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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The effect of mechanical massage on early outcome after total knee
arthroplasty: a pilot study</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sun Mi" sort="Kim, Sun Mi" uniqKey="Kim S" first="Sun Mi" last="Kim">Sun Mi Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sang Rim" sort="Kim, Sang Rim" uniqKey="Kim S" first="Sang-Rim" last="Kim">Sang-Rim Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yong Ki" sort="Lee, Yong Ki" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Yong Ki" last="Lee">Yong Ki Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Bo Ryun" sort="Kim, Bo Ryun" uniqKey="Kim B" first="Bo Ryun" last="Kim">Bo Ryun Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Eun Young" sort="Han, Eun Young" uniqKey="Han E" first="Eun Young" last="Han">Eun Young Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26696709</idno><idno type="pmc">4681916</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681916</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4681916</idno><idno type="doi">10.1589/jpts.27.3413</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000374</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000374</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The effect of mechanical massage on early outcome after total knee
arthroplasty: a pilot study</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sun Mi" sort="Kim, Sun Mi" uniqKey="Kim S" first="Sun Mi" last="Kim">Sun Mi Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sang Rim" sort="Kim, Sang Rim" uniqKey="Kim S" first="Sang-Rim" last="Kim">Sang-Rim Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yong Ki" sort="Lee, Yong Ki" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Yong Ki" last="Lee">Yong Ki Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Bo Ryun" sort="Kim, Bo Ryun" uniqKey="Kim B" first="Bo Ryun" last="Kim">Bo Ryun Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Eun Young" sort="Han, Eun Young" uniqKey="Han E" first="Eun Young" last="Han">Eun Young Han</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Physical Therapy Science</title><idno type="ISSN">0915-5287</idno><idno type="eISSN">2187-5626</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mechanical massage via
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> after total knee arthroplasty in reducing edema and pain and
improving knee range of motion, in the early postoperative period. [Subjects and Methods]
Eighteen patients with knee edema following total knee arthroplasty were randomly assigned
to the intervention group (n=8) or the control group (n=10). The intervention group
received mechanical massage therapy using Endermologie<sup>®</sup> and the control group
received conventional physical therapy for 20 minutes a day, 5 times a week from the
seventh day postsurgery. Clinical assessments included active knee flexion and extension
range of motion, knee pain using a numeric rating scale, the operated limb circumference,
the soft tissue cross-sectional area using ultrasonography, the extracelluar fluid volume,
and single frequency bioimpedance analysis at 5 kHz using bioelectrical impedance
spectroscopy. [Results] Both groups showed significant reduction in edema and pain, and
improvement in active knee flexion at the end of treatment. There were no significant
inter-group differences before or after treatment. [Conclusion] Mechanical massage could
be an alternative way of managing knee edema after total knee arthroplasty in early
postoperative recovery.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maruyama, T" uniqKey="Maruyama T">T Maruyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sawada, Y" uniqKey="Sawada Y">Y Sawada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kubo, S" uniqKey="Kubo S">S Kubo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howard, Sb" uniqKey="Howard S">SB Howard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnagiri, S" uniqKey="Krishnagiri S">S Krishnagiri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandholm, T" uniqKey="Bandholm T">T Bandholm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kehlet, H" uniqKey="Kehlet H">H Kehlet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rice, Da" uniqKey="Rice D">DA Rice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcnair, Pj" uniqKey="Mcnair P">PJ McNair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moseley, Al" uniqKey="Moseley A">AL Moseley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esplin, M" uniqKey="Esplin M">M Esplin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piller, Nb" uniqKey="Piller N">NB Piller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ernst, E" uniqKey="Ernst E">E Ernst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ebert, Jr" uniqKey="Ebert J">JR Ebert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joss, B" uniqKey="Joss B">B Joss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jardine, B" uniqKey="Jardine B">B Jardine</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, J" uniqKey="Brown J">J Brown</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hwang, Jh" uniqKey="Hwang J">JH Hwang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ch" uniqKey="Lee C">CH Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hh" uniqKey="Lee H">HH Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, L" uniqKey="Kim L">L Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeon, Jy" uniqKey="Jeon J">JY Jeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sung, Iy" uniqKey="Sung I">IY Sung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marques, Ma" uniqKey="Marques M">MA Marques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Combes, M" uniqKey="Combes M">M Combes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roussel, B" uniqKey="Roussel B">B Roussel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gordon, C" uniqKey="Gordon C">C Gordon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emiliozzi, C" uniqKey="Emiliozzi C">C Emiliozzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zartarian, M" uniqKey="Zartarian M">M Zartarian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pichonnaz, C" uniqKey="Pichonnaz C">C Pichonnaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bassin, Jp" uniqKey="Bassin J">JP Bassin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Currat, D" uniqKey="Currat D">D Currat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marulanda, Ga" uniqKey="Marulanda G">GA Marulanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krebs, Ve" uniqKey="Krebs V">VE Krebs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bierbaum, Be" uniqKey="Bierbaum B">BE Bierbaum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, Fq" uniqKey="Gao F">FQ Gao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Zj" uniqKey="Li Z">ZJ Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, K" uniqKey="Zhang K">K Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jakobsen, Tl" uniqKey="Jakobsen T">TL Jakobsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husted, H" uniqKey="Husted H">H Husted</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kehlet, H" uniqKey="Kehlet H">H Kehlet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bade, Mj" uniqKey="Bade M">MJ Bade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens Lapsley, Je" uniqKey="Stevens Lapsley J">JE Stevens-Lapsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warren, Ag" uniqKey="Warren A">AG Warren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brorson, H" uniqKey="Brorson H">H Brorson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borud, Lj" uniqKey="Borud L">LJ Borud</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Phys Ther Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Phys Ther Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPTS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Physical Therapy Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0915-5287</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2187-5626</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Society of Physical Therapy Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26696709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4681916</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jpts-2015-532</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1589/jpts.27.3413</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The effect of mechanical massage on early outcome after total knee
arthroplasty: a pilot study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Sun Mi</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Sang-Rim</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Yong Ki</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Bo Ryun</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Eun Young</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1)</label> Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2)</label> Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. Sang-Rim Kim, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University
Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine: 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju 690-767,
Republic of Korea. (E-mail: <email xlink:href="kimsros@jejunu.ac.kr">kimsros@jejunu.ac.kr</email>)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>3413</fpage><lpage>3416</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>2015©by the Society of Physical Therapy Science. Published by IPEC
Inc.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License. </license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mechanical massage via
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> after total knee arthroplasty in reducing edema and pain and
improving knee range of motion, in the early postoperative period. [Subjects and Methods]
Eighteen patients with knee edema following total knee arthroplasty were randomly assigned
to the intervention group (n=8) or the control group (n=10). The intervention group
received mechanical massage therapy using Endermologie<sup>®</sup> and the control group
received conventional physical therapy for 20 minutes a day, 5 times a week from the
seventh day postsurgery. Clinical assessments included active knee flexion and extension
range of motion, knee pain using a numeric rating scale, the operated limb circumference,
the soft tissue cross-sectional area using ultrasonography, the extracelluar fluid volume,
and single frequency bioimpedance analysis at 5 kHz using bioelectrical impedance
spectroscopy. [Results] Both groups showed significant reduction in edema and pain, and
improvement in active knee flexion at the end of treatment. There were no significant
inter-group differences before or after treatment. [Conclusion] Mechanical massage could
be an alternative way of managing knee edema after total knee arthroplasty in early
postoperative recovery.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words</title><kwd>Total knee arthroplasty</kwd><kwd>Edema</kwd><kwd>Mechanical massage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is considered to be a successful orthopedic procedure for
pain relief and improvement of the physical function of patients with severe knee
osteoarthritis<xref rid="r1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, the edematous
response to traumatic orthopedic procedures such as TKA creates incompetence in the
lymphatic system and persistent edema<xref rid="r2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.
Therefore, TKA is followed by a convalescence period, during which undesirable sequelae such
as edema and postoperative pain may limit early functional recovery. The effect of swelling,
inflammation, and pain on muscle inhibition has been well documented<xref rid="r3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="r4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p><p>Endermologie<sup>®</sup> delivers mechanical massage to the limb via two motorised,
cylindrical skin rollers which pick up and massage the skin inside its treatment head.
Previous studies of this equipment have shown that it improves superficial lymphatic
drainage and lymphatic transport capacity<xref rid="r5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. To our knowledge, the benefits of Endermologie<sup>®</sup> as an
edema treatment method following TKA have not been evaluated.</p><p>The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of Endermologie<sup>®</sup>, in the
early postoperative period after TKA, in reducing edema and knee pain, and improving active
knee range of motion in comparison with conventional postoperative care using various
objective outcome measurements.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="s2"><title>SUBJECTS AND METHODS</title><p>Eighteen patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis (5 males and 13 females; mean age,
73.4 ± 5.7 years) scheduled for primary unilateral TKA between August 2014 and May 2015 were
selected for this study. Patients were excluded if they had an active infection, major
cardiac pathology, or thrombus or venous obstruction that was prediagnosed or revealed on a
routine preadmission hospital screening<xref rid="r6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p><p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Jeju National University of Korea
and written consent to participication in the study was obtained from all of the subjects in
accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p><p>This was a randomized, single-blind study. Participants were randomly allocated to the two
study groups. The randomization was performed using a sealed envelope technique. Eight
patients were allocated to the intervention group, and ten patients to the control group.
All patients underwent TKA performed by a single experienced orthopedic surgeon specializing
in joint replacement surgery. A midline incision and the medial parapatellar retinacular
approach were used in all cases. On the seventh day postsurgery, patients allocated to the
intervention group underwent a 20 minutes of Endermologie<sup>®</sup> therapy on the
operated limb applied by a physical therapist trained in the technique; the Cellu-M50 LPG
Systems device (LPG Systems, Valence, France) was used. The procedure consists of a tissue
mobilization process between two rollers, creating a skin fold and stretching the underlying
tissue to improve superficial lymphatic drainage. Focus was initially on the proximal
tissue, gradually moving distally to the area around the knee, popliteal region, and back
proximally, to optimize the lymphatic system by clearing lymphatic drainage in areas
adjacent to the regions of knee edema, and develop new pathways for travel<xref rid="r2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="r7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.
This process of working proximal to distal and then distal to proximal was repeated 3 to 4
times over the 20-minute treatment period. Participants in the control group received
conventional physiotherapy including cryotherapy and pneumatic leg pump therapy for the same
amount of time as the intervention group. Both groups received their treatments 5 days a
week (5 treatment sessions in total). Postoperative inpatient rehabilitation such as
isometric contraction of the quadriceps and gluteal musculature was standard for all of the
study patients.</p><p>The following clinical measures were evaluated before and after one week of treatment by
the patient’s allocated physician who was blinded to the treatments. First, active knee
flexion and extension were measured using a handheld goniometer, creating an angle made by
three anatomical landmarks: the greater trochanter of the femur at the hip, the lateral
femoral condyle at the knee, and the lateral malleolus at the ankle<xref rid="r7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Second, knee pain severity was evaluated using a numeric
rating scale (NRS), on a whole number rating scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain).
Third, the circumferences of the operated limbs at 10 cm above and below the midpatella were
assessed (suprapatellar circumference and infrapatellar circumference). Measurements were
taken twice with a tape measure at each site, and the minimum value was recorded<xref rid="r8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref><sup>)</sup>. Fourth, ultrasonography was performed on
the operated limb of each participant using a 9.0 MHz transducer (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin). The superior, medial, inferior and lateral directions were marked to measure the
desired cross section at 10 cm above the midpatella. The soft tissue cross-sectional area
was calculated as described by Hwang et al<xref rid="r9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Finally, the ratio of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, and the
ratio of the single frequency bioimpedance analysis (SFBIA) value at 5 kHz of the bilateral
lower extremities was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (Inbody 720
Biospace, Seoul, South Korea)<xref rid="r10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. The ECF
ratios of the operated to the non-operated side and the non-operated to the operated side
ratio of the SFBIA value at 5 kHz were calculated. A lower value of SFBIA at 5 kHz suggests
that there is fluid in the extracellular space, and higher ratios of both calculated ECF and
SFBIA suggest that there is more ECF in the operated limb<xref rid="r10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p><p>The change in each outcome measure from pre- to post-treatment was evaluated separately in
each group using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The change in each outcome measure from pre-
to post- treatment was compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney test. A p
value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed using
SPSS for Windows version 20 (IBM-SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="s3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Patient demographics were similar between the two groups and are summarized in <xref rid="tbl_001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref><table-wrap id="tbl_001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><title>Baseline demographic characteristics of the participants</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intervention group </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control group</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lesion side, right/left </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender, males/females</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/5 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2/8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.8 ± 5.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.6 ± 5.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (cm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155.9 ± 8.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155.2 ± 7.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (kg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.6 ± 6.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.1 ± 10.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7 ± 3.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 27.3 ± 2.8</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Values are numbers or mean ± standard deviation</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>. The intervention group showed significant improvement from pre- to
post-treatment in active knee flexion, knee pain, both circumferences of the operated limb
and cross-sectional area of soft tissue at 10 cm above the midpatella, and the ratio of the
SFBIA value at 5 kHz (<xref rid="tbl_002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref><table-wrap id="tbl_002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><title>Changes in knee range of motion, pain and edema of the intervention and control
groups before and after treatment</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Variables</th><th colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Intervention group</th><th colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Control group</th><th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Intergroup difference </th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intragroup difference</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intragroup difference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">e-AROM(<sup>o</sup>) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−13.1± 7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.9 ± 6.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14.0±8.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−13.0±6.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">f-AROM(<sup>o</sup>) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.1±19.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.8±18.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.0±11.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.0±10.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NRS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5±0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1±0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7±0.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6±0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SC (cm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3±3.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.4 ± 3.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.7±3.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.8±2.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC (cm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.8±2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.9±2.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.9±2.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2±2.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.8±13.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9±13.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.7±9.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.7±8.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RECF (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.3±2.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.3±1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.4±2.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101.4±6.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RSFBIA (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134.8±16.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.6±6.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136.4±17.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126.1±14.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Values are mean ± standard deviation. e-AROM: extension active range of motion;
f-AROM: flexion active range of motion; NRS: numeric rating scale; SC: suprapatellar
circumference; IC: infrapatellar circumference; CSA: cross-sectional area of soft
tissue; RECF: the ratio of extracelluar fluid volume; RSFBIA: the ratio of single
frequency bioimpedance analysis. * p<0.05</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>). No statistically significant between-group differences were found for any of
the variables before and after treatment; however, the infrapatellar circumference of the
surgical limb showed a significant reduction only in the control group (<xref rid="tbl_002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Although not statistically significant, a decreasing
trend was exhibited for the infrapatellar circumference in the intervention group.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="s4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>This is the first study to investigate the therapeutic effect of mechanical massage for
patients with knee edema after TKA in the early postoperative period, and to compare the
effectiveness of conventional physical therapy and mechanical massage using objective
measures of soft tissue edema change.</p><p>The findings of the present study are in line with the findings of Ebert et al., who also
studied the efficacy of massage intended to encourage the natural drainage of the lymph in
early outcomes after TKA, in addition to conventional care<xref rid="r7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, the present study is the first to show the effect of
mechanical massage via Endermologie<sup>®</sup> alone in the absence of other physical
therapies. In addition, the objective measurements of the present study included the amount
of soft tissue in the cross-sectional area around the knee as assessed by using
ultrasonography, and the ratio of extracelluar fluid volume and the ratio of SFBIA value at
5 kHz, as well as limb circumference, and is, therefore, methodologically different from the
study of Ebert et al.</p><p>Massage is known to manipulate the attachments below the skin, eliciting modification in
the connective tissues<xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> is an original noninvasive technique, consisting of a delicate
and reproducible mechanical massage, and elicits a profound physiological alteration in
lymphatic flow<xref rid="r5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="r12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. A previous study demonstrated the effect of mechanical massage via
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> on the treatment of limb-swelling in patients with secondary arm
lymphoedema<xref rid="r5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. In line with the methods
of this previous study, we included Endermologie<sup>®</sup> to treat limb edema. However,
there is a difference in the populations of the two trials, as the subjects in the study of
Moseley et al., had secondary arm lymphoedema<xref rid="r5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><sup>)</sup>, whereas subjects in the present study had knee edema following
TKA.</p><p>Knee edema is a normal body response to surgical trauma and occurs in most patients who
undergo TKA<xref rid="r13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. The consequences of knee edema are pain, inflammation, decreased
range of motion, quadriceps inhibition, functional limitation and a delay in
rehabilitation<xref rid="r13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref><sup>)</sup>. In addition, fear of symptom aggravation typically precludes
progressive strength training early after TKA<xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. Despite the influence of knee edema on the rehabilitation process,
little research has been conducted on knee edema following TKA. Our results reveal that
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> is beneficial in the short term at least. There is evidence to
support the effect of early and intensive exercise after TKA in the prevention of early loss
of muscle strength and function after surgery<xref rid="r3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="r17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. Knee edema management would contribute to
patients’ participation in early postoperative rehabilitation. Therefore, adopting
mechanical massage treatment in the early postoperative period could potentially benefit
patients’ rehabilitation.</p><p>Our research has several notable findings. It is the first study to provide objective
evidence of edema reduction by mechanical massage using ultrasonography and bioelectrical
impedance spectroscopy. Muscular atrophy is substantial following TKA; however, limb
circumference measurements do not allow for the differentiation between respective
variations in edema and muscular mass<xref rid="r18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.
In contrast, ultrasonography and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy can measure limb edema
independently, and have excellent reliability and accuracy<xref rid="r9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="r13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. Also,
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> was used as a specific type of mechanical massage in comparison
with other conventional physical therapies. In addition, our findings open a new possibility
in the early management of knee edema after TKA to improve the early rehabilitation process.
A significant improvement in active knee flexion was observed at the follow-up assessment
time prior to hospital discharge, after one week of Endermologie<sup>®</sup> treatment
sessions, in the present study. Findings from previous studies highlighted the importance of
early attainment of active knee flexion for long-term actual and perceived benefits<xref rid="r7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p><p>This study had several limitations. First, this was a pilot study including a small number
of patients that aimed to evaluate the effect of mechanical massage on knee edema early
after TKA. Second, there was no follow-up; therefore, the long-term effects of mechanical
massage on edema, pain and range of motion after discharge remain unclear.</p><p>In conclusion, the results of this pilot study indicate that mechanical massage via
Endermologie<sup>®</sup> is effective in knee edema treatment following TKA, leading to
better early outcomes for the patients.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This work was supported by the research grant of the Jeju National University Hospital in
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