Anatomical variations of the axilla
Identifieur interne : 001D54 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001D53; suivant : 001D55Anatomical variations of the axilla
Auteurs : Emerson Wander Silva Soares [Brésil]Source :
- SpringerPlus [ 2193-1801 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The present study aimed to measure the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) at the site of the surgical incision for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and to record potential anatomical variations in the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (MCNA), the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), the lateral thoracic vein (LTV), the lateral thoracic artery (LTA) and the pectoral muscle pedicle (PMP), considering that some details of the anatomy of these structures within the axilla are still unclear.
A prospective study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent ALND as part of surgical treatment. The anatomy of the dissected axilla was video recorded.
The SAT thickness ranged from 8 mm to 60 mm, with an average thickness of 25.9 mm. A positive correlation was observed between the SAT thickness and the body mass index (BMI) of the evaluated patients (r = 0.68;
The present study demonstrated wide variation in thickness of the SAT overlying the axilla and identified the existence of broad normative anatomical variation of the axilla.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-306) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-306
PubMed: 25045608
PubMed Central: 4093907
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anatomical variations of the axilla</title><author><name sortKey="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" sort="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" uniqKey="Soares E" first="Emerson Wander Silva" last="Soares">Emerson Wander Silva Soares</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Biological Science and Health Center, Western Paraná State University, (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Biological Science and Health Center, Western Paraná State University, (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Paraná</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Paraná</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Surgical Oncology, Study and Treatment Cancer Center of Western Paraná, (União Oeste Paranaense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer, UOPECCAN), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgical Oncology, Study and Treatment Cancer Center of Western Paraná, (União Oeste Paranaense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer, UOPECCAN), Cascavel, Paraná</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Paraná</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25045608</idno><idno type="pmc">4093907</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093907</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4093907</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/2193-1801-3-306</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E49</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E49</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E48</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000E48</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001D54</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001D54</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Anatomical variations of the axilla</title><author><name sortKey="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" sort="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" uniqKey="Soares E" first="Emerson Wander Silva" last="Soares">Emerson Wander Silva Soares</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Biological Science and Health Center, Western Paraná State University, (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Biological Science and Health Center, Western Paraná State University, (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Paraná</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Paraná</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Surgical Oncology, Study and Treatment Cancer Center of Western Paraná, (União Oeste Paranaense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer, UOPECCAN), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgical Oncology, Study and Treatment Cancer Center of Western Paraná, (União Oeste Paranaense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer, UOPECCAN), Cascavel, Paraná</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Paraná</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">SpringerPlus</title><idno type="eISSN">2193-1801</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>The present study aimed to measure the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) at the site of the surgical incision for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and to record potential anatomical variations in the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (MCNA), the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), the lateral thoracic vein (LTV), the lateral thoracic artery (LTA) and the pectoral muscle pedicle (PMP), considering that some details of the anatomy of these structures within the axilla are still unclear.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A prospective study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent ALND as part of surgical treatment. The anatomy of the dissected axilla was video recorded.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The SAT thickness ranged from 8 mm to 60 mm, with an average thickness of 25.9 mm. A positive correlation was observed between the SAT thickness and the body mass index (BMI) of the evaluated patients (r = 0.68; <italic>p</italic> < 0.0001). The MCNA was the anatomical structure that was least commonly observed in the axilla (22% of cases), while the PMP was the most constant element, identified in 100% of cases. All of the studied anatomical structures observed within the axilla showed variation in at least one of the aspects analyzed, i.e., the point of entry and exit, path, number and location of divisions or branches.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The present study demonstrated wide variation in thickness of the SAT overlying the axilla and identified the existence of broad normative anatomical variation of the axilla.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-306) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, Ti" uniqKey="Abdullah T">TI Abdullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iddon, J" uniqKey="Iddon J">J Iddon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barr, L" uniqKey="Barr L">L Barr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baildam, Ad" 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sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qin, Y" uniqKey="Qin Y">Y Qin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Gl" uniqKey="Zhang G">GL Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, Dq" uniqKey="Ren D">DQ Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cui, Cl" uniqKey="Cui C">CL Cui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Xg" uniqKey="Guo X">XG Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Springerplus</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Springerplus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>SpringerPlus</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2193-1801</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer International Publishing</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25045608</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4093907</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/2193-1801-3-306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Anatomical variations of the axilla</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Soares</surname><given-names>Emerson Wander Silva</given-names></name><address><email>ewss10@icloud.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Biological Science and Health Center, Western Paraná State University, (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>Department of Surgical Oncology, Study and Treatment Cancer Center of Western Paraná, (União Oeste Paranaense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer, UOPECCAN), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>24</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><elocation-id>306</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Soares; licensee Springer. 2014</copyright-statement><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>The present study aimed to measure the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) at the site of the surgical incision for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and to record potential anatomical variations in the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (MCNA), the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN), the lateral thoracic vein (LTV), the lateral thoracic artery (LTA) and the pectoral muscle pedicle (PMP), considering that some details of the anatomy of these structures within the axilla are still unclear.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A prospective study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent ALND as part of surgical treatment. The anatomy of the dissected axilla was video recorded.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The SAT thickness ranged from 8 mm to 60 mm, with an average thickness of 25.9 mm. A positive correlation was observed between the SAT thickness and the body mass index (BMI) of the evaluated patients (r = 0.68; <italic>p</italic> < 0.0001). The MCNA was the anatomical structure that was least commonly observed in the axilla (22% of cases), while the PMP was the most constant element, identified in 100% of cases. All of the studied anatomical structures observed within the axilla showed variation in at least one of the aspects analyzed, i.e., the point of entry and exit, path, number and location of divisions or branches.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The present study demonstrated wide variation in thickness of the SAT overlying the axilla and identified the existence of broad normative anatomical variation of the axilla.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-306) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Axillary anatomy</kwd><kwd>Axillary lymph node dissection</kwd><kwd>Normative variation</kwd><kwd>Breast neoplasm</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2014</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Brésil</li></country></list><tree><country name="Brésil"><noRegion><name sortKey="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" sort="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" uniqKey="Soares E" first="Emerson Wander Silva" last="Soares">Emerson Wander Silva Soares</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" sort="Soares, Emerson Wander Silva" uniqKey="Soares E" first="Emerson Wander Silva" last="Soares">Emerson Wander Silva Soares</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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