Efficacy of high-energy collimator for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy of early breast cancer patients
Identifieur interne : 002A35 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002A34; suivant : 002A36Efficacy of high-energy collimator for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy of early breast cancer patients
Auteurs : Kamran Aryana [Iran] ; Mohaddeseh Gholizadeh [Iran] ; Mehdi Momennezhad [Iran] ; Maryam Naji [Iran] ; Mohsen Aliakbarian [Iran] ; Mohammad Naser Forghani [Iran] ; Ramin Sadeghi [Iran]Source :
- Radiology and Oncology [ 1318-2099 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Lymphoscintigraphy is an important part of sentinel node mapping in breast cancer patients. Sometimes star shaped artefacts due to septal penetration can be problematic during imaging. In the current study, we evaluated the possibility of high energy (HE) collimators use for lymphoscintigraphy.
Twenty patients with early breast carcinoma were included. Thirty minutes after radiotracer injection (99mTc-antimony sulphide colloid), anterior and lateral images were acquired using a dual head gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole low energy high resolution (LEHR) collimator on one head and HE collimator on another head. All images were reviewed by two nuclear medicine specialists regarding detectability and number of axillary sentinel nodes and presence of star artefact.
All images taken by LEHR collimators showed star artefact of the injection site. No image taken by HE collimator showed this effect. In two patients the sentinel node was visible only by HE collimator. Tumour location in both of these patients was in the upper lateral quadrant and both had history of excisional biopsy. In two patients additional sentinel node was visible adjacent to the first one only on the LEHR images.
HE collimators can be used for sentinel lymph node mapping and lymphoscintigraphy of the breast cancer patients. This collimator can almost eliminate star-shaped artefacts due to septal penetration which can be advantageous in some cases. However, to separate two adjacent sentinel nodes from each other LEHR collimators perform better.
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DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0013-3
PubMed: 22933983
PubMed Central: 3423765
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of high-energy collimator for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy of early breast cancer patients</title><author><name sortKey="Aryana, Kamran" sort="Aryana, Kamran" uniqKey="Aryana K" first="Kamran" last="Aryana">Kamran Aryana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gholizadeh, Mohaddeseh" sort="Gholizadeh, Mohaddeseh" uniqKey="Gholizadeh M" first="Mohaddeseh" last="Gholizadeh">Mohaddeseh Gholizadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momennezhad, Mehdi" sort="Momennezhad, Mehdi" uniqKey="Momennezhad M" first="Mehdi" last="Momennezhad">Mehdi Momennezhad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naji, Maryam" sort="Naji, Maryam" uniqKey="Naji M" first="Maryam" last="Naji">Maryam Naji</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aliakbarian, Mohsen" sort="Aliakbarian, Mohsen" uniqKey="Aliakbarian M" first="Mohsen" last="Aliakbarian">Mohsen Aliakbarian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-rado-46-01-75"> Surgical Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Surgical Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forghani, Mohammad Naser" sort="Forghani, Mohammad Naser" uniqKey="Forghani M" first="Mohammad Naser" last="Forghani">Mohammad Naser Forghani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-rado-46-01-75"> Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Ramin" sort="Sadeghi, Ramin" uniqKey="Sadeghi R" first="Ramin" last="Sadeghi">Ramin Sadeghi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22933983</idno><idno type="pmc">3423765</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423765</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3423765</idno><idno type="doi">10.2478/v10019-012-0013-3</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004611</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004611</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">004610</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">004610</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002A35</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002A35</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Efficacy of high-energy collimator for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy of early breast cancer patients</title><author><name sortKey="Aryana, Kamran" sort="Aryana, Kamran" uniqKey="Aryana K" first="Kamran" last="Aryana">Kamran Aryana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gholizadeh, Mohaddeseh" sort="Gholizadeh, Mohaddeseh" uniqKey="Gholizadeh M" first="Mohaddeseh" last="Gholizadeh">Mohaddeseh Gholizadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momennezhad, Mehdi" sort="Momennezhad, Mehdi" uniqKey="Momennezhad M" first="Mehdi" last="Momennezhad">Mehdi Momennezhad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naji, Maryam" sort="Naji, Maryam" uniqKey="Naji M" first="Maryam" last="Naji">Maryam Naji</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aliakbarian, Mohsen" sort="Aliakbarian, Mohsen" uniqKey="Aliakbarian M" first="Mohsen" last="Aliakbarian">Mohsen Aliakbarian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-rado-46-01-75"> Surgical Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Surgical Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forghani, Mohammad Naser" sort="Forghani, Mohammad Naser" uniqKey="Forghani M" first="Mohammad Naser" last="Forghani">Mohammad Naser Forghani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-rado-46-01-75"> Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Ramin" sort="Sadeghi, Ramin" uniqKey="Sadeghi R" first="Ramin" last="Sadeghi">Ramin Sadeghi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mashhad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Radiology and Oncology</title><idno type="ISSN">1318-2099</idno><idno type="eISSN">1581-3207</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Lymphoscintigraphy is an important part of sentinel node mapping in breast cancer patients. Sometimes star shaped artefacts due to septal penetration can be problematic during imaging. In the current study, we evaluated the possibility of high energy (HE) collimators use for lymphoscintigraphy.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods</title><p>Twenty patients with early breast carcinoma were included. Thirty minutes after radiotracer injection (99mTc-antimony sulphide colloid), anterior and lateral images were acquired using a dual head gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole low energy high resolution (LEHR) collimator on one head and HE collimator on another head. All images were reviewed by two nuclear medicine specialists regarding detectability and number of axillary sentinel nodes and presence of star artefact.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>All images taken by LEHR collimators showed star artefact of the injection site. No image taken by HE collimator showed this effect. In two patients the sentinel node was visible only by HE collimator. Tumour location in both of these patients was in the upper lateral quadrant and both had history of excisional biopsy. In two patients additional sentinel node was visible adjacent to the first one only on the LEHR images.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>HE collimators can be used for sentinel lymph node mapping and lymphoscintigraphy of the breast cancer patients. This collimator can almost eliminate star-shaped artefacts due to septal penetration which can be advantageous in some cases. However, to separate two adjacent sentinel nodes from each other LEHR collimators perform better.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eftekhari, M" uniqKey="Eftekhari M">M Eftekhari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beiki, D" uniqKey="Beiki D">D Beiki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fallahi, B" uniqKey="Fallahi B">B Fallahi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arabi, M" uniqKey="Arabi M">M Arabi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Memari, F" uniqKey="Memari F">F Memari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gholamrezanezhad, A" uniqKey="Gholamrezanezhad A">A Gholamrezanezhad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rucigaj, Tp" uniqKey="Rucigaj T">TP Rucigaj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leskovec, Nk" uniqKey="Leskovec N">NK Leskovec</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zunter, Vt" uniqKey="Zunter V">VT 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Radiol Oncol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Radiol Oncol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RADO</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Radiology and Oncology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1318-2099</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1581-3207</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Versita, Warsaw</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22933983</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3423765</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2478/v10019-012-0013-3</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rado-46-01-75</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Efficacy of high-energy collimator for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy of early breast cancer patients</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aryana</surname><given-names>Kamran</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rado-46-01-75"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gholizadeh</surname><given-names>Mohaddeseh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rado-46-01-75"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Momennezhad</surname><given-names>Mehdi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rado-46-01-75"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naji</surname><given-names>Maryam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rado-46-01-75"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aliakbarian</surname><given-names>Mohsen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-rado-46-01-75"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Forghani</surname><given-names>Mohammad Naser</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-rado-46-01-75"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sadeghi</surname><given-names>Ramin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rado-46-01-75"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-rado-46-01-75"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-rado-46-01-75"><label>1</label> Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</aff><aff id="af2-rado-46-01-75"><label>2</label> Surgical Oncology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</aff><aff id="af3-rado-46-01-75"><label>3</label> Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-rado-46-01-75">Correspondence to: Assistant Professor Ramin Sadeghi, Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Ebn Sina Street. Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: <email>sadeghir@mums.ac.ir</email></corresp><fn id="fn1-rado-46-01-75" fn-type="conflict"><p>Disclosure: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © by Association of Radiology & Oncology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Lymphoscintigraphy is an important part of sentinel node mapping in breast cancer patients. Sometimes star shaped artefacts due to septal penetration can be problematic during imaging. In the current study, we evaluated the possibility of high energy (HE) collimators use for lymphoscintigraphy.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods</title><p>Twenty patients with early breast carcinoma were included. Thirty minutes after radiotracer injection (99mTc-antimony sulphide colloid), anterior and lateral images were acquired using a dual head gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole low energy high resolution (LEHR) collimator on one head and HE collimator on another head. All images were reviewed by two nuclear medicine specialists regarding detectability and number of axillary sentinel nodes and presence of star artefact.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>All images taken by LEHR collimators showed star artefact of the injection site. No image taken by HE collimator showed this effect. In two patients the sentinel node was visible only by HE collimator. Tumour location in both of these patients was in the upper lateral quadrant and both had history of excisional biopsy. In two patients additional sentinel node was visible adjacent to the first one only on the LEHR images.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>HE collimators can be used for sentinel lymph node mapping and lymphoscintigraphy of the breast cancer patients. This collimator can almost eliminate star-shaped artefacts due to septal penetration which can be advantageous in some cases. However, to separate two adjacent sentinel nodes from each other LEHR collimators perform better.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>sentinel node</kwd><kwd>lymphoscintigraphy</kwd><kwd>collimator</kwd><kwd>HEAP</kwd><kwd>high energy all purpose</kwd><kwd>low energy high resolution</kwd><kwd>LEHR</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>FIGURE 1</label><caption><p>Low energy high resolution collimator (LEHR) (upper row) as well as high energy (HE) collimator (lower row) images of a patient. Scatterograms are also shown on the right sides of each original image. There is no star shape artefact in the HE collimator images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rado-46-01-75f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>FIGURE 2</label><caption><p>Low energy high resolution collimator (LEHR) (upper row) as well as high energy (HE) collimator (lower row) images of a patient. Note that the sentinel node is only visible on the HE collimator images (arrow) due to star artefact on the low energy collimator imaging. The scatterograms are also shown on the left side of each original image.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rado-46-01-75f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>FIGURE 3</label><caption><p>High energy (HE) collimator (A) as well as low energy high resolution collimator (B) images of the same patient. Note that two separate sentinel nodes are obvious on the low energy high resolution images. These two sentinel nodes are not shown as discrete nodes on the HE collimator images.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rado-46-01-75f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>TABLE 1</label><caption><p>The specifications of high energy (HE) and low energy all purpose collimators</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Low energy all purpose collimator</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>High energy collimator</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hole shape</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexagonal</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexagonal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of holes (×1,000)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hole length (mm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Septal thickness (mm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hole diameter (mm across the flats)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity at10 cm (count per minute/μCi) for 99mTc photons</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">261.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spatial resolution (mm at 10 cm) for 99mTc photons</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.66</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Septal penetration (%) for 99m Tc photons</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Almost none</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>TABLE 2</label><caption><p>Some of the gamma camera specifications used in the current study</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Specifications</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Field-of-view (FOV)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3 × 38.7 cm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diagonal FOV</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crystal</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Size</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.1 × 44.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diagonal</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.2 cm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Thickness</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photomultiplier tubes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total number</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Type</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bialkali high-efficiency box-type dynodes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Array</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexagonal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shielding</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Back</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sides</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7 mm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intrinsic spatial resolution</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FWHM in CFOV</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤3.8 mm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FWHM in UFOV</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤3.9 mm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intrinsic energy resolution</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤9.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System spatial resolution without scatter with LEHR collimator at 10 cm</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4 mm</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-rado-46-01-75"><p>FWHM = full width at half maximum; CFOV = central field of view; useful field of view UFOV; LEHR = low energy high resolution collimator</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>TABLE 3</label><caption><p>Patients characteristics</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Tumour size (in cm)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>History of excisional biopsy</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Tumour location</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of detected lymph nodes with LEHR collimator</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of detected lymph nodes with HE collimator</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UM</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LM</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UM</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LM</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UL</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-rado-46-01-75"><p>LEHR = low energy high resolution; HE = high energy; UM = upper medial quadrant; UL = upper lateral quadrant; LM = lower medial quadrant; LL = lower lateral quadrant</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-rado-46-01-75" position="float"><label>TABLE 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of mean count rates for injection site as well as sentinel node(s) on low energy high resolution (LEHR) collimator and high energy (HE) collimators</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>High energy collimator</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Low energy high resolution collimator</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P value</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Injection site counts on lateral views</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9127632±78784</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8312982±67565</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Injection site counts on anterior views</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9252343±86772</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8811054±76453</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sentinel node counts on lateral views</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1799±67</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1576±55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Iran</li></country></list><tree><country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Aryana, Kamran" sort="Aryana, Kamran" uniqKey="Aryana K" first="Kamran" last="Aryana">Kamran Aryana</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aliakbarian, Mohsen" sort="Aliakbarian, Mohsen" uniqKey="Aliakbarian M" first="Mohsen" last="Aliakbarian">Mohsen Aliakbarian</name><name sortKey="Forghani, Mohammad Naser" sort="Forghani, Mohammad Naser" uniqKey="Forghani M" first="Mohammad Naser" last="Forghani">Mohammad Naser Forghani</name><name sortKey="Gholizadeh, Mohaddeseh" sort="Gholizadeh, Mohaddeseh" uniqKey="Gholizadeh M" first="Mohaddeseh" last="Gholizadeh">Mohaddeseh Gholizadeh</name><name sortKey="Momennezhad, Mehdi" sort="Momennezhad, Mehdi" uniqKey="Momennezhad M" first="Mehdi" last="Momennezhad">Mehdi Momennezhad</name><name sortKey="Naji, Maryam" sort="Naji, Maryam" uniqKey="Naji M" first="Maryam" last="Naji">Maryam Naji</name><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Ramin" sort="Sadeghi, Ramin" uniqKey="Sadeghi R" first="Ramin" last="Sadeghi">Ramin Sadeghi</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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