Effect of Wuchereria bancrofti infection on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study.
Identifieur interne : 008668 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 008667; suivant : 008669Effect of Wuchereria bancrofti infection on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study.
Auteurs : Inge Kroidl [Allemagne] ; Elmar Saathoff [Allemagne] ; Lucas Maganga [Tanzanie] ; Williams H. Makunde [Tanzanie] ; Achim Hoerauf [Allemagne] ; Christof Geldmacher [Allemagne] ; Petra Clowes [Tanzanie] ; Leonard Maboko [Tanzanie] ; Michael Hoelscher [Allemagne]Source :
- Lancet (London, England) [ 1474-547X ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Animaux, Antigènes d'helminthe (sang), Circoncision masculine, Facteurs de risque, Femelle, Filariose lymphatique (immunologie), Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie), Humains, Incidence, Infections à VIH (immunologie), Infections à VIH (épidémiologie), Maladies endémiques (), Mâle, Partenaire sexuel, Prévalence, Situation de famille, Tanzanie (épidémiologie), Test ELISA, Wuchereria bancrofti (immunologie), Wuchereria bancrofti (isolement et purification), Études par échantillonnage, Études prospectives, Évaluation des risques.
- MESH :
- immunologie : Filariose lymphatique, Infections à VIH, Wuchereria bancrofti.
- isolement et purification : Wuchereria bancrofti.
- sang : Antigènes d'helminthe.
- épidémiologie : Filariose lymphatique, Infections à VIH, Tanzanie.
- Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Animaux, Circoncision masculine, Facteurs de risque, Femelle, Humains, Incidence, Maladies endémiques, Mâle, Partenaire sexuel, Prévalence, Situation de famille, Test ELISA, Études par échantillonnage, Études prospectives, Évaluation des risques.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Antigens, Helminth (blood), Circumcision, Male, Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology), Elephantiasis, Filarial (immunology), Endemic Diseases (statistics & numerical data), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, HIV Infections (epidemiology), HIV Infections (immunology), Humans, Incidence, Male, Marital Status, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Sexual Partners, Tanzania (epidemiology), Wuchereria bancrofti (immunology), Wuchereria bancrofti (isolation & purification).
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Antigens, Helminth.
- epidemiology : Elephantiasis, Filarial, HIV Infections, Tanzania.
- immunology : Elephantiasis, Filarial, HIV Infections, Wuchereria bancrofti.
- isolation & purification : Wuchereria bancrofti.
- statistics & numerical data : Endemic Diseases.
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Circumcision, Male, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Marital Status, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Sexual Partners.
Abstract
The past decades have seen an ongoing controversial debate about whether the immune activation induced by helminths has an effect on the susceptibility of individuals to HIV. In view of this, we assessed the effect of lymphatic filariasis, a chronic helminth disease elicited by Wuchereria bancrofti, on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31252-1
PubMed: 27495354
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National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. 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Makunde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tanga</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, Achim" sort="Hoerauf, Achim" uniqKey="Hoerauf A" first="Achim" last="Hoerauf">Achim Hoerauf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn-Cologne, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn-Cologne</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bonn-Cologne</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Bonn-Cologne</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Bonn-Cologne</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Geldmacher, Christof" sort="Geldmacher, Christof" uniqKey="Geldmacher C" first="Christof" last="Geldmacher">Christof Geldmacher</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de 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Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mbeya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Lancet (London, England)</title><idno type="eISSN">1474-547X</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Animals</term><term>Antigens, Helminth (blood)</term><term>Circumcision, Male</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (immunology)</term><term>Endemic Diseases (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term><term>Female</term><term>HIV Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>HIV Infections (immunology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Incidence</term><term>Male</term><term>Marital Status</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Prospective Studies</term><term>Risk Assessment</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Sampling Studies</term><term>Sexual Partners</term><term>Tanzania (epidemiology)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (immunology)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (isolation & purification)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Antigènes d'helminthe (sang)</term><term>Circoncision masculine</term><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (immunologie)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Incidence</term><term>Infections à VIH (immunologie)</term><term>Infections à VIH (épidémiologie)</term><term>Maladies endémiques ()</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Partenaire sexuel</term><term>Prévalence</term><term>Situation de famille</term><term>Tanzanie (épidémiologie)</term><term>Test ELISA</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (immunologie)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (isolement et purification)</term><term>Études par échantillonnage</term><term>Études prospectives</term><term>Évaluation des risques</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antigens, Helminth</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term><term>HIV Infections</term><term>Tanzania</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Infections à VIH</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term><term>HIV Infections</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'helminthe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Endemic Diseases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Infections à VIH</term><term>Tanzanie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Animals</term><term>Circumcision, Male</term><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Incidence</term><term>Male</term><term>Marital Status</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Prospective Studies</term><term>Risk Assessment</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Sampling Studies</term><term>Sexual Partners</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Circoncision masculine</term><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Incidence</term><term>Maladies endémiques</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Partenaire sexuel</term><term>Prévalence</term><term>Situation de famille</term><term>Test ELISA</term><term>Études par échantillonnage</term><term>Études prospectives</term><term>Évaluation des risques</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The past decades have seen an ongoing controversial debate about whether the immune activation induced by helminths has an effect on the susceptibility of individuals to HIV. In view of this, we assessed the effect of lymphatic filariasis, a chronic helminth disease elicited by Wuchereria bancrofti, on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27495354</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>21</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>10</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>30</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1474-547X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>388</Volume><Issue>10054</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Oct</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Lancet (London, England)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Lancet</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Effect of Wuchereria bancrofti infection on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1912-1920</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0140-6736(16)31252-1</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31252-1</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">The past decades have seen an ongoing controversial debate about whether the immune activation induced by helminths has an effect on the susceptibility of individuals to HIV. In view of this, we assessed the effect of lymphatic filariasis, a chronic helminth disease elicited by Wuchereria bancrofti, on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">In this population-based cohort study, we enrolled a geographically stratified randomly chosen sample of about 10% of the households in nine distinct sites in southwest Tanzania. All household members present were followed up and tested for HIV and circulating filarial antigen, an indicator of W bancrofti adult worm burden. Our main outcome of interest was HIV incidence in participants with or without lymphatic filariasis.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="FINDINGS">Between May 29, 2006, and June 16, 2011, we enrolled 4283 households with roughly 18 000 participants. Of these, 2699 individuals from Kyela district participated in at least one round of the EMINI study. In the 1055 initially HIV-negative adolescents and adults with clearly defined lymphatic filariasis status, 32 new HIV infections were observed in 2626 person-years. HIV incidence in lymphatic filariasis-positive participants (1·91 cases per 100 person-years) was significantly higher than the incidence in lymphatic filariasis-negative participants (0·80 cases per 100 person-years). The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratio was 2·17 (95% CI 1·08-4·37, p=0·0300). Lymphatic filariasis status remained an independent and significantly relevant risk factor for HIV infection when controlled for other known risk factors such as sexual behaviour and socioeconomic factors.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="INTERPRETATION">To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study demonstrating a significantly increased risk of acquiring HIV for lymphatic filariasis-infected individuals. Immunological studies and interventional treatment studies that eliminate the adult worms and not only the microfilariae are needed to follow up on the results presented.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="FUNDING">European Union as part of EuropAid; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; German Center for Infection Research.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kroidl</LastName><ForeName>Inge</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: ikroidl@lrz.uni-muenchen.de.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saathoff</LastName><ForeName>Elmar</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maganga</LastName><ForeName>Lucas</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Makunde</LastName><ForeName>Williams H</ForeName><Initials>WH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoerauf</LastName><ForeName>Achim</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn-Cologne, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Geldmacher</LastName><ForeName>Christof</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Clowes</LastName><ForeName>Petra</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maboko</LastName><ForeName>Leonard</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoelscher</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D003160">Comparative Study</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Lancet</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>2985213R</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0140-6736</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000947">Antigens, Helminth</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1857-1859</RefSource><PMID Version="1">27495353</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="ErratumIn"><RefSource>Lancet. 2016 Oct 15;388(10054):1882</RefSource><PMID Version="1">27544376</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000947" MajorTopicYN="N">Antigens, Helminth</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000097" MajorTopicYN="Y">blood</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002944" MajorTopicYN="N">Circumcision, Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004605" MajorTopicYN="N">Elephantiasis, Filarial</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019353" MajorTopicYN="Y">Endemic Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="N">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004797" MajorTopicYN="N">Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015658" MajorTopicYN="N">HIV Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015994" MajorTopicYN="N">Incidence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017533" MajorTopicYN="N">Marital Status</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015995" MajorTopicYN="N">Prevalence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011446" MajorTopicYN="N">Prospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018570" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Assessment</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012307" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012494" MajorTopicYN="N">Sampling Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012747" MajorTopicYN="N">Sexual Partners</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013636" MajorTopicYN="N">Tanzania</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014958" MajorTopicYN="N">Wuchereria bancrofti</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="Y">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2016</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>08</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27495354</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0140-6736(16)31252-1</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31252-1</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Tanzanie</li></country><region><li>Bavière</li><li>District de Haute-Bavière</li></region><settlement><li>Munich</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bavière"><name sortKey="Kroidl, Inge" sort="Kroidl, Inge" uniqKey="Kroidl I" first="Inge" last="Kroidl">Inge Kroidl</name></region><name sortKey="Geldmacher, Christof" sort="Geldmacher, Christof" uniqKey="Geldmacher C" first="Christof" last="Geldmacher">Christof Geldmacher</name><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name><name sortKey="Hoerauf, Achim" sort="Hoerauf, Achim" uniqKey="Hoerauf A" first="Achim" last="Hoerauf">Achim Hoerauf</name><name sortKey="Saathoff, Elmar" sort="Saathoff, Elmar" uniqKey="Saathoff E" first="Elmar" last="Saathoff">Elmar Saathoff</name></country><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Maganga, Lucas" sort="Maganga, Lucas" uniqKey="Maganga L" first="Lucas" last="Maganga">Lucas Maganga</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Clowes, Petra" sort="Clowes, Petra" uniqKey="Clowes P" first="Petra" last="Clowes">Petra Clowes</name><name sortKey="Maboko, Leonard" sort="Maboko, Leonard" uniqKey="Maboko L" first="Leonard" last="Maboko">Leonard Maboko</name><name sortKey="Makunde, Williams H" sort="Makunde, Williams H" uniqKey="Makunde W" first="Williams H" last="Makunde">Williams H. 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