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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of limited access dressing in chronic wounds: A biochemical and histological study</title><author><name sortKey="Honnegowda, Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda" sort="Honnegowda, Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda" uniqKey="Honnegowda T" first="Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda" last="Honnegowda">Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda Honnegowda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Pramod" sort="Kumar, Pramod" uniqKey="Kumar P" first="Pramod" last="Kumar">Pramod Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Sakaka, Al jouf, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padmanabha Udupa, E G" sort="Padmanabha Udupa, E G" uniqKey="Padmanabha Udupa E" first="E G" last="Padmanabha Udupa">E G Padmanabha Udupa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharan, Anurag" sort="Sharan, Anurag" uniqKey="Sharan A" first="Anurag" last="Sharan">Anurag Sharan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Rekha" sort="Singh, Rekha" uniqKey="Singh R" first="Rekha" last="Singh">Rekha Singh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prasad, Hemanth K" sort="Prasad, Hemanth K" uniqKey="Prasad H" first="Hemanth K." last="Prasad">Hemanth K. Prasad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Pragna" sort="Rao, Pragna" uniqKey="Rao P" first="Pragna" last="Rao">Pragna Rao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25991881</idno><idno type="pmc">4413484</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413484</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4413484</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0970-0358.155263</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000336</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000336</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of limited access dressing in chronic wounds: A biochemical and histological study</title><author><name sortKey="Honnegowda, Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda" sort="Honnegowda, Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda" uniqKey="Honnegowda T" first="Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda" last="Honnegowda">Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda Honnegowda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Pramod" sort="Kumar, Pramod" uniqKey="Kumar P" first="Pramod" last="Kumar">Pramod Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Sakaka, Al jouf, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padmanabha Udupa, E G" sort="Padmanabha Udupa, E G" uniqKey="Padmanabha Udupa E" first="E G" last="Padmanabha Udupa">E G Padmanabha Udupa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharan, Anurag" sort="Sharan, Anurag" uniqKey="Sharan A" first="Anurag" last="Sharan">Anurag Sharan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Rekha" sort="Singh, Rekha" uniqKey="Singh R" first="Rekha" last="Singh">Rekha Singh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prasad, Hemanth K" sort="Prasad, Hemanth K" uniqKey="Prasad H" first="Hemanth K." last="Prasad">Hemanth K. Prasad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Pragna" sort="Rao, Pragna" uniqKey="Rao P" first="Pragna" last="Rao">Pragna Rao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India</title><idno type="ISSN">0970-0358</idno><idno type="eISSN">1998-376X</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Negative pressure wound therapy has emerged as an attractive treatment modality for the management and healing of chronic ulcers. Though numerous clinical studies are available, there is a lack of biochemical and histological studies evaluating the healing of chronic wounds.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In the present study, a total 60 patients were divided into two groups: Limited access dressing (LAD) group (<italic>n</italic> = 30) and conventional dressing group (<italic>n</italic> = 30). Various biochemical parameters such as hydroxyproline, total protein and antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and oxidative biomarker malondialdhyde (MDA) are measured in the granulation tissue. Histologically amount of inflammatory infiltrate, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition are studied to assess wound healing.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Patients treated with LAD have shown significant increase in the mean (±standard deviation) hydroxyproline (77.3 ± 30.1 vs. 32.3 ± 16.18; <italic>P</italic> = 0.026), total protein (13.89 ± 9.0 vs. 8.9 ± 4.59; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004), GSH (7.4 ± 1.91 vs. 5.1 ± 1.28; <italic>P</italic> = 0.039), GPx (122.3 ± 59.3 vs. 88.7 ± 34.11; <italic>P</italic> = 0.030), CAT (1.80 ± 1.14 vs. 0.9 ± 0.71; <italic>P</italic> = 0.002) and decrease in MDA (13.4 ± 5.5 vs. 8.6 ± 3.8; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004). Histological study showed comparatively fewer inflammatory cells, increased and well organised collagen bundles, and more angiogenesis in the LAD group when compared with that with conventional dressing after 10 days of treatment.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>In the present study, we have found beneficial effect of newer intermittent negative pressure therapy in combination with moist environment (LAD) on chronic wound healing by increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis; and reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory infiltrate.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bowler, Pg" uniqKey="Bowler P">PG Bowler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Tk" uniqKey="Hunt T">TK Hunt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopf, H" uniqKey="Hopf H">H Hopf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hussain, Z" uniqKey="Hussain Z">Z 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Plast Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Plast Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJPS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0970-0358</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-376X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25991881</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4413484</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJPS-48-22</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0970-0358.155263</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of limited access dressing in chronic wounds: A biochemical and histological study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Honnegowda</surname><given-names>Thittamaranahalli Muguregowda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Pramod</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Padmanabha Udupa</surname><given-names>E G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharan</surname><given-names>Anurag</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Rekha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prasad</surname><given-names>Hemanth K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rao</surname><given-names>Pragna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label>King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Sakaka, Al jouf, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>2</label>Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>3</label>Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Pramod Kumar, King Abdul Aziz Hospital, Sakaka, Al-Jouf 42421, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: <email xlink:href="pkumar86@hotmail.com">pkumar86@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Apr</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background:</title><p>Negative pressure wound therapy has emerged as an attractive treatment modality for the management and healing of chronic ulcers. Though numerous clinical studies are available, there is a lack of biochemical and histological studies evaluating the healing of chronic wounds.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>In the present study, a total 60 patients were divided into two groups: Limited access dressing (LAD) group (<italic>n</italic> = 30) and conventional dressing group (<italic>n</italic> = 30). Various biochemical parameters such as hydroxyproline, total protein and antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and oxidative biomarker malondialdhyde (MDA) are measured in the granulation tissue. Histologically amount of inflammatory infiltrate, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition are studied to assess wound healing.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Patients treated with LAD have shown significant increase in the mean (±standard deviation) hydroxyproline (77.3 ± 30.1 vs. 32.3 ± 16.18; <italic>P</italic> = 0.026), total protein (13.89 ± 9.0 vs. 8.9 ± 4.59; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004), GSH (7.4 ± 1.91 vs. 5.1 ± 1.28; <italic>P</italic> = 0.039), GPx (122.3 ± 59.3 vs. 88.7 ± 34.11; <italic>P</italic> = 0.030), CAT (1.80 ± 1.14 vs. 0.9 ± 0.71; <italic>P</italic> = 0.002) and decrease in MDA (13.4 ± 5.5 vs. 8.6 ± 3.8; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004). Histological study showed comparatively fewer inflammatory cells, increased and well organised collagen bundles, and more angiogenesis in the LAD group when compared with that with conventional dressing after 10 days of treatment.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>In the present study, we have found beneficial effect of newer intermittent negative pressure therapy in combination with moist environment (LAD) on chronic wound healing by increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis; and reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory infiltrate.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>KEY WORDS</title><kwd>Antioxidants (glutathione; glutathione peroxidase; catalase)</kwd><kwd>chronic wound healing</kwd><kwd>hydroxyproline</kwd><kwd>limited access dressing</kwd><kwd>reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress biomarker (malondialdhyde)</kwd><kwd>total protein</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Wound healing is a dynamic process involving biochemical and physiological phenomena that behave in a harmonious way for restoration of tissue.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Wound is a disturbed state of tissue caused by physical, chemical, microbial and/or immunological insults, and typically associated with anatomical and functional loss.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Wound healing is an interaction of the complex cascade of cellular and biochemical actions leading to the restoration of structural and functional integrity with regain of strength of injured tissues. It involves continuous cell-cell interaction and cell matrix interactions that allow the process to proceed in different overlapping phases such as inflammation, wound contraction, reepithelialisation, remodeling and formation of granulation tissue with angiogenesis.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Several factors delay the wound healing process such as bacterial infection, necrotic tissue, and interference with blood supply, lymphedema and diabetes mellitus. In general, if these factors could be altered by any agent, an increased healing rate could be achieved.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</p><p>Oxidative stress is a challenge in which pro-oxidants predominate over antioxidants;[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] it may be due to either increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or decreased levels of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) or both. Oxidative stress, apart from affecting wound healing, is implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of variety of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, malignancies, renal diseases, diabetes, inflammatory problems, skin diseases, etc.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Oxidative stress is also thought to play a crucial role in the development of chronic wounds.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] Healing impairment by oxidative stress is characterised by increased free-radicals-mediated damage, delayed granulation tissue formation, and decreased collagen reorganisation leading to chronic wound.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p><p>Chronic wounds exhibit progressive edema, compromise of perfusion, and elevated levels of proteolytic enzymes and cytokines that inhibit granulation tissue formation and epithelialisation. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) plays an important role in the process of wound healing by removing wound exudates rich in inhibitory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, proteolytic enzymes, various pathogens, and ROS.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><p>The present study evaluates role of intermittent negative pressure using limited access dressing (LAD) (cycle of 30 min suction and 3½ h rest) on chronic wounds of more than 4 weeks duration by assessing various biochemical and histological parameters.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Ethical approval and informed consent</title><p>This prospective randomised study was carried out in the Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal. Institutional Ethics committee reviewed and approved the study protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all patients or their next of kin (as applicable) before inclusion into the study.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Study design</title><p>Seventy-five patients with chronic wounds of more than 4 weeks were enrolled and assessed for eligibility. After examined inclusion (nondiabetic chronic ulcers) and exclusion criteria (patients with collagen disorders, leprosy patients, pregnant women, liver cirrhosis, HIV +ve status, smoking), 60 patients were randomised by generating tables of random numbers through <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.random.org">www.random.org</ext-link> of whom 30 each were assigned to the LAD group (<italic>n</italic> = 30), conventional dressing group (<italic>n</italic> = 30) by simple randomisation [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. In LAD group, mean patient age was 38.3 (±14.56) years, range (12-60 years) and in conventional dressing group mean age is 36.8 (±14.0) years, range (17-65 years) in both group mean wound size at the time of admittance was 15 cm<sup>2</sup> (range: 2-39 cm<sup>2</sup>). LAD group-patients were treated LAD with intermittent negative pressure. Conventional closed dressing group-patients were dressed daily using squeezed 5% povidone iodine gauze (which becomes good absorbent of soakage). Wounds were washed daily both LAD group and conventional group prior to dressing by 5% povidone iodine solution. Biopsies were taken on 0<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> day from both the groups.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Consort flow chart</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-48-22-g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Chemicals</title><p>Standard L-hydroxyproline, bovine serum albumin (BSA), standard glutathione (GSH), nictoinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (reduced form), glutathione reductase (type III, Baker's yeast), cumene hydrogen peroxide, catalase (CAT) standard, 1, 1, 3, 3-tetraethoxypropane, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) (Merck, India), alcohol, haematoxylin and eosin stain (Sigma, Mo, USA).</p></sec><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Tissue preparation for biochemical parameters</title><sec id="sec3-1"><title>Tissue preparation for estimation of hydroxyproline</title><p>The biopsies obtained were used for the analysis. The wet weight of the tissues was noted and dried at 60°C for 24 h to obtain a constant dry weight. The dried tissues were treated with 10 mL 6N HCl and kept at 110°C for 24 h. The neutralised acid hydrolysates of the dry tissue were used for determination of the hydroxyproline content by the method of Neuman and Logan.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec3-2"><title>Tissue preparation for estimation of antioxidants and malondialdhyde</title><p>Tissue biopsies were immediately immersed in cold phosphate buffer, pH 7. It was blotted free of blood, then weighed on the electronic balance (Sartorius, Germany) and constant wet weight was recorded. The tissues were minced into small pieces and homogenised by tissue homogeniser (Remi Motor) in ice-cold 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). This released soluble protein leaving only membrane and nonvascular matters in a sedimental form. It was then centrifuged in cooling centrifuge (Remi CM 12 Plus) at 15,000 rpm for 20 min; final clear supernatant was then used to determine total protein, reduced GSH, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), CAT, malondialdhyde (MDA) assays. CAT activity was determined immediately after sample preparation. Protein concentration was determined according to Lowry <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] using purified BSA as standard.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Estimation of biochemical parameters</title><sec id="sec3-3"><title>Hydroxyproline</title><p>The dried tissue was added to 10 mL 6N HCl and kept at 110°C for 24 h. The neutralised acid hydrolysate of the dry tissue was used for determination of hydroxyproline. The reaction mixture contains 0.05 M copper sulfate, 2.5N sodium hydroxide, 6% hydrogen peroxide, 3N sulfuric acid, 5% p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde using L-hydroxyproline as standard. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm and expressed in μg/mg dry tissue weight.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec3-4"><title>Total protein</title><p>The total protein content of the wound tissue homogenate was determined according to the method of Lowry <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] The reaction mixture contains 0.5 mL tissue sample, 4 mL alkaline copper tartrate and 0.5 mL of Folin's reagent. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm and expressed in mg/g of wet tissue weight. Standards were treated similarly using BSA at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-5"><title>Reduced glutathione</title><p>The reaction mixture prepared by adding 80 μL tissue supernatant, 0.9 ml of 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.00 and 20 μL of 10 mM 5, 5’-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) solution. The yellow-colored substance formed by the reaction of GSH and DTNB was measured at 412 nm. The results were expressed as GSH μmole/mg protein.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec3-6"><title>Glutathione peroxidase activity</title><p>For the determination of GPx activity in the granulation tissue, samples were prepared by the homogenizing tissue in 0.2 M phosphate buffer. Then, the homogenized samples were centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 20 min at 4°C. The resultant supernatant was again centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C. The level of GPx activity was determined using the method of Pagile <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] The reaction mixture contained 0.55 mL of phosphate buffer with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (50 mM; pH 7.0), 0.1 mL of sodium azide (1 mM), 0.1 mL of GSH (1 mM), 0.1 mL of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (0.2 mM), and 0.1 mL glutathione reductase (2.5 units). To this mixture, 0.1 mL of the tissue sample was added, incubated for 5 min at room temperature and the reaction was started by adding 0.1 mL of 0.25 mM hydrogen peroxide. The optical density was measured at 340 nm for 5 min at 1 min interval. The enzymatic activity was measured as the micromoles of NADPH oxidized per minute per milligram protein.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec3-7"><title>Catalase assay</title><p>Catalase activity was measured by the method of Aebi.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] The reaction mixture contained 1 mL of tissue sample homogenate and reaction was started by the addition of 1.0 mL of freshly prepared 30 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The rate of decomposition of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was measured spectrophotometrically from changes in absorbance at 240 nm. Activity of CAT was expressed as IU/s/mg protein.</p></sec><sec id="sec3-8"><title>Malondialdhyde</title><p>The MDA levels of wound tissue homogenate were measured using TBA reactive substances (TBARS) according to the method of Ohkawa <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] To 0.1 mL of test sample, 1 mL of 10% TCA and 1 mL of 0.67% TBA were added and then heated in a boiling water bath at 100°C for 30 min. Mixture was cooled under tap water and centrifugation at 12000 rpm for 10 min, TBARS were determined by the absorbance at 535 nm and expressed as nmole/mg protein.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p><p>All readings were taken in Thermo Scientific ultraviolet (UV)-Visible Spectrophotometer (GENESYS 10 UV-Vis).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-9"><title>Tissue preparation for histology</title><p>Wound biopsies on 0<sup>th</sup> day and 10<sup>th</sup> were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, dehydrated through graded alcohol series (50%, 70%, 90% and 100%), cleared in xylene and embedded (Leica EG1150 H) in paraffin wax (m.p. 56°C). Serial sections of 5-μm thickness were cut using microtome (Leica RM2255), stained with haematoxylin-eosin[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] and examined under light microscopy (Olympus PM20).</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec2-6"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Statistical analysis was performed using Student's <italic>t</italic>-test using the SPSS software 15<sup>th</sup> version package. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). A <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 was considered to be significant. When appropriate, statistical uncertainty was expressed by the 95% confidence levels.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>In total, 75 patients enrolled and assessed for eligibility, 60 patients were randomised into two groups - LAD group (<italic>n</italic> = 30) and conventional group (<italic>n</italic> = 30) [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. Of these 60 patients under study, ten participants (five in each group), were lost to follow-up by 10<sup>th</sup> day before biopsies were taken. The results of hydroxyproline, total protein, GSH, GPx, CAT and MDA, in remaining 50 nonhealing chronic ulcer patients of both groups was presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Levels of hydroxyproline, total protein, GSH, GPx, catalase, MDA in granulation tissue of chronic ulcer in LAD group and conventional dressing group</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-48-22-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><sec id="sec2-7"><title>Biochemical parameters</title><sec id="sec3-10"><title>Hydroxyproline</title><p>After 10 days treatment, LAD group has significantly high hydroxyproline level (mean ± SD = 77.3 ± 30.1 μg/mg dry tissue weight) than the conventional group (32.3 ± 16.18 μg/mg dry tissue weight) (<italic>P</italic> = 0.026).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-11"><title>Total protein</title><p>After 10 days treatment, LAD group has significantly high total protein level (mean ± SD = 13.89 ± 9.00 mg/g wet tissue weight) than in conventional group (8.9 ± 4.59 mg/g wet tissue weight) (<italic>P</italic> = 0.004).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-12"><title>Reduced glutathione</title><p>After 10 days treatment, reduced GSH level in LAD group was significantly higher (mean ± SD = 7.4 ± 1.91 μmole/mg protein) when compared with that in conventional dressing group (5.1 ± 1.28 μ mole/mg protein) (<italic>P</italic> = 0.039).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-13"><title>Glutathione peroxidase</title><p>After 10 days treatment, LAD group had high GPx level (mean ± SD =122.3 ± 59.3 μmol/min/mg protein) than that of conventional group (88.7 ± 34.11 μMoles NADPH oxidised/min/mg protein)(<italic>P</italic> = 0.030).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-14"><title>Catalase</title><p>After 10 days treatment, LAD group had high CAT level (mean ± SD =1.80 ± 1.14 IU/s/mg protein) than that of conventional group (0.9 ± 0.71 IU/s/mg protein) (<italic>P</italic> = 0.002).</p></sec><sec id="sec3-15"><title>Malondialdehyde</title><p>After 10 days treatment, MDA levels was significantly reduced in LAD group, (mean ± SD = 13.4 ± 5.5 nmole/mg protein) compared with conventional dressing group (8.6 ± 3.8 nmole/mg protein) (<italic>P</italic> = 0.004).</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec2-8"><title>Histological analysis</title><p>Slides were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and evaluated by an observer blinded to the experimental protocol under light microscopy. On 0<sup>th</sup> day, both groups showed a necrotic tissue with increase cellular infiltration [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3a</xref>]. On 10<sup>th</sup> day, LAD group showed an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, well-organised collagen bundles, decrease in cellular infiltration and increased angiogenesis [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2b</xref>] than that of the conventional dressing group [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3b</xref>].</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Histopathology of 0 and 10<sup>th</sup> days old granulation tissue in LAD group. (A) PreLAD (0<sup>th</sup> day) (arrow) numerous neutrophils infiltration, (a) minimum number of fibroblasts, (b) fewer collagen fibers. (c) (Photograph with Olympus PM20 photomicroscope, ×20). (B) PostLAD (10<sup>th</sup> day) (arrow) maximum number of fibroblasts, (a) fewer inflammatory cells, (b) more proliferating blood capillaries (neovascularisation), (c) collagen bundles organized well between the cells. (d) (Photograph with Olympus PM20 photomicroscope, ×20 magnification)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-48-22-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Histopathology of 0 and 10<sup>th</sup> days old granulation tissue in conventional group. (a) Preconventional (0<sup>th</sup> day) - (arrow) numerous neutrophils infiltration, (a) minimum number of fibroblasts, (b) poor collagen fibers. (c) (Photograph with Olympus PM20 photomicroscope, ×20). (b) Postconventional (10<sup>th</sup> day) (arrow) numerous neutrophils infiltration, (a) poorly developed matrix minimum number of fibroblasts, (b) poor collagen bundles. (c) (Photograph with Olympus PM20 photomicroscope, ×20)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-48-22-g004"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Chronic wounds are believed to be caused by impaired blood flow leading to impaired oxygen supply, decreased collagen and fibronectin synthesis due to protein malnutrition, impaired local immune cell defenses and decreased anabolic activity with decreased levels of growth factors.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] In response to tissue loss, fibroblasts proliferate and migrate into the ECM.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] Enhanced healing activity has been attributed to increased collagen deposition by fibroblasts and increased angiogenesis in granulation tissue.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] Various studies have shown that NPWT improves wound healing by inducing fibroblast and/or endothelial cell proliferation, and by increasing the amount of granulation tissue formation.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref><xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</p><p>Collagen plays a central role in the healing of wounds, and it is a principal component of connective tissue that provides a structural framework for the regenerating tissue and tensile strength. The stimulation of angiogenesis and epithelial cell proliferation is important for wound healing.[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] In the present study after 10 days therapy, in LAD group there was significant increase in mean hydroxyproline (±SD) content (LAD vs. conventional = 77.3 ± 30.1 vs. 32.3 ± 16.18 μg/mg of dry weight of tissue; <italic>P</italic> = 0.026) and total protein level (LAD vs. conventional = 13.89 ± 9.00 vs. 8.9 ± 4.59 mg/g of wet weight tissue; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004).</p><p>Antioxidants such as GPx, CAT and GSH hasten the process of wound healing by destroying the free radicals.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] After 10 days of treatment, estimation of antioxidants in granulation tissues revealed mean GSH (±SD) (LAD vs. conventional = 7.4 ± 1.91 vs. 5.1 ± 1.28 μmole/mg protein; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004), GPx (±SD) (LAD vs. conventional = 122.3 ± 59.3 vs. 88.7 ± 34.11 μmoles NADPH oxidised/min/mg protein; <italic>P</italic> = 0.030), and CAT (±SD) (LAD vs. conventional = 1.80 ± 1.14 vs. 0.9 ± 0.71 IU/s/mg protein; <italic>P</italic> = 0.002), were significantly higher in LAD group than in conventional group.</p><p>Free radical damage and ROS-induced oxidative stress in response to cutaneous injury impedes the healing process by causing damage to cellular membranes, DNA, proteins, and lipids.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] MDA is biomarker for lipid peroxidation in the chronic wound. After 10 days of treatment, mean MDA (±SD) (LAD vs. conventional = 13.4 ± 5.5 vs. 8.6 ± 3.8 nmole/mg protein; <italic>P</italic> = 0.004), significant reduction was seen in LAD group than the conventional dressing group [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>]. There are no similar studies available in the literature specifically stating about the reduction of the reactive oxygen-induced oxidative stress through NPWT.</p><p>Histological analysis showed that a decreased inflammatory infiltrate, increase in angiogenesis as well as collagen deposition in LAD group [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2b</xref>] when compared to that of the conventional group [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3b</xref>] indicating better granulation and improved wound healing process.</p><p>Povidone iodine solution is an effective antiseptic and clinically has been used widely for considerable long period. Povidone iodine solution may be toxic to tissues in higher concentration[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] however numerous randomised controlled trial studies on chronic wounds including burn wound, concluded that quicker wound healing and a reduction of bacteria with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze dressing treated wounds.[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref><xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] In our study in both group, wounds were daily washed with 5% povidone iodine solution and conventional group dressing was done with 5% povidone iodine soaked gauze after squeezing it to make it good absorbent of wound soakage by capillary action.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Biochemical and histological results showed that LAD group (intermittent NPWT in moist environment) has, significant reduction of oxidative stress (MDA), increased antioxidants levels (GSH, GPx and CAT), ground substance of the ECM (hydroxyproline and total protein), decreased inflammatory cells, increased angiogenesis and collagen deposition than the conventional dressing group. It was concluded that LAD exerts better beneficial effects on wound healing.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bowler</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Wound pathophysiology, infection and therapeutic options</article-title><source>Ann Med</source><year>2002</year><volume>34</volume><fpage>419</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12523497</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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