Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal
Identifieur interne : 001767 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001766; suivant : 001768Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal
Auteurs : Meghnath Dhimal [Népal, Allemagne] ; Ishan Gautam [Népal] ; Aljoscha Kre [Allemagne] ; Ruth Müller [Allemagne] ; Ulrich Kuch [Allemagne]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Rapidly increasing temperatures in the mountain region of Nepal and recent reports of dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases from mountainous areas of central Nepal prompted us to study the spatio-temporal distribution of the vectors of these two diseases along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal.
We conducted a longitudinal study in four distinct physiographical regions of central Nepal from September 2011 to February 2012. We used BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps to capture adult mosquitoes. We found the geographical distribution of the dengue virus vectors
We conclude that dengue virus vectors have already established stable populations up to the Middle Mountains of Nepal, supporting previous studies, and report for the first time the distribution of lymphatic filariasis vectors up to the High Mountain region of this country. The findings of our study should contribute to a better planning and scaling-up of mosquito-borne disease control programmes in the mountainous areas of Nepal.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003035
PubMed: 25078276
PubMed Central: 4117448
Affiliations:
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sort="Muller, Ruth" uniqKey="Muller R" first="Ruth" last="Müller">Ruth Müller</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Ulrich" sort="Kuch, Ulrich" uniqKey="Kuch U" first="Ulrich" last="Kuch">Ulrich Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt 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id="aff1"><addr-line>Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ministry of Health and Population Complex, Kathmandu, Nepal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Népal</country><wicri:regionArea>Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ministry of Health and Population Complex, Kathmandu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kathmandu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gautam, Ishan" sort="Gautam, Ishan" uniqKey="Gautam I" first="Ishan" last="Gautam">Ishan Gautam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Swayambhu, Kathmandu, Nepal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Népal</country><wicri:regionArea>Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Swayambhu, Kathmandu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kathmandu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kre, Aljoscha" sort="Kre, Aljoscha" uniqKey="Kre A" first="Aljoscha" last="Kre">Aljoscha Kre</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ruth" sort="Muller, Ruth" uniqKey="Muller R" first="Ruth" last="Müller">Ruth Müller</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Ulrich" sort="Kuch, Ulrich" uniqKey="Kuch U" first="Ulrich" last="Kuch">Ulrich Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Rapidly increasing temperatures in the mountain region of Nepal and recent reports of dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases from mountainous areas of central Nepal prompted us to study the spatio-temporal distribution of the vectors of these two diseases along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We conducted a longitudinal study in four distinct physiographical regions of central Nepal from September 2011 to February 2012. We used BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps to capture adult mosquitoes. We found the geographical distribution of the dengue virus vectors <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> along our study transect to extend up to 1,310 m altitude in the Middle Mountain region (Kathmandu). The distribution of the lymphatic filariasis vector <italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> extended up to at least 2,100 m in the High Mountain region (Dhunche). Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the physiographical region and month of collection on the abundance of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> and <italic>C. quinquefasciatus</italic> only. BG-Sentinel traps captured significantly higher numbers of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> than CDC light traps. The meteorological factors temperature, rainfall and relative humidity had significant effects on the mean number of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> per BG-Sentinel trap. Temperature and relative humidity were significant predictors of the number of <italic>C. quinquefasciatus</italic> per CDC light trap. Dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases had previously been reported from all vector positive areas except Dhunche which was free of known lymphatic filariasis cases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>We conclude that dengue virus vectors have already established stable populations up to the Middle Mountains of Nepal, supporting previous studies, and report for the first time the distribution of lymphatic filariasis vectors up to the High Mountain region of this country. The findings of our study should contribute to a better planning and scaling-up of mosquito-borne disease control programmes in the mountainous areas of Nepal.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gratz, Ng" uniqKey="Gratz N">NG Gratz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kyle, Jl" uniqKey="Kyle J">JL Kyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, E" uniqKey="Harris E">E Harris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gubler, Dj" uniqKey="Gubler D">DJ Gubler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halstead, Sb" uniqKey="Halstead S">SB Halstead</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pandey, Bd" uniqKey="Pandey B">BD Pandey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rai, Sk" uniqKey="Rai S">SK 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25078276</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4117448</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-14-00544</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003035</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Species Interactions</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Atmospheric Science</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Geography</subject><subj-group><subject>Human Geography</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Hydrology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Parasitic Diseases</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Public and Occupational Health</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>People and Places</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Science Policy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors Distribution in Central Nepal</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dhimal</surname><given-names>Meghnath</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gautam</surname><given-names>Ishan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kreß</surname><given-names>Aljoscha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>Ruth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kuch</surname><given-names>Ulrich</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), Ministry of Health and Population Complex, Kathmandu, Nepal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Swayambhu, Kathmandu, Nepal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Lammie</surname><given-names>Patrick J.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>meghdhimal@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: MD UK. Performed the experiments: MD IG. Analyzed the data: MD UK RM AK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MD UK. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: MD UK RM.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e3035</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Dhimal et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Rapidly increasing temperatures in the mountain region of Nepal and recent reports of dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases from mountainous areas of central Nepal prompted us to study the spatio-temporal distribution of the vectors of these two diseases along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We conducted a longitudinal study in four distinct physiographical regions of central Nepal from September 2011 to February 2012. We used BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps to capture adult mosquitoes. We found the geographical distribution of the dengue virus vectors <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> along our study transect to extend up to 1,310 m altitude in the Middle Mountain region (Kathmandu). The distribution of the lymphatic filariasis vector <italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> extended up to at least 2,100 m in the High Mountain region (Dhunche). Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the physiographical region and month of collection on the abundance of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> and <italic>C. quinquefasciatus</italic> only. BG-Sentinel traps captured significantly higher numbers of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> than CDC light traps. The meteorological factors temperature, rainfall and relative humidity had significant effects on the mean number of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> per BG-Sentinel trap. Temperature and relative humidity were significant predictors of the number of <italic>C. quinquefasciatus</italic> per CDC light trap. Dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases had previously been reported from all vector positive areas except Dhunche which was free of known lymphatic filariasis cases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>We conclude that dengue virus vectors have already established stable populations up to the Middle Mountains of Nepal, supporting previous studies, and report for the first time the distribution of lymphatic filariasis vectors up to the High Mountain region of this country. The findings of our study should contribute to a better planning and scaling-up of mosquito-borne disease control programmes in the mountainous areas of Nepal.</p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title><p>Dengue fever, a viral disease transmitted by the bites of infected <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> mosquitoes, has been rapidly spreading in Nepal since it was first reported in this country in 2004. Similarly, lymphatic filariasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by <italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> mosquitoes in Nepal, is a public health problem in terms of morbidity and impact on the social and economic status of poor people living in rural and slum areas. Evidence for more pronounced temperature rises in higher altitudes of Nepal and an increasing frequency of dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases reported from mountain areas, in the absence of recent data on the mosquito vectors of these diseases, prompted us to investigate their distribution and abundance in this country. In our study, we document the distribution of <italic>A. aegypti</italic> and <italic>A. albopictus</italic> from the lowlands up to 1,310 m altitude in Kathmandu, and the distribution of <italic>C. quinquefasciatus</italic> up to Dhunche (2,100 m altitude), the highest locality included in this study. The wide distribution of these important disease vectors in the mountains, previously considered non-endemic for dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis, calls for an extension and scaling-up of vector-borne disease surveillance and control programmes in Nepal.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This research was performed as part of the collaborative research project “A longitudinal study on Aedes mosquitoes and climate change along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal” by the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) and the Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F). It was financially supported by the Government of Nepal, a DAAD PhD scholarship to MD and the research funding programme “LOEWE – Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz” of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts of the State of Hesse, Germany. The funding bodies had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of results, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="13"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Népal</li></country><region><li>District de Darmstadt</li><li>Hesse (Land)</li></region><settlement><li>Francfort-sur-le-Main</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Népal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dhimal, Meghnath" sort="Dhimal, Meghnath" uniqKey="Dhimal M" first="Meghnath" last="Dhimal">Meghnath Dhimal</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Gautam, Ishan" sort="Gautam, Ishan" uniqKey="Gautam I" first="Ishan" last="Gautam">Ishan Gautam</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Hesse (Land)"><name sortKey="Dhimal, Meghnath" sort="Dhimal, Meghnath" uniqKey="Dhimal M" first="Meghnath" last="Dhimal">Meghnath Dhimal</name></region><name sortKey="Dhimal, Meghnath" sort="Dhimal, Meghnath" uniqKey="Dhimal M" first="Meghnath" last="Dhimal">Meghnath Dhimal</name><name sortKey="Kre, Aljoscha" sort="Kre, Aljoscha" uniqKey="Kre A" first="Aljoscha" last="Kre">Aljoscha Kre</name><name sortKey="Kuch, Ulrich" sort="Kuch, Ulrich" uniqKey="Kuch U" first="Ulrich" last="Kuch">Ulrich Kuch</name><name sortKey="Kuch, Ulrich" sort="Kuch, Ulrich" uniqKey="Kuch U" first="Ulrich" last="Kuch">Ulrich Kuch</name><name sortKey="Muller, Ruth" sort="Muller, Ruth" uniqKey="Muller R" first="Ruth" last="Müller">Ruth Müller</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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