Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders
Identifieur interne : 009400 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 009399; suivant : 009401Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders
Auteurs : Suresh Parmar ; Iryna Khodasevych ; Olga TroynikovSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
The recent use of graduated compression therapy for treatment of chronic venous disorders such as leg ulcers and oedema has led to considerable research interest in flexible and low-cost force sensors. Properly applied low pressure during compression therapy can substantially improve the treatment of chronic venous disorders. However, achievement of the recommended low pressure levels and its accurate determination in real-life conditions is still a challenge. Several thin and flexible force sensors, which can also function as pressure sensors, are commercially available, but their real-life sensing performance has not been evaluated. Moreover, no researchers have reported information on sensor performance during static and dynamic loading within the realistic test conditions required for compression therapy. This research investigated the sensing performance of five low-cost commercial pressure sensors on a human-leg-like test apparatus and presents quantitative results on the accuracy and drift behaviour of these sensors in both static and dynamic conditions required for compression therapy. Extensive experimental work on this new human-leg-like test setup demonstrated its utility for evaluating the sensors. Results showed variation in static and dynamic sensing performance, including accuracy and drift characteristics. Only one commercially available pressure sensor was found to reliably deliver accuracy of 95% and above for all three test pressure points of 30, 50 and 70 mmHg.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s17081923
PubMed: 28825672
PubMed Central: 5580323
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders</title><author><name sortKey="Parmar, Suresh" sort="Parmar, Suresh" uniqKey="Parmar S" first="Suresh" last="Parmar">Suresh Parmar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khodasevych, Iryna" sort="Khodasevych, Iryna" uniqKey="Khodasevych I" first="Iryna" last="Khodasevych">Iryna Khodasevych</name></author><author><name sortKey="Troynikov, Olga" sort="Troynikov, Olga" uniqKey="Troynikov O" first="Olga" last="Troynikov">Olga Troynikov</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28825672</idno><idno type="pmc">5580323</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5580323</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5580323</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s17081923</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004635</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004635</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">004634</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">004634</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000290</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000290</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">009400</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders</title><author><name sortKey="Parmar, Suresh" sort="Parmar, Suresh" uniqKey="Parmar S" first="Suresh" last="Parmar">Suresh Parmar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khodasevych, Iryna" sort="Khodasevych, Iryna" uniqKey="Khodasevych I" first="Iryna" last="Khodasevych">Iryna Khodasevych</name></author><author><name sortKey="Troynikov, Olga" sort="Troynikov, Olga" uniqKey="Troynikov O" first="Olga" last="Troynikov">Olga Troynikov</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The recent use of graduated compression therapy for treatment of chronic venous disorders such as leg ulcers and oedema has led to considerable research interest in flexible and low-cost force sensors. Properly applied low pressure during compression therapy can substantially improve the treatment of chronic venous disorders. However, achievement of the recommended low pressure levels and its accurate determination in real-life conditions is still a challenge. Several thin and flexible force sensors, which can also function as pressure sensors, are commercially available, but their real-life sensing performance has not been evaluated. Moreover, no researchers have reported information on sensor performance during static and dynamic loading within the realistic test conditions required for compression therapy. This research investigated the sensing performance of five low-cost commercial pressure sensors on a human-leg-like test apparatus and presents quantitative results on the accuracy and drift behaviour of these sensors in both static and dynamic conditions required for compression therapy. Extensive experimental work on this new human-leg-like test setup demonstrated its utility for evaluating the sensors. Results showed variation in static and dynamic sensing performance, including accuracy and drift characteristics. Only one commercially available pressure sensor was found to reliably deliver accuracy of 95% and above for all three test pressure points of 30, 50 and 70 mmHg.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Finnie, A" uniqKey="Finnie A">A. Finnie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guex, J J" uniqKey="Guex J">J.J. Guex</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avril, L" uniqKey="Avril L">L. Avril</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enrici, E" uniqKey="Enrici E">E. Enrici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enriquez, E" uniqKey="Enriquez E">E. Enriquez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lis, C" uniqKey="Lis C">C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sensors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28825672</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5580323</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s17081923</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-17-01923</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of Flexible Force Sensors for Pressure Monitoring in Treatment of Chronic Venous Disorders</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parmar</surname><given-names>Suresh</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khodasevych</surname><given-names>Iryna</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Troynikov</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-sensors-17-01923" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-sensors-17-01923">School of Fashion and Textiles, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne 3056, Australia;<email>s3524484@student.rmit.edu.au</email> (S.P.);<email>iryna.khodasevych@rmit.edu.au</email> (I.K.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-17-01923"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>olga.troynikov@rmit.edu.au</email>; Tel.: +61-399-259-108</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>8</issue><elocation-id>1923</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The recent use of graduated compression therapy for treatment of chronic venous disorders such as leg ulcers and oedema has led to considerable research interest in flexible and low-cost force sensors. Properly applied low pressure during compression therapy can substantially improve the treatment of chronic venous disorders. However, achievement of the recommended low pressure levels and its accurate determination in real-life conditions is still a challenge. Several thin and flexible force sensors, which can also function as pressure sensors, are commercially available, but their real-life sensing performance has not been evaluated. Moreover, no researchers have reported information on sensor performance during static and dynamic loading within the realistic test conditions required for compression therapy. This research investigated the sensing performance of five low-cost commercial pressure sensors on a human-leg-like test apparatus and presents quantitative results on the accuracy and drift behaviour of these sensors in both static and dynamic conditions required for compression therapy. Extensive experimental work on this new human-leg-like test setup demonstrated its utility for evaluating the sensors. Results showed variation in static and dynamic sensing performance, including accuracy and drift characteristics. Only one commercially available pressure sensor was found to reliably deliver accuracy of 95% and above for all three test pressure points of 30, 50 and 70 mmHg.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>pressure sensor</kwd><kwd>sensor evaluation</kwd><kwd>calibration</kwd><kwd>force-sensing</kwd><kwd>low interface pressure</kwd><kwd>compression therapy</kwd><kwd>piezoresistive sensors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Evaluated force sensing resistors (left to right): Peratech QTC™, Interlink FSR<sup>®</sup>, Sensitronics<sup>®</sup> FSR, Tactilus<sup>®</sup> Sensor and Tekscan Flexiforce<sup>®</sup> A301.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Experimental setup: (<bold>a</bold>) Block diagram; (<bold>b</bold>) Image of test setup.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Test setup with soft leg like silicone structure; (<bold>b</bold>) Placement of the sensor and t-pin.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Loading sequence: Calibration cycle.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Loading sequence: Dynamic loading cycle.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Static testing results for sensors: (<bold>a</bold>,<bold>d</bold>,<bold>g</bold>,<bold>j</bold>,<bold>m</bold>) Sensor output voltage reading; (<bold>b</bold>,<bold>e</bold>,<bold>h</bold>,<bold>k</bold>,<bold>n</bold>) Sensor pressure readings. Dotted lines show corresponding applied gold standard pressures of 30.5, 51.4 and 72.7 mmHg; (<bold>c</bold>,<bold>f</bold>,<bold>i</bold>,<bold>l</bold>,<bold>o</bold>) Accuracy of the sensor pressure readings.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g006a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g006b"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Static drift results for sensors at the three applied pressures: (<bold>a</bold>–<bold>c</bold>) Output voltage drift; (<bold>d</bold>–<bold>f</bold>) Pressure reading drift; (<bold>g</bold>–<bold>i</bold>) Accuracy of the sensor pressure readings.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g007a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g007b"></graphic></fig><fig id="sensors-17-01923-f008" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Dynamic testing results for sensors: (<bold>a</bold>,<bold>d</bold>,<bold>g</bold>,<bold>j</bold>,<bold>m</bold>) Sensor output voltage readings; (<bold>b</bold>,<bold>e</bold>,<bold>h</bold>,<bold>k</bold>,<bold>n</bold>) Sensor pressure readings. Dotted lines show corresponding applied gold standard pressures of 30.5, 51.4 and 72.7 mmHg; (<bold>c</bold>,<bold>f</bold>,<bold>i</bold>,<bold>l</bold>,<bold>o</bold>) Accuracy of sensor pressure readings.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g008a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="sensors-17-01923-g008b"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="sensors-17-01923-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">sensors-17-01923-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Geometry and sensing properties of evaluated sensors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensor</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensing Area</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Claimed Operating Range</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QTC™ SP 200-10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peratech Holdco Ltd.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–20 N [<xref rid="B27-sensors-17-01923" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FSR<sup>®</sup> 402</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interlink Electronics Inc.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.7 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~0.2–20 N [<xref rid="B28-sensors-17-01923" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half Inch ThruMode FSR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitronics Inc.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3–30 psi [<xref rid="B29-sensors-17-01923" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tactilus<sup>®</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensor Products Inc.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–400 psi [<xref rid="B30-sensors-17-01923" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flexiforce<sup>®</sup> A 301</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tekscan Inc.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.53 mm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1 lb [<xref rid="B31-sensors-17-01923" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="sensors-17-01923-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">sensors-17-01923-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Applied weights and corresponding pressure.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disc</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Applied Weight (g)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calculated Pressure (mmHg)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">t-pin platform</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.63</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.97</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.80</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.51</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.66</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.96</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.42</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.70</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.69</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.37</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+Weight 8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.03</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="sensors-17-01923-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">sensors-17-01923-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Average accuracy in static pressure measurements.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Sensor</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Accuracy (%)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.5 mmHg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.4 mmHg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7 mmHg</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peratech</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interlink</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitronics</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tactilus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tekscan Flexiforce</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="sensors-17-01923-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">sensors-17-01923-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Average accuracy in dynamic pressure measurements.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Sensor</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Accuracy (%)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.5 mmHg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.4 mmHg</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7 mmHg</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peratech</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.8 ± 2.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0 ± 2.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interlink</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.7 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.4 ± 1.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.3 ± 1.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitronics</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.8 ± 6.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.0 ± 3.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.6 ± 2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tactilus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.9 ± 3.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.3 ± 2.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tekscan Flexiforce</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.1 ± 7.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.4 ± 5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.0 ± 4.1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Khodasevych, Iryna" sort="Khodasevych, Iryna" uniqKey="Khodasevych I" first="Iryna" last="Khodasevych">Iryna Khodasevych</name><name sortKey="Parmar, Suresh" sort="Parmar, Suresh" uniqKey="Parmar S" first="Suresh" last="Parmar">Suresh Parmar</name><name sortKey="Troynikov, Olga" sort="Troynikov, Olga" uniqKey="Troynikov O" first="Olga" last="Troynikov">Olga Troynikov</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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