Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Cameroon: Prospects for Elimination
Identifieur interne : 001085 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001084; suivant : 001086Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Cameroon: Prospects for Elimination
Auteurs : Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga [Cameroun] ; Jules B. Tchatchueng-Mbougua [Cameroun] ; Jean Bopda [Cameroun] ; Steve Mbickmen-Tchana [Cameroun] ; Nathalie Elong-Kana [Cameroun] ; Etienne Nnomzo [Cameroun] ; Julie Akame [Cameroun] ; Ann Tarini [Cameroun] ; Yaobi Zhang [Sénégal] ; Flobert Njiokou [Cameroun] ; Joseph Kamgno [Cameroun]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the most debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It still presents as an important public health problem in many countries in the tropics. In Cameroon, where many NTDs are endemic, only scant data describing the situation regarding LF epidemiology was available. The aim of this study was to describe the current situation regarding LF infection in Cameroon, and to map this infection and accurately delineate areas where mass drug administration (MDA) was required.
The endemicity status and distribution of LF was assessed in eight of the ten Regions of Cameroon by a rapid-format card test for detection of
Among the 120 health districts visited in the eight Regions during ICT survey, 106 (88.3%) were found to be endemic for LF (i.e. had ICT positivity rate ≥ 1%), with infection rate from 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2–5.5) to 20.0% (95% CI: 10–30). The overall infection rate during the night blood survey was 0.11% (95% CI: 0.08–0.16) in 11 health districts out of the 106 surveyed; the arithmetic mean for microfilaria density was 1.19 mf/ml (95% CI: 0.13–2.26) for the total population examined.
ICT card test results showed that LF was endemic in all the Regions and in about 90% of the health districts surveyed. All of these health districts qualified for MDA (i.e. ICT positivity rate ≥ 1%). Microfilariaemia data collected as part of this study provided the national program with baseline data (sentinel sites) necessary to measure the impact of MDA on the endemicity level and transmission of LF important for the 2020 deadline for global elimination.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004001
PubMed: 26353087
PubMed Central: 4564182
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Tchatchueng-Mbougua</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mbickmen Tchana, Steve" sort="Mbickmen Tchana, Steve" uniqKey="Mbickmen Tchana S" first="Steve" last="Mbickmen-Tchana">Steve Mbickmen-Tchana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elong Kana, Nathalie" sort="Elong Kana, Nathalie" uniqKey="Elong Kana N" first="Nathalie" last="Elong-Kana">Nathalie Elong-Kana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), 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Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Helen Keller International, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yaobi" sort="Zhang, Yaobi" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yaobi" last="Zhang">Yaobi Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njiokou, Flobert" sort="Njiokou, Flobert" uniqKey="Njiokou F" first="Flobert" last="Njiokou">Flobert Njiokou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the most debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It still presents as an important public health problem in many countries in the tropics. In Cameroon, where many NTDs are endemic, only scant data describing the situation regarding LF epidemiology was available. The aim of this study was to describe the current situation regarding LF infection in Cameroon, and to map this infection and accurately delineate areas where mass drug administration (MDA) was required.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology</title><p>The endemicity status and distribution of LF was assessed in eight of the ten Regions of Cameroon by a rapid-format card test for detection of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> antigen (immunochromatographic test, ICT). The baseline data required to monitor the effectiveness of MDA was collected by assessing microfilariaemia in nocturnal calibrated thick blood smears in sentinel sites selected in the health districts where ICT positivity rate was ≥ 1%.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Principal findings</title><p>Among the 120 health districts visited in the eight Regions during ICT survey, 106 (88.3%) were found to be endemic for LF (i.e. had ICT positivity rate ≥ 1%), with infection rate from 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2–5.5) to 20.0% (95% CI: 10–30). The overall infection rate during the night blood survey was 0.11% (95% CI: 0.08–0.16) in 11 health districts out of the 106 surveyed; the arithmetic mean for microfilaria density was 1.19 mf/ml (95% CI: 0.13–2.26) for the total population examined.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion/significance</title><p>ICT card test results showed that LF was endemic in all the Regions and in about 90% of the health districts surveyed. All of these health districts qualified for MDA (i.e. ICT positivity rate ≥ 1%). Microfilariaemia data collected as part of this study provided the national program with baseline data (sentinel sites) necessary to measure the impact of MDA on the endemicity level and transmission of LF important for the 2020 deadline for global elimination.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Remme, Jhf" uniqKey="Remme J">JHF Remme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feenstra, P" uniqKey="Feenstra P">P Feenstra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lever, Pr" uniqKey="Lever P">PR Lever</name></author><author><name sortKey="Medici, A" uniqKey="Medici A">A Médici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morel, Cm" uniqKey="Morel C">CM Morel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, M" uniqKey="Miller M">M Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, S" uniqKey="Barrett S">S Barrett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henderson, Da" uniqKey="Henderson D">DA 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26353087</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4564182</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004001</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-14-02176</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Cameroon: Prospects for Elimination</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">LF Mapping in Cameroon</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nana-Djeunga</surname><given-names>Hugues C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tchatchueng-Mbougua</surname><given-names>Jules B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bopda</surname><given-names>Jean</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mbickmen-Tchana</surname><given-names>Steve</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Elong-Kana</surname><given-names>Nathalie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nnomzo’o</surname><given-names>Etienne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akame</surname><given-names>Julie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tarini</surname><given-names>Ann</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Yaobi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Njiokou</surname><given-names>Flobert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamgno</surname><given-names>Joseph</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>NTD Control Program, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Helen Keller International, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Gyapong</surname><given-names>John Owusu</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Ghana, GHANA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: HCND JK. Performed the experiments: JB SMT NEK EN JK. Analyzed the data: HCND JBTM JK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JK YZ. Wrote the paper: JBTM JB SMT NEK JA AT YZ FN EN.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>kamgno@crfilmt.org</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>9</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>e0004001</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>21</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Nana-Djeunga et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pntd.0004001.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the most debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It still presents as an important public health problem in many countries in the tropics. In Cameroon, where many NTDs are endemic, only scant data describing the situation regarding LF epidemiology was available. The aim of this study was to describe the current situation regarding LF infection in Cameroon, and to map this infection and accurately delineate areas where mass drug administration (MDA) was required.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology</title><p>The endemicity status and distribution of LF was assessed in eight of the ten Regions of Cameroon by a rapid-format card test for detection of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> antigen (immunochromatographic test, ICT). The baseline data required to monitor the effectiveness of MDA was collected by assessing microfilariaemia in nocturnal calibrated thick blood smears in sentinel sites selected in the health districts where ICT positivity rate was ≥ 1%.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Principal findings</title><p>Among the 120 health districts visited in the eight Regions during ICT survey, 106 (88.3%) were found to be endemic for LF (i.e. had ICT positivity rate ≥ 1%), with infection rate from 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2–5.5) to 20.0% (95% CI: 10–30). The overall infection rate during the night blood survey was 0.11% (95% CI: 0.08–0.16) in 11 health districts out of the 106 surveyed; the arithmetic mean for microfilaria density was 1.19 mf/ml (95% CI: 0.13–2.26) for the total population examined.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion/significance</title><p>ICT card test results showed that LF was endemic in all the Regions and in about 90% of the health districts surveyed. All of these health districts qualified for MDA (i.e. ICT positivity rate ≥ 1%). Microfilariaemia data collected as part of this study provided the national program with baseline data (sentinel sites) necessary to measure the impact of MDA on the endemicity level and transmission of LF important for the 2020 deadline for global elimination.</p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by the filarial nematodes <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>, <italic>Brugia malayi</italic> and <italic>Brugia timori</italic>. It is widely distributed in the tropics where it results in a chronic and debilitating disease. Nearly 1.4 billion people in 73 countries worldwide are threatened by lymphatic filariasis, with an estimated 120 million people infected, and more than 40 million disfigured and incapacitated by the disease. Mass drug administration of appropriate chemotherapeutic agents has been successful in eliminating the infection in some endemic areas supporting the contention that global elimination of the infection has become feasible. Before targeting lymphatic filariasis for elimination, it is necessary to map its distribution in order to identify areas where treatment is required. In this present study, two surveys were carried out in each of eight Regions of Cameroon to assess the endemicity status and intensity of the infection. Lymphatic filariasis was found to be endemic in all Regions surveyed and in almost all the constituent health districts. As virtually all of these Regions and health districts were found to be eligible for MDA treatments, baseline data were also acquired that can be used by the national program for the evaluation of the success of mass drug administration on the endemicity and transmission of the disease.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>These surveys were funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ENVISION Project through Helen Keller International. ENVISION is a global project led by RTI International in partnership with CBM International, The Carter Center, Helen Keller International, IMA World Health, Light for the World, Sightsavers, and World Vision. ENVISION is funded by the US Agency for International Development project under cooperative agreement number AID-OAA-A-11-00048. The period of performance for ENVISION is September 30, 2011 through September 29, 2016. The Center for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), the platform where biological tests were performed for this study, is funded by Mectizan Donation Program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="9"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><page-count count="19"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Cameroun</li><li>Sénégal</li></country></list><tree><country name="Cameroun"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C." last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Akame, Julie" sort="Akame, Julie" uniqKey="Akame J" first="Julie" last="Akame">Julie Akame</name><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><name sortKey="Elong Kana, Nathalie" sort="Elong Kana, Nathalie" uniqKey="Elong Kana N" first="Nathalie" last="Elong-Kana">Nathalie Elong-Kana</name><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><name sortKey="Mbickmen Tchana, Steve" sort="Mbickmen Tchana, Steve" uniqKey="Mbickmen Tchana S" first="Steve" last="Mbickmen-Tchana">Steve Mbickmen-Tchana</name><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C." last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name><name sortKey="Njiokou, Flobert" sort="Njiokou, Flobert" uniqKey="Njiokou F" first="Flobert" last="Njiokou">Flobert Njiokou</name><name sortKey="Nnomzo, Etienne" sort="Nnomzo, Etienne" uniqKey="Nnomzo E" first="Etienne" last="Nnomzo">Etienne Nnomzo</name><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><name sortKey="Tchatchueng Mbougua, Jules B" sort="Tchatchueng Mbougua, Jules B" uniqKey="Tchatchueng Mbougua J" first="Jules B." last="Tchatchueng-Mbougua">Jules B. Tchatchueng-Mbougua</name></country><country name="Sénégal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhang, Yaobi" sort="Zhang, Yaobi" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yaobi" last="Zhang">Yaobi Zhang</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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