefit from pelvic lymphadenectomy and that it may be safely avoided in such patients. It is important to identify factors associated with the risk of LNM to reduce unnecessary pelvic lymphadenectomy.</p><p>Results of our multivariate analysis suggested that in 276 patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 cervical squamous cell cancer who received radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy, SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L, deep-full thickness stromal invasion and lymphovascular invasion were significant and independent factors for LNM, while tumor size were not significantly associated with LNM (p > 0.05).</p><p>Several studies found that lymphovascular invasion, and deep stromal invasion were statistically independently associated with LNM in early stage cervical cancer (Bai et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2015</xref>; Li et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">2015</xref>; Zhou et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">2015</xref>). One research demonstrated that patients with cervical cancer and found that stage IIA and advanced histological grade increased the risk for LNM (Li et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2012</xref>). Another also studied patients with stage IA–IIB squamous cell cervical cancer and found lymphovascular invasion, parametrial invasion, and depth of stromal invasion were identified as independent clinicopathological risk factors for LNM (Liu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2015</xref>). But they did not analysis the SCCAg data. It had been found that SCCAg greater than 1.65 μg/L can predict LNM more accurately in stage IB1 (76 %) than in stage IIA (53 %) (van de Lande et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2009</xref>). In our study, SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L was significant and independent factors for LNM in stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer.</p><p>One prior study by Togami investigated patients with stage IA2-IIB cervical cancer and found that parametrial involvement and primary tumor size greater than 2 cm increased the risk of LNM (Togami et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">2014</xref>). A survey by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group found that in patients with stage IB1 with clinical tumor diameter ≤2 cm, which available by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or specimens by cone biopsy, had less LNM and more favorable 5-year overall survival (Kato et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">2015</xref>).As MRI is a more accurate noninvasive modality for preoperative evaluation of tumor size compared with pelvic examination (Zhang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2014</xref>), in our study, tumor size which was evaluated by pelvic examination was not an independent factor for LNM.</p><p>Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy has already been used in cervical cancer. A systematic review reported that SLN biopsy has the highest detection rate when 99 mTc is used in combination with blue dye (97 %), and a sensitivity of 92 % (van de Lande et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">2007</xref>). However, the detection of sentinel lymph nodes requires an injection of technetium or blue dye and frozen section analysis. The sensitivities of SLN in diagnosing micrometastases were 81 % and the false negative rate of intra-operative frozen section examination was up to 44 % (Slama et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">2013</xref>), while another study from Canada reported that intra-operative frozen examination of SLN accurately predicts the status of pelvic lymph nodes. The sensitivity for the detection of macro and micrometastatic disease was 88.9 % and negative predictive value was 98.8 % (Martínez et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">2013</xref>). Recently, Indocyanine green (ICG), has been introduced in SLN mapping. A meta-analysis found that ICG SLN mapping had higher overall and bilateral detection rates while compared with blue dyes, and there was no difference while compared with combination of blue dyes and 99mTc (Ruscito et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">2016</xref>). A study from Italy also found that in women with early stage cervical cancer, bilateral mapping was achieved in 98.5 % for ICG and 76.3 % for Tc-99m with blue dye (Buda et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">2016</xref>). Undergoing laparoscopic surgery, ICG SLN mapping in cervical cancer also provided high overall and bilateral detection rates (Imboden et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">2015</xref>). However, compared to patients with uterus in situ, SLN mapping in occult cervical cancer patients has lower detection rates, these patients needed proper management (Papadia et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">2016</xref>). A diagnostic review found that early stage cervical cancer patients (FIGO IA2, IB1, IIA1) who had bilateral negative SLN result had a residual risk of 0.08 % (1/1257) on occult metastases, recommended not to perform a full pelvic lymphadenectomy in these patients (Tax et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2015</xref>). Further research should be made in order to standardize this method and confirm whether SLN biopsy can be used to replace pelvic lymphadenectomy for patients with early stage cervical cancer.</p><p>The retrospective nature of this study is its major limitation. Moreover, it was a single-center study and the sample was small, so our patients should not be considered representative of the general population. However, although SCC-Ag was one preoperative clinicopathologic factor in the prediction of LNM, depth of stromal invasion and lymphovascular invasion was evaluated after conization but mainly on the basis of postoperative factors.</p></sec><sec id="Sec15"><title>Conclusions</title><p>In conclusion, depth of stromal invasion, lymphovascular invasion and SCCAg greater than 1.5 μg/L were risk factors with LNM in patients with stage IA2, IB1, and IIA1 squamous cell cervical cancer. We propose pelvic lymphadenectomy maybe ommitted in patients with superficial stromal invasion, SCCAg lower than 1.5 μg/L and without lymphovascular invasion and thereby reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. More studies are needed to confirm our findings.</p></sec></body><back><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list><def-item><term>LNM</term><def><p>lymph node metastasis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>HPV</term><def><p>human papilloma virus</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SCCAg</term><def><p>squamous cell carcinoma antigen</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FIGO</term><def><p>The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><fn-group><fn><p>Yaxian Wang and Tingting Yao contributed equally to this work</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>Conception and design: ZL, YW, TY. Acquisition of data (e.g., acquired and managed patients): ZL, YW, TY, JY, JL. Analysis and interpretation of data (statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): ZL, YW, TY, QC. Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: ZL, YW, TY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p><sec id="FPar1"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The Project Supported by Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation (Grant No. 2013B021800234).</p></sec><sec id="FPar2"><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec id="FPar3"><title>Ethical standards</title><p>The authors confirm that this study has been approved by the appropriate ethical committees related to the institution in which it was performed.</p></sec><sec id="FPar4"><title>Informed consent</title><p>All patients gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.</p></sec></ack><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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