Cessation of Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis in Zanzibar in 2006: Was Transmission Interrupted?
Identifieur interne : 001433 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001432; suivant : 001434Cessation of Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis in Zanzibar in 2006: Was Transmission Interrupted?
Auteurs : Maria P. Rebollo [Royaume-Uni] ; Khalfan A. Mohammed ; Brent Thomas [Royaume-Uni] ; Shaali Ame [Tanzanie] ; Said Mohammed Ali ; Jorge Cano [Royaume-Uni] ; Alba Gonzalez Escalada [Espagne] ; Moses J. Bockarie [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination through annual mass drug administration (MDA) for 4–6 years. In 2006, Zanzibar stopped MDA against LF after five rounds of MDA revealed no microfilaraemic individuals during surveys at selected sentinel sites. We asked the question if LF transmission was truly interrupted in 2006 when MDA was stopped.
In line with ongoing efforts to shrink the LF map, we performed the WHO recommended transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in January 2012 to verify the absence of LF transmission on the main Zanzibar islands of Unguja and Pemba. Altogether, 3275 children were tested on both islands and 89 were found to be CFA positive; 70 in Pemba and 19 in Unguja. The distribution of schools with positive children was heterogeneous with pronounced spatial variation on both islands. Based on the calculated TAS cut-offs of 18 and 20 CFA positive children for Pemba and Unguja respectively, we demonstrated that transmission was still ongoing in Pemba where the cut-off was exceeded.
Our findings indicated ongoing transmission of LF on Pemba in 2012. Moreover, we presented evidence from previous studies that LF transmission was also active on Unguja shortly after stopping MDA in 2006. Based on these observations the government of Zanzibar decided to resume MDA against LF on both islands in 2013.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003669
PubMed: 25816287
PubMed Central: 4376862
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Rebollo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammed, Khalfan A" sort="Mohammed, Khalfan A" uniqKey="Mohammed K" first="Khalfan A." last="Mohammed">Khalfan A. Mohammed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">United Republic of Tanzania</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Brent" sort="Thomas, Brent" uniqKey="Thomas B" first="Brent" last="Thomas">Brent Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ame, Shaali" sort="Ame, Shaali" uniqKey="Ame S" first="Shaali" last="Ame">Shaali Ame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Public Health Laboratory-IdC, Chake-chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health Laboratory-IdC, Chake-chake, Pemba, Zanzibar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zanzibar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Said Mohammed" sort="Ali, Said Mohammed" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Said Mohammed" last="Ali">Said Mohammed Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">United Republic of Tanzania</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Jorge" sort="Cano, Jorge" uniqKey="Cano J" first="Jorge" last="Cano">Jorge Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Escalada, Alba Gonzalez" sort="Escalada, Alba Gonzalez" uniqKey="Escalada A" first="Alba Gonzalez" last="Escalada">Alba Gonzalez Escalada</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J." last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination through annual mass drug administration (MDA) for 4–6 years. In 2006, Zanzibar stopped MDA against LF after five rounds of MDA revealed no microfilaraemic individuals during surveys at selected sentinel sites. We asked the question if LF transmission was truly interrupted in 2006 when MDA was stopped.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>In line with ongoing efforts to shrink the LF map, we performed the WHO recommended transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in January 2012 to verify the absence of LF transmission on the main Zanzibar islands of Unguja and Pemba. Altogether, 3275 children were tested on both islands and 89 were found to be CFA positive; 70 in Pemba and 19 in Unguja. The distribution of schools with positive children was heterogeneous with pronounced spatial variation on both islands. Based on the calculated TAS cut-offs of 18 and 20 CFA positive children for Pemba and Unguja respectively, we demonstrated that transmission was still ongoing in Pemba where the cut-off was exceeded.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our findings indicated ongoing transmission of LF on Pemba in 2012. Moreover, we presented evidence from previous studies that LF transmission was also active on Unguja shortly after stopping MDA in 2006. Based on these observations the government of Zanzibar decided to resume MDA against LF on both islands in 2013.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Mp" uniqKey="Rebollo M">MP Rebollo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Mj" uniqKey="Bockarie M">MJ Bockarie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mohammed, Ka" uniqKey="Mohammed K">KA Mohammed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, Dh" uniqKey="Molyneux D">DH Molyneux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albonico, M" uniqKey="Albonico M">M Albonico</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rio, F" uniqKey="Rio F">F Rio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chu, Bk" uniqKey="Chu B">BK Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deming, M" uniqKey="Deming M">M 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25816287</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4376862</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003669</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-14-01272</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cessation of Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis in Zanzibar in 2006: Was Transmission Interrupted?</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Cessation of MDA for Lymphatic Filariasis in Zanzibar</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rebollo</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff001"><sup>¤</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mohammed</surname><given-names>Khalfan A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>Brent</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ame</surname><given-names>Shaali</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>Said Mohammed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Jorge</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Escalada</surname><given-names>Alba Gonzalez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname><given-names>Moses J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Public Health Laboratory-IdC, Chake-chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Bottomley</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UNITED KINGDOM</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: MPR MJB AGE. Performed the experiments: MPR KAM BT SA SMA. Analyzed the data: MPR MJB JC BT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MJB MPR SA SMA. Wrote the paper: MPR MJB AGE KAM SA SMA JC.</p></fn><fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff001"><label>¤</label><p>Current address: Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>moses.bockarie@lstmed.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e0003669</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Rebollo et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pntd.0003669.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination through annual mass drug administration (MDA) for 4–6 years. In 2006, Zanzibar stopped MDA against LF after five rounds of MDA revealed no microfilaraemic individuals during surveys at selected sentinel sites. We asked the question if LF transmission was truly interrupted in 2006 when MDA was stopped.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>In line with ongoing efforts to shrink the LF map, we performed the WHO recommended transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in January 2012 to verify the absence of LF transmission on the main Zanzibar islands of Unguja and Pemba. Altogether, 3275 children were tested on both islands and 89 were found to be CFA positive; 70 in Pemba and 19 in Unguja. The distribution of schools with positive children was heterogeneous with pronounced spatial variation on both islands. Based on the calculated TAS cut-offs of 18 and 20 CFA positive children for Pemba and Unguja respectively, we demonstrated that transmission was still ongoing in Pemba where the cut-off was exceeded.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our findings indicated ongoing transmission of LF on Pemba in 2012. Moreover, we presented evidence from previous studies that LF transmission was also active on Unguja shortly after stopping MDA in 2006. Based on these observations the government of Zanzibar decided to resume MDA against LF on both islands in 2013.</p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis was highly endemic in Zanzibar when MDA commenced in 2001 to eliminate the disease. In 2006, Zanzibar, in the United Republic of Tanzania, was the first territory in Africa to complete five rounds of annual treatment using a combination of albendazole and ivermectin at 100% geographic coverage and achieving effective treatment coverage of over 65% during each round. MDA was stopped in 2006 after sentinel site surveys revealed parasite infection rates of zero in both humans and mosquito populations. In 2012, when new tools became available to verify the absence of transmission, we asked the question if transmission was truly interrupted when MDA was stopped in 2006. In January 2012, we performed the WHO recommended transmission assessment surveys (TAS) on the main islands of Unguja and Pemba to verify the absence of LF transmission in line with ongoing efforts to shrink the LF risk map. Altogether, 3275 children were tested on both islands and 89 were found to be CFA positive; 70 in Pemba and 19 in Unguja. The distribution of schools with positive children was heterogeneous with pronounced spatial variation on both islands. Based on the calculated TAS cut-offs of 18 and 20 CFA positive children for Pemba and Unguja respectively, we demonstrated that transmission was still ongoing in Pemba where the cut-off value was exceeded. We also presented evidence from previous entomological studies that LF transmission was active on Unguja shortly after stopping MDA in 2006. Based on these findings we concluded that LF transmission was still active in Zanzibar, and one million people at risk of acquiring LF, and recommended the resumption of MDA on both islands to eliminate the disease. In 2013, the government of Zanzibar decided to resume MDA with ivermectin plus albendazole on both islands.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This study was supported by the Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, through funding from DFID. The funders of this study had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><page-count count="10"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Tanzanie</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Grand Londres</li></region><settlement><li>Londres</li><li>Madrid</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ali, Said Mohammed" sort="Ali, Said Mohammed" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Said Mohammed" last="Ali">Said Mohammed Ali</name><name sortKey="Mohammed, Khalfan A" sort="Mohammed, Khalfan A" uniqKey="Mohammed K" first="Khalfan A." last="Mohammed">Khalfan A. Mohammed</name></noCountry><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rebollo, Maria P" sort="Rebollo, Maria P" uniqKey="Rebollo M" first="Maria P." last="Rebollo">Maria P. Rebollo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J." last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><name sortKey="Cano, Jorge" sort="Cano, Jorge" uniqKey="Cano J" first="Jorge" last="Cano">Jorge Cano</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Brent" sort="Thomas, Brent" uniqKey="Thomas B" first="Brent" last="Thomas">Brent Thomas</name></country><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ame, Shaali" sort="Ame, Shaali" uniqKey="Ame S" first="Shaali" last="Ame">Shaali Ame</name></noRegion></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="Escalada, Alba Gonzalez" sort="Escalada, Alba Gonzalez" uniqKey="Escalada A" first="Alba Gonzalez" last="Escalada">Alba Gonzalez Escalada</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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