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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of exercise intervention in breast cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of 33 randomized controlled trails</title><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Guoqing" sort="Zhu, Guoqing" uniqKey="Zhu G" first="Guoqing" last="Zhu">Guoqing Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Xiao" sort="Zhang, Xiao" uniqKey="Zhang X" first="Xiao" last="Zhang">Xiao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yulan" sort="Wang, Yulan" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yulan" last="Wang">Yulan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xiong, Huizi" sort="Xiong, Huizi" uniqKey="Xiong H" first="Huizi" last="Xiong">Huizi Xiong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ott-9-2153">Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Yinghui" sort="Zhao, Yinghui" uniqKey="Zhao Y" first="Yinghui" last="Zhao">Yinghui Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Fenyong" sort="Sun, Fenyong" uniqKey="Sun F" first="Fenyong" last="Sun">Fenyong Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27110131</idno><idno type="pmc">4835133</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4835133</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4835133</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/OTT.S97864</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000799</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000799</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of exercise intervention in breast cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of 33 randomized controlled trails</title><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Guoqing" sort="Zhu, Guoqing" uniqKey="Zhu G" first="Guoqing" last="Zhu">Guoqing Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Xiao" sort="Zhang, Xiao" uniqKey="Zhang X" first="Xiao" last="Zhang">Xiao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yulan" sort="Wang, Yulan" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yulan" last="Wang">Yulan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xiong, Huizi" sort="Xiong, Huizi" uniqKey="Xiong H" first="Huizi" last="Xiong">Huizi Xiong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ott-9-2153">Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Yinghui" sort="Zhao, Yinghui" uniqKey="Zhao Y" first="Yinghui" last="Zhao">Yinghui Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Fenyong" sort="Sun, Fenyong" uniqKey="Sun F" first="Fenyong" last="Sun">Fenyong Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ott-9-2153">Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">OncoTargets and therapy</title><idno type="eISSN">1178-6930</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Exercise is associated with favorable outcomes in cancer survivors. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to comprehensively summarize the effects of exercise intervention in breast cancer survivors.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A systematic search of PubMed, Elsevier, and Google scholar was conducted up to March 2015. References from relevant meta-analyses and reviews were also checked.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Thirty-three randomized controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis, including 2,659 breast cancer survivors. Compared with the control group, quality of life was significantly improved in exercise intervention group, especially in mental health and general health subscales of short form 36 questionnaire, as well as emotion well-being and social well-being subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy. Besides, exercise alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the exercise group. Furthermore, exercise was also associated with positive outcomes in body mass index, lean mass, and muscle strength. In addition, the serum concentration of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 was significantly reduced in exercise intervention group. However, based on the current data of this meta-analysis, there were no significant differences in sleep dysfunction or fatigue between groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our study suggested that exercise intervention was beneficial to breast cancer survivors. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Onco Targets Ther</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Onco Targets Ther</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OncoTargets and Therapy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>OncoTargets and therapy</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1178-6930</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27110131</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4835133</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/OTT.S97864</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ott-9-2153</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of exercise intervention in breast cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of 33 randomized controlled trails</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Guoqing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ott-9-2153">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Xiao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ott-9-2153">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Yulan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ott-9-2153">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xiong</surname><given-names>Huizi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ott-9-2153">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Yinghui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ott-9-2153">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Fenyong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ott-9-2153">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ott-9-2153"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ott-9-2153"><label>1</label>Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</aff><aff id="af2-ott-9-2153"><label>2</label>Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ott-9-2153">Correspondence: Fenyong Sun, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, No 301 Middle Yanchang Rd, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 6630 0588, Fax +86 21 6630 0588, Email <email>sunfenyongtongji@126.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><fpage>2153</fpage><lpage>2168</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Zhu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of this license are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php">https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php</ext-link> and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Exercise is associated with favorable outcomes in cancer survivors. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to comprehensively summarize the effects of exercise intervention in breast cancer survivors.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A systematic search of PubMed, Elsevier, and Google scholar was conducted up to March 2015. References from relevant meta-analyses and reviews were also checked.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Thirty-three randomized controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis, including 2,659 breast cancer survivors. Compared with the control group, quality of life was significantly improved in exercise intervention group, especially in mental health and general health subscales of short form 36 questionnaire, as well as emotion well-being and social well-being subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy. Besides, exercise alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the exercise group. Furthermore, exercise was also associated with positive outcomes in body mass index, lean mass, and muscle strength. In addition, the serum concentration of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-II, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 was significantly reduced in exercise intervention group. However, based on the current data of this meta-analysis, there were no significant differences in sleep dysfunction or fatigue between groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our study suggested that exercise intervention was beneficial to breast cancer survivors. Therefore, exercise should be recommended to this patient group.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>exercise</kwd><kwd>quality of life</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>BMI</kwd><kwd>insulin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>Breast cancer is one of the main causes of cancer deaths in women,<xref rid="b1-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> which was responsible for 23% of total cancer cases and 14% of cancer deaths.<xref rid="b2-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> With the improvements in early detection and treatment, the number of cancer survivors continued to increase, in which women with breast cancer accounted for 22% of total cancer survivors in 2012.<xref rid="b3-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> However, the problems related to breast cancer and cancer treatment, such as cardiac toxicity of adjuvant systemic therapy,<xref rid="b4-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="b5-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> arm or shoulder problems, body image,<xref rid="b6-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> change in social life, fear,<xref rid="b7-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> and poorer quality of life<xref rid="b8-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> were negatively associated with the overall well-being of breast cancer survivors.</p><p>A growing body of evidence indicated that exercise intervention results in beneficial outcomes in cancer patients. Some studies had suggested that exercise increased cardiorespiratory fitness,<xref rid="b9-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> physical performance,<xref rid="b10-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> and reduced overall mortality.<xref rid="b11-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> There were also studies demonstrating that exercise was associated with improvements in the symptom of depression,<xref rid="b12-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> body image, self-esteem,<xref rid="b13-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> and quality of life,<xref rid="b14-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>–<xref rid="b16-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> though some conclusions were not inconsistent in terms of fatigue.<xref rid="b17-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></p><p>Previously, these effects of exercise intervention in breast cancer patients had been assessed in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews.<xref rid="b18-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>–<xref rid="b22-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> However, some of them only summarized some of effects related to intervention,<xref rid="b18-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="b19-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> or compared the effects of group exercise with individual exercise.<xref rid="b20-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> Others either only focused on one special symptom,<xref rid="b21-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">21</xref> or evaluated the efficacy of Tai Chi Chuan alone.<xref rid="b22-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> Moreover, new evidences in recent years have not been included. Thus, we aim to comprehensively summarize the effects of exercise intervention on breast cancer patients based on the available data from randomized controlled trials.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Literature search</title><p>We searched PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar up to March 2015. The reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses were also examined to identify additional studies. The search terms used in this meta-analysis were related to breast cancer (breast neoplasm, cancer, tumour, tumor, carcinoma) and exercise (exercise, physical activity, sport, weight training).</p></sec><sec><title>Inclusion criteria</title><p>Studies were considered eligible if they met the following criteria: 1) were written in English; 2) adopted a randomized controlled trial design, comparing exercise intervention group with control group (usual care, maintain current activity level, or waitlist); 3) included adults diagnosed with breast cancer; and 4) evaluated the effects of exercise in breast cancer patients.</p><p>Studies were excluded if: 1) included mixed cancer populations, including other types of cancer patients; 2) included other types of intervention (exercise intervention combined with diet); and 3) exercise merely focused on upper limb or arm.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Data extraction</title><p>Relevant data were independently extracted by GQ Zhu and X Zhang with a standard excel template, including 1) characteristics of the study and participants (first author, year of publication, mean age, sample size); 2) content of exercise intervention: exercise type, timing (before, during, or after treatment), and the frequency, intensity, and duration of intervention; 3) outcomes of intervention (quality of life, depression, anxiety, fatigue, muscle strength, body composition, physiological markers); and 4) assessment methods. Any disagreements were checked and discussed until a consensus was reached.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodological quality assessment</title><p>The methodological quality of the studies were independently assessed by two reviewers (GQ Zhu and YL Wang) using the Delphi criteria list,<xref rid="b23-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> which is a set of nine criteria for quality assessment of randomized controlled trials. It was hard to blind the participants and providers in the interventional study. Therefore, participants blinding and provider blinding were not rated, and we only assessed the blinding of the outcome assessors. Each item was scored as yes (+) or no (−).</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The outcomes were assessed if the data were available in at least two studies. For continuous outcomes, standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with <italic>P</italic><0.05 considered statistically significant. Statistical heterogeneity among studies was measured by <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> test, in which values above 25% and 50% were considered as the indicative of moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively.<xref rid="b24-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> A fixed-effect model was adopted when <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup><50%; otherwise, a random-effect model was used.</p><p>In the presence of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was performed based on the measurement methods or the type of exercise. Besides, sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of a single study to the overall estimate. Publication bias was estimated through Begg’s test and Egger’s linear regression, with <italic>P</italic><0.10 consumed as an indication of publication bias.<xref rid="b25-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> All analyses were conducted using Review Manager Version 5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) and Stata 12.0 (College Station, TX, USA).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Study selection</title><p>A total of 3,429 records were identified from the database (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-ott-9-2153">Figure 1</xref>). After screening the titles and abstracts, the full texts of 161 articles were further reviewed for eligibility. Finally, 33 articles<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>–<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> were included and assessed for methodological quality, with 128 articles excluded in which the aim, intervention type, or design of the study failed to meet the inclusion criteria.</p></sec><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Characteristics of the exercise interventions</title><p>There were 2,659 breast cancer patients, with the mean age of 54 (46.3–60.6) years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-ott-9-2153">Table 1</xref>). The main types of exercise interventions reported in this meta-analysis were aerobic, resistance, and stretching exercises. Besides, there were also six studies on yoga intervention,<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b39-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="b4-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="b50-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>,<xref rid="b52-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">52</xref> two studies on tai chi chuan,<xref rid="b35-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref> and one on dancing.<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref> Twenty Five studies performed intervention after treatment,<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b29-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="b31-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="b33-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>–<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b38-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>,<xref rid="b40-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b44-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>–<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> seven studies during treatment,<xref rid="b20-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="b27-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b43-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref> and the remaining two studies before treatment.<xref rid="b39-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>,<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> The duration of intervention lasted from 6 weeks to 12 months, with the frequency of intervention varying from two times a week to every day. The intensity of exercise also varied from low to vigorous in different situations, among which the moderate intensity was most frequently reported.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodological quality of included studies</title><p>We assessed 33 articles according to the Delphi criteria list, and seven criteria were examined in each of the study. In all, 14 studies met five criteria,<sup>26,30,35,38–41,51–54,56–58 12</sup> studies more than five criteria,<xref rid="b29-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="b31-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="b33-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="b34-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="b44-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="b48-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>–<xref rid="b50-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">50</xref> and the remaining 7 studies less than five criteria.<xref rid="b27-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="b43-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b47-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref> Of these, 19 studies failed to conceal the allocation,<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>–<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>–<xref rid="b34-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="b38-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>–<xref rid="b40-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="b43-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b47-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="b52-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>–<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> and 22 studies did not blind the outcome assessor.<xref rid="b27-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>–<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>–<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="b35-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>–<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="b38-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>–<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b43-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>–<xref rid="b47-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>–<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>,<xref rid="b57-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>,<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> Besides, 14 studies were not intention-to-treat analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-ott-9-2153">Table 2</xref>).<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>–<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="b35-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b43-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b47-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="b49-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>,<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>,<xref rid="b56-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">56</xref></p></sec><sec><title>Pooled effect estimates for outcome measures</title><p>In this meta-analysis, we examined the effects of exercise intervention on quality of life, psychological outcomes, body composition, physical function and symptom, and physiological markers of breast cancer survivors. A total of 53 outcomes were evaluated, which were reported in at least two studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results of quality of life</title><p>The quality of life was reported as an outcome in 18 studies,<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="b31-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>–<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> among which 10 studies used the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) questionnaire,<xref rid="b31-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>,<xref rid="b53-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>–<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref> 4 studies the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form health survey (SF-36) questionnaire,<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>,<xref rid="b57-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">57</xref> and two studies Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTCQoLC30).<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> The other 4 studies used SF-12 health survey (SF-12),<xref rid="b52-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">52</xref> the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Anemia,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF),<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref> and the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form,<xref rid="b56-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">56</xref> respectively. We only pooled the outcomes that data could be extracted in at least two studies. Therefore, the data of 12 studies, involving 15 quality life domains, were included in this meta-analysis.<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="b31-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>,<xref rid="b53-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>–<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>,<xref rid="b57-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">57</xref></p><p>Measured by SF-36 or MOS SF-36, the exercise intervention significantly improved the mental health (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=0.006, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.62, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-ott-9-2153">Figure 2</xref>) and general health (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=95%, <italic>P</italic>=0.02, 95% CI: 0.70, 8.48, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-ott-9-2153">Figure 2</xref>) compared with the control groups. Besides, exercise was associated with a significant increase in emotion well-being (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=2%, <italic>P</italic>=0.0006, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.43, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-ott-9-2153">Figure 2</xref>) and social well-being subscales (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=0.01, 95% CI: 0.19, 1.69, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-ott-9-2153">Figure 2</xref>) of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy. The pooled results of five studies showed a significant increase in breast cancer subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy from exercise (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=15%, <italic>P</italic>=0.000001, 95% CI: 1.85, 4.04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b44-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="b54-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>,<xref rid="b57-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">57</xref></p><p>However, substantial heterogeneity was observed for some outcomes. There was no evidence of publication bias except for SF-36 role-emotion (<italic>P</italic>=0.062, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results of psychological outcomes</title><p>Pooled data from three studies indicated that the self-esteem score was higher in the intervention group (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=0.02, 95% CI: 0.18, 2.22), measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).<xref rid="b29-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="b44-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref> Meanwhile, exercise intervention reduced depression (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=2%, <italic>P</italic>=0.001, 95% CI: −3.36, −0.80, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-ott-9-2153">Figure 3</xref>) and anxiety score (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic><0.0001, 95% CI: −4.76, −1.58, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-ott-9-2153">Figure 3</xref>), which were of clinical importance. However, the pooled results showed no difference in happiness and stress between intervention and control groups, assessed by the 2-item Fordyce Happiness Measure and the Perceived Stress Scale (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p><p>Furthermore, exercise led to improvement in the positive and negative attitudes in breast cancer survivors, measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), of which the PANAS negative score decreased by 3.51 points (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=76%, <italic>P</italic>=0.02, 95% CI: −9.92, −0.71) and the PANAS positive score increased by 4.46 points (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: 2.48, 6.44) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>). In addition, measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual, exercise was associated with positive effect in spirit compared with control groups (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=0.02, 95% CI: 0.76, 7.13) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p><p>No publication bias were detected in any of the results, except the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (<italic>P</italic>=0.082). High heterogeneity was only found for PANAS negative (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results of body compositions</title><p>Seven parameters were included in this meta–analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>). Body mass index (BMI) was examined in nine studies, and the pooled results indicated it reduced significantly with exercise (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: −1.09, −0.47, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-ott-9-2153">Figure 4</xref>).<xref rid="b34-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="b35-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b38-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>,<xref rid="b40-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="b44-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="b49-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>,<xref rid="b54-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">54</xref> Besides, the pooled results of four studies showed that exercise was associated with significant increase in lean mass compared with control groups (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=57%, <italic>P</italic>=0.04, 95% CI: 0.08, 2.25) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p><p>Similarly, body fat percentage (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=57%, <italic>P</italic>=0.02, 95% CI: −3.33, −0.35) and fat mass (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=0.05, 95% CI: −4.83, −0.04) were significantly reduced in the exercise intervention groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>). However, there were no significant differences on waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio between intervention and control groups.</p><p>No publication bias was observed, with only moderate heterogeneity for lean mass and body fat (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results of physical function and symptom</title><p>Muscle strength was reported in five studies, which indicated significant improvement (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=48%, <italic>P</italic>=0.0009, 95% CI: 1.76, 6.78, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-ott-9-2153">Figure 5</xref>) in exercise intervention group. Besides, no significant improvement was showed on peak oxygen consumption, based on the data from two studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).<xref rid="b27-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="b34-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="b40-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></p><p>Fatigue was assessed in 12 studies, the pooled results of which indicated that there was no difference on fatigue between the intervention and control groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-ott-9-2153">Figure 6</xref>).<xref rid="b29-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="b40-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>,<xref rid="b47-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>,<xref rid="b50-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>,<xref rid="b52-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>–<xref rid="b54-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>,<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> In the present of high heterogeneity, we performed the subgroup analysis stratified by the measurement method and the type of exercise intervention (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6-ott-9-2153">Figure 6</xref>). However, the effect of exercise on the symptom of fatigue still remained insignificant in both of the subgroups, except small reduction in Fatigue Symptom Inventory (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=68%, <italic>P</italic>=0.04, 95% CI: −1.68, −0.02). No evidence of publication bias was detected in any of the results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results of physiological markers</title><p>Eight physiological markers were examined in this meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>). When the data of postintervention were used, only insulin (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=95%, <italic>P</italic>=0.05, 95% CI: −13.64, 0.06) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=46%, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: −4.40, −1.91) were signifi-cantly reduced after exercise intervention. However, based on the changed serum concentration of physiological markers after intervention (postintervention minus baseline), exercise significantly reduced the serum concentration of insulin (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=97%, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: −9.26, −0.33, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7-ott-9-2153">Figure 7</xref>), IGFBP-1 (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: −3.93, −1.93, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7-ott-9-2153">Figure 7</xref>), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: −61.41, −47.00). Significant increases were shown in interleukin (IL)-6 (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=69%, <italic>P</italic>=0.02, 95% CI: 0.27, 2.65) and glucose (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=99%, <italic>P</italic><0.00001, 95% CI: 0.27, 2.65). There were substantial heterogeneity in some of the physiological markers, and evident publication bias was only observed in IL-6 (<italic>P</italic>=0.046) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-ott-9-2153">Table 3</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>In this meta-analysis, we summarized the effects of exercise intervention on breast cancer survivors, including 53 outcomes reported from 33 articles. Results showed that exercise was associated with significant improvements in quality of life, self-esteem, and the response attitude toward life. Besides, it alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety in breast cancer survivors. In addition to the beneficial outcome in body composition, exercise also increased muscle strength in the intervention groups. Furthermore, the serum concentration of some physiological markers, such as insulin, IGF-II, and IGFBP-1, was significantly reduced after exercise intervention.</p><p>In line with previous meta-analyses,<xref rid="b19-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="b59-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>,<xref rid="b60-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">60</xref> the pooled results supported the evidences that exercise improved the quality of life in cancer patients. However, a significant improvement was shown in general health subscale of SF-36 in our meta-analysis, but not in general health scale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy.</p><p>Similarly, a statistically significant increase was only detected in the social function and emotion function scales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, but not in the role emotion and social function subscales of SF-36. It was the same as the evidence of Fong who discovered that exercise improved SF-36 scores in physical function, social function, and mental health with mixed type of cancer survivors.<xref rid="b61-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">61</xref> Thus, despite the fact that exercise was proved to improve quality of life, there were slight differences in the domains of quality life, owing to the differences in the features of patients and exercise, as well as measurement methods.</p><p>According to the sensitivity analysis of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, the study by Mustian was identified as an outlier: the timing of intervention was during treatment in the study by Milne, whereas, the other studies were posttreatment.<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> When excluding this outliers from analysis, the heterogeneity in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy subscales (social well-being, function well-being, emotion well-being, physical well-being) decreased evidently (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%, 27%, 20%, 0%, 8%, respectively).</p><p>The study by Basen-Engquist was also identified as an outlier, based on the sensitivity analysis of SF-36 subscales: in this study, the exercise intervention was lifestyle intervention, which encouraged participants to integrate activity into daily routine and perform activities they choose.<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> When this study was excluded, the heterogeneity was evidently decreased in vitality (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%), body pain of SF-36 (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%), and general health (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=86%).</p><p>In our current meta-analysis, we only calculated the effect size of outcomes reported in at least two studies. Therefore, the data of life quality measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Anemia,<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref> the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life (EORTCQoLC30 questionnaire),<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref> the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form,<xref rid="b56-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">56</xref> and the WHOQOL-BREF were not pooled.<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref> Even though all the five studies favored exercise intervention, only three of them reported a clinical significant improvement in quality of life on breast cancer survivors,<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="b56-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">56</xref> and the results in other two studies failed to reach statistical significance.<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref></p><p>We observed a significant improvement in depression, anxiety, and self-esteem in breast cancer patients, which were frequently reported in pervious meta-analyses and systematic reviews with mixed cancer patients.<xref rid="b59-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>,<xref rid="b61-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>–<xref rid="b64-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">64</xref> We also discovered that the attitude toward life in intervention group was more positive than control group. The positive attitude played a critical role in the emotion well-being, which might have some correlation with improved quality of life in breast cancer survivors.</p><p>There was no clinical significant change on the symptom of fatigue between groups, based on the pooled results in our meta-analysis, which was consistent with a previous meta-analysis.<xref rid="b61-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">61</xref> However, physical activity was reported to be associated with improvement on the symptom of fatigue in several meta-analyses, both breast and other cancer survivors.<xref rid="b19-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="b59-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>,<xref rid="b62-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>,<xref rid="b65-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>,<xref rid="b66-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">66</xref></p><p>In the subgroup analysis based on the measurement methods, a significant decrease of fatigue was only observed in the Fatigue Symptom Inventory. We then stratified the results by the types of intervention, the results of which still remained insignificant. Even yoga, a “mind–body” exercise, had no significant effect on fatigue, which had been suggested to be associated with a moderate reduction of fatigue in a previous study.<xref rid="b67-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">67</xref> We further performed sensitivity analysis, the results of which indicated the studies by Bower and Milne exerted substantial influence to the overall estimate.<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> However, when excluding the two studies, the fatigue level was increased in exercise intervention groups (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=50%, <italic>P</italic>=0.05, 95% CI: 0.02, 2.19), which had not been reported in previous meta-analysis. Given the current inconsistent conclusions, more researches are needed to further examine this effect.</p><p>Several system reviews and meta-analyses had suggested positive effects of exercise on peak oxygen consumption.<xref rid="b18-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="b19-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="b61-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>,<xref rid="b66-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">66</xref> However, the pooled results of two studies observed no statistical significance change of peak oxygen consumption between groups, which might be attributed to the small size in our meta-analysis. Furthermore, owing to the lack of sufficient data, the outcomes, such as the 3-minute step test<xref rid="b52-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">52</xref> and the figure-8 running test,<xref rid="b38-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> were not included in our meta-analysis, which also showed improvements compared with control groups.</p><p>Results indicated that exercise led to a statistically significant reduction in BMI and insulin. Each 5 kg weight gain might increase the breast cancer-specific mortality by 13% and all-caused mortality by 12%.<xref rid="b68-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">68</xref> Besides, research showed that insulin was associated with BMI, and the increase of insulin was related to a twofold increased risk of breast cancer recurrence.<xref rid="b69-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">69</xref> Thus, the decreased BMI and insulin from exercise might potentially contribute to a reduced risk of mortality and recurrence on breast cancer survivors.</p><p>Additionally, one study suggested that IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-5 as IGF-I antagonists might block mammary gland development.<xref rid="b70-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">70</xref> However, pooled results showed that IGFBP-1 was significantly decreased in exercise intervention group, while the change of IGF-1 was insignificant. Contrary to previous results, two meta-analyses reported only IGF-I was reduced significantly, and no evidences of significant change were found in insulin, IGFBP-1, and glucose in both breast cancer patients or mixed cancer patients.<xref rid="b61-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>,<xref rid="b62-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">62</xref> Therefore, given this inconsistency, we should treat the association between exercise and the change of physiological markers with caution, and more researches are needed before making a confirmed conclusion.</p><p>The sensitivity analysis of physiological markers identified two outliers: the study by Schmitz and Melinda, in which the duration of intervention lasted for 6 to 12 months, while the durations were 12 to 15 weeks in other studies.<xref rid="b34-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="b39-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> Therefore, it is likely that the duration of exercise intervention is the source of heterogeneity among these results.</p><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>In our meta-analysis, we only included published randomized control trails in two databases, though we further searched the relevant reference lists for potential articles, which may increase the risk of publication bias. Besides, there was a lack of consistency in terms of the outcomes reported and measurement methods among the studies. The outcomes, such as erythrocyte Levels,<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> salivary cortisol,<xref rid="b29-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> were reported in only one study respectively, and we, therefore, failed to calculate their effect sizes in present meta-analysis.</p><p>Similarly, the quality of life was measured by different methods, which made it difficult to combine the diverse outcomes. Therefore, we only pooled the outcomes of quality life components measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy and SF-36, respectively, which were used in most of the studies.</p><p>Furthermore, some data could not be extracted in several studies, and we did not try to contact the authors for detailed information. In addition, we used the mean and standard deviation of postintervention to calculate the effect sizes for most of the data, rather than the changes after the intervention, the results of which may be influenced by the differences at baselines.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion|conclusions"><title>Implications for future research and practice</title><p>The differences of intervention type, intensity, and duration might account for some variations in the effects of exercise, and we could have performed subgroup analysis based on these differences. However, it would lead to insufficient data to calculate the effect sizes of some outcomes. Therefore, future research should further explore the correlation between intervention effects and the exercise type, intensity, and duration.</p><p>Additionally, the survival outcomes in breast cancer survivors are likely to have some correlation with exercise intervention.<xref rid="b71-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>,<xref rid="b72-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">72</xref> However, the studies included in our current meta-analysis failed to examine this association. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies examine the effects of exercise intervention on survival outcomes and determine whether exercise will provide benefit to the survival outcomes.</p><p>Taken together, the present evidences support the idea that exercise intervention is beneficial to breast cancer survivors, although it fails to identify the optimal type, timing, and intensity of exercise intervention. In addition, previous studies demonstrated that it was feasible and safe for various cancer patients to exercise during treatment,<xref rid="b73-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">73</xref> without increasing the risk or exacerbating the symptom of lymphedema.<xref rid="b74-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> Nevertheless, some prospective longitudinal studies showed that the physical activity decreased during treatment.<xref rid="b75-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="b76-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">76</xref> The frequency of exercise was also lower off-treatment than prediagnosis in breast cancer patients.<xref rid="b77-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">77</xref> Therefore, exercise intervention should be prescribed to breast cancer survivors, encouraging them to continue their established exercise habits or adopt a right type of exercise.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Though with some limitations, there are evidences that exercise was associated with beneficial outcomes in breast cancer survivors. Based on the results from 33 studies, exercise improved the quality of life and alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety in breast cancer survivors. There were also benefits on muscle strength and body composition. Besides, exercise intervention was associated with reduced serum concentration of insulin, IGF-II, and IGFBP-1. Therefore, on the basis of our current evidences, exercise should be recommended to breast cancer survivors.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>This work was supported by the China National 973 Project (2012CB966904 and 20110402), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81301689 and 81202958), the Yangfan Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (14YF1412300), the Outstanding Youth Training Program of Tongji University (1501219080), and the Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital Climbing Training Program (04.01.13024).</p></ack><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Disclosure</bold></p><p>The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1-ott-9-2153"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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<italic>df</italic>, degree of freedom.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ott-9-2153Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>The association between exercise intervention and depression and anxiety in breast cancer survivors.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Depression and (<bold>B</bold>) anxiety.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; <italic>df</italic>, degree of freedom.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ott-9-2153Fig3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>The association between exercise intervention and body mass index in breast cancer survivors.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; <italic>df</italic>, degree of freedom.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ott-9-2153Fig4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>The association between exercise intervention and muscle strength in breast cancer survivors.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; <italic>df</italic>, degree of freedom.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ott-9-2153Fig5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>The association between exercise intervention and fatigue in breast cancer survivors.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Overall effect and (<bold>B</bold>) subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise intervention.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; FACIT, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy; SD, standard deviation; <italic>df</italic>, degree of freedom.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ott-9-2153Fig6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>The association between exercise intervention and insulin and IGFBP-1 in breast cancer survivors.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Insulin and (<bold>B</bold>) IGFBP-1.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; IFGBP-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1; SD, standard deviation; <italic>df</italic>, degree of freedom.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ott-9-2153Fig7"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of 33 studies included in this meta-analysis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean age (SD)<break></break>Intervention/control</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The exercise type of intervention/control</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of subjects in intervention/control groups</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Timing</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intensity</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basen-Engquist et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.7 (11.1)/54.4 (11.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lifestyle program/standard care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35/25</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical performance, QoL</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Battaglini</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.6 (16)/57.5 (23)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiovascular, resistance, flexibility/control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low-moderate: 40%–60% of predicted maximum exercise capacity</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 times/week, ≤60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body composition, muscle strength</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (5.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iyengar yoga/health education</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inflammation-related gene expression, circulating markers of proinflammatory cytokine, salivary cortisol</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cantarero-Villanueva et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (9)/49 (9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic, resistance, neck–shoulder mobility, self-massage/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38/40</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic: ACSM recommendations; resistance; 75% maximum load and increase</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week; 90 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatigue, cortisol, IgA salivary levels, α-amylase activity, cervical–shoulder range of motion</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Courneya et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.5/49/49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic/resistance/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82/78/82</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AET: 60%–80% of VO2 max; RET: 60%–70% of their estimated one repetition maximum</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean 17 (9–24) weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, physical fitness, body composition, psychosocial functioning, fatigue</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daley et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.6 (8.8)/50.6 (8.7)/51.1 (8.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic exercise/exercise–placebo/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34/46/38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate-intensity (65%–85% of age-adjusted HR maximum and RPE of 12–13)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 50 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, depression, fatigue exercise behavior, aerobic fitness</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drouin et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.4 (7.0)/51.9 (10)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking/placebo stretching</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%–70% of measured maximum HRs</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3–5 times/week, 20–45 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erythrocyte measures: RBC, HCT, HB, peak VO2</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irwin et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.5 (9.5)/55.1 (7.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37/38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate (60%–80% of predicted maximal HR)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times (supervised)<break></break>+2 times (own)/week, 150 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body composition, physical activity levels</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irwin et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.5 (9.5)/55.1 (7.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37/38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate (60%–80% of predicted maximal HR)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times (supervised)<break></break>+2 times (own)/week, 150 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Janelsins et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.33 (10.64)/52.7 (6.67)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tai Chi Chuan/no exercise control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insulin, insulin-related molecules and cytokines, body composition</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Milne et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.2 (8.4)/55.1 (8.0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic, resistance, stretching: immediate/delayed exercise group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29/29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, fatigue, social physical anxiety, aerobic fitness</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mutrieet et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.3 (10.3)/51.8 (8.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group exercise program: aerobic, resistance/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101/102</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate (50%–75% of age adjusted maximum HR)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 45 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, depression, physical activity, shoulder mobility</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nikander et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.5 (6.4)/51.3 (7.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic exercise/daily activity</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14/14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vigorous</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feasibility, efficacy, physical performance</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rao et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoga/brief supportive therapy</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45/53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily/60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rogers et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0 (6.1)/53.7 (13.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerobic, resistance/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150 minutes weekly aerobic, 2 sessions/week resistance</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inflammatory-related serum markers, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, fatigue, strength, body composition, fatigue, sleep</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rogers et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (15)/54 (8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21/20</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150 minutes/week</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feasibility, healthy outcome: aerobic fitness, muscle strength, body composition, QoL, sleep</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vadiraja et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoga/brief supportive therapy</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45/53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily/60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vadiraja et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoga/brief supportive therapy</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45/53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily/60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The total caloric intake, fatigue, body composition, aerobic fitness</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Battaglini</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.5 (23)/56.6 (16)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiovascular, stretching, resistance/control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40%–60% of predicted maximum exercise capacity</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 times/week, ≤60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peak oxygen consumption, QoL, fatigue, self-esteem, happiness, body composition</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Courneya et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (5)/58 (6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cycle ergometers/no train</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24/28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70%–75% of maximal oxygen consumption in untrained subjects</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 15–35 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, fatigue, ROM of shoulder, pain</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hwang et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.3 (7.5)/46.3 (9.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stretching, aerobic exercise/self-shoulder stretching</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%–70% of the age-adjusted HR maximum</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 50 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, shoulder (ROM), body image</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sandel et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.7 (9.8)/59.5 (13.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dance and movement program/a waitlist control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19/19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 times/weeks for 6 weeks, 1 time/week for 6 weeks, 50–60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, fatigue, distressed mood, spiritual well-being</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moadel et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.11 (10.07)/54.23 (9.81)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoga/waitlist control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84/44</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5-hour weekly classes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fasting insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, IGFs, IGFBPs</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fairey et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (5)/58 (6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cycle ergometers/control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25/28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(70%–75%) of peak oxygen consumption</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 15–35 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body composition, insulin, glucose, IGF axis variables</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schmitz et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3 (8.7)/52.8 (7.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight training: immediate/delayed group trained</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42/43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper body: symptoms allowed; lower body: the most weight lift</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 times/week, 60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vigor, depression, sleep, stress, physical performance</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.4 (5.7)/53.3 (4.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lyengar yoga/health education</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmus et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5 (8.2)/54 (10.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home-based exercise program: phone guide/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25/25</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">During treatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate-vigorous: 60%–80% of predicted maximal HR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 times/week, 30 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Happiness, depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, QoL</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmus et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.5 (9.5)/55.1 (7.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supervised exercise intervention/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37/37</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate-vigorous: 60%–80% of predicted maximal HR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 times/week, 30 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Happiness, depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, QoL</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danhauer et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.3 (9.6)/57.2 (10.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoga class group/waitlist group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13/14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 times/week, 75 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feasibility, aerobic fitness, muscle strength, body composition, QoL, fatigue, sleep</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hayes et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.2 (8.8)/52.2 (8.6)/53.9 (7.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Face-to-face/telephone exercise: aerobic strength intervention/usual care</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67/67/60</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Individually tailored</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 times/week, 45 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, body function, fatigue, lymphedema, BMI, menopausal symptoms, anxiety, depression, pain</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Littman et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.6 (7.1)/58.2 (8.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Facility-based and home-based Viniyoga intervention/waitlist control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27/27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 times/week, ≥75 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, fatigue, body composition</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mustian et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52(9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tai Chi Chuan/psychosocial support</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, self-esteem</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ohira et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3 (8.7)/52.8 (7.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight training/control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43/43 (39/40)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 times/week</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, depression, body composition, upper and lower body strength</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sprod et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.33 (3.55)/52.7 (2.11)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tai Chi Chuan exercise/standard support therapy</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 times/week, 60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-6, IL-8, IGF-I, glucose, insulin, cortisol, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, QoL</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2012</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saarto et al</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.3/52.4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Step aerobics class and circuit training class (supervised), endurance training (home)/control group</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">263/237</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posttreatment</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86%–92% of maximal HR, 76%–85% of maximal VO2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3–4 times/week: 1 supervised +2/3 home, 60 minutes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 months</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL, fatigue, physical fitness, physical activity</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ott-9-2153"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ACSM, American college of sports medicine; AET, aerobic exercise training; BMI, body mass index; HB, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; HR, heart rate; IFGBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; NR, not reported; QoL, quality of life; RBC, red blood cell; RET, resistance exercise training; VO2 peak, peak oxygen consumption; IgA, immunoglobulin A; SD, standard deviation; ROM, range of motion; RPE, rating of perceived exertion.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Methodological quality assessment of 33 randomized controlled trials</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Randomization</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conceal allocation</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Similarity of baseline</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specified eligibility criteria</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blinding of outcome assessor</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Point estimates and measures of reliability of primary outcome</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intention-to-treat analysis</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basen-Engquist et al, 2006<xref rid="b26-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Battaglini, 2007<xref rid="b27-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al, 2014<xref rid="b28-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cantarero-Villanueva et al, 2011<xref rid="b29-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Courneya et al, 2007<xref rid="b30-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daley et al, 2007<xref rid="b31-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drouin et al, 2006<xref rid="b32-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irwin et al, 2009<xref rid="b33-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irwin et al, 2009<xref rid="b34-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Janelsins et al, 2011<xref rid="b35-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Milne et al, 2008<xref rid="b36-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mutrieet et al, 2007<xref rid="b37-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nikander et al, 2007<xref rid="b38-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rao et al, 2009<xref rid="b39-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rogers et al, 2013<xref rid="b40-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rogers et al, 2009<xref rid="b41-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vadiraja et al, 2009<xref rid="b42-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Battaglini, 2008<xref rid="b43-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Courneya et al, 2003<xref rid="b44-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hwang et al, 2008<xref rid="b45-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sandel et al, 2005<xref rid="b46-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moadel et al, 2007<xref rid="b47-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">47</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fairey et al, 2003<xref rid="b48-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schmitz et al, 2005<xref rid="b49-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">49</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bower et al, 2012<xref rid="b50-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">50</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadmus et al, 2009<xref rid="b51-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">51</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danhauer et al, 2009<xref rid="b52-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">52</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hayes et al, 2012<xref rid="b53-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">53</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Littman et al, 2012<xref rid="b54-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mustian et al, 2004<xref rid="b55-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">55</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ohira et al, 2006<xref rid="b56-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">56</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sprod et al, 2012<xref rid="b57-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">57</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saarto et al, 2012<xref rid="b58-ott-9-2153" ref-type="bibr">58</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ott-9-2153" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of the effect of exercise intervention in breast cancer survivors</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcomes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of subjects in intervention/control groups</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Publication bias (<italic>P</italic>-value)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The quality of life (SF-36)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mental health</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125/116</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.09, 2.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.917</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Role (physical)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125/116</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11 (−3.54, 3.76)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.829</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Social function</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106/97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.36 (−0.88, 0.16)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.289</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitality</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106/97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 (−0.53, 3.23)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.936</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pain</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106/97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58 (−2.65, 7.81)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.418</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General health</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106/97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.59 (0.70, 8.48)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.113</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Role (emotion)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106/97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.10 (−0.46, 0.26)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-G</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">237/200</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.02 (−0.73, 12.76)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.482</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TACT: TOI</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54/57</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.04 (−8.13, 34.20)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-G: social well-being</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">343/316</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.19, 1.69)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.889</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-G: function well-being</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">343/316</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37 (−0.03, 0.77)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.589</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-G: emotion well-being</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">343/316</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0006</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 (0.12, 0.43)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.889</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-G: physical well-being</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">343/316</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53 (−0.57, 3.63)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.574</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-B subscale</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225/238</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.00001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.96 (1.87, 4.04)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.906</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FACT-B</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">241/230</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46 (−0.05, 0.97)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.235</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological outcomes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185/192</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 (0.18, 2.22)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> The 2-item Fordyce Happiness Measure</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87/90</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 (−4.64, 7.32)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Depression</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">378/373</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.08 (−3.36, −0.80)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.236</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Anxiety</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">341/361</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.17 (−4.76, −1.58)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.200</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive and negative affect scale</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> PANAS negative</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142/150</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.31 (−9.92, −0.71)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> PANAS positive</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142/150</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.46 (2.48, 6.44)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FACIT-Spiritual</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97/58</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.04 (0.76, 7.13)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> The Perceived Stress Scale</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78/77</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.94 (−4.11, 0.22)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sleep dysfunction</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64/62</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 (−0.82, 1.46)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.082</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body composition</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Body mass index</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270/283</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.78 (−1.09, −0.47)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.599</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lean body mass/lean mass</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246/252</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 (0.08, 2,25)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.140</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Body fat %</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">267/272</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.84 (−3.33, −0.35)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.376</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fat mass</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">169/174</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.44 (−4.83, −0.04)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.212</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Waist-to-hip ratio</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36/33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (−0.04, 0.01)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Waist circumference</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103/105</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17 (−0.70, 1.03)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hip circumference</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64/65</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.16 (−4.27, 3.94)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical performance and function</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatigue</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">841/800</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 (−1.16, 1.75)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.387</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FACT-Fatigue subscale</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120/134</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.75 (−1.22, 6.71)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatigue Symptom Inventory</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31/28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.85 (−1.68, −0.02)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FACIT-Fatigue</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">469/410</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (−1.2, 1.27)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Muscle strength</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">235/236</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0009</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.27 (1.76, 6.78)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.272</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> VO2 peak, mL/kg/min</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185/192</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 (−0.38, 1.75)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> VO2 peak, mL/min</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185/192</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 (−0.03, 0.14)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological markers</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IL-6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46/45</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (−1.14, 3.15)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IL-6 change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46/45</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46 (0.27, 2.65)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.046</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IL-8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21/20</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38 (−0.09, 2.86)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Glucose</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71/77</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 (−0.29, 0.82)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Glucose change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71/77</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.00001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.73 (1.36, 2.11)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.687</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Insulin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117/126</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.79 (−13.64, 0.06)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Insulin change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117/126</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.98 (−9.26, −0.33)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.353</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGF-1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119/126</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.46 (−12.94, 27.87)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGF-1 change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119/126</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5 (−13.88, 26.89)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.957</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGF-II</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64/68</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.36 (−110.03, 118.75)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGF-II change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64/68</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−54.21 (−61.41, −47.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGFBP-1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82/88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.16 (−4.40, −1.91)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGFBP-1 change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82/88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.93 (−3.93, −1.93)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.639</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGFBP-3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119/126</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2 (−3.24, 2.48)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.830</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IGFBP-3 change</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119/126</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 (−1.11, 2.08)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-ott-9-2153"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> FACT-B, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Breast Questionnaire; FACT-G, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General; FACIT–Spiritual, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual well-being scale; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor-II; IGFBP-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3; IL, interleukin; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; SF-36, short form 36 questionnaire; VO2 peak, peak oxygen consumption; CI, confidence interval; TOI, Trial Outcome Index; FACIT-Fatigue, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue Scale.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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