Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ICT) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures
Identifieur interne : 007C61 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 007C60; suivant : 007C62Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ICT) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures
Auteurs : Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo [Cameroun] ; Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga [Cameroun] ; Jean Bopda [Cameroun] ; Julie Akame [Cameroun] ; Ann Tarini [Cameroun] ; Joseph Kamgno [Cameroun]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Antigènes d'helminthe (immunologie), Antigènes d'helminthe (sang), Cameroun (épidémiologie), Dosage immunologique (), Femelle, Filariose lymphatique (), Filariose lymphatique (diagnostic), Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie), Humains, Mâle, Sensibilité et spécificité, Test ELISA (), Wuchereria bancrofti (immunologie), Wuchereria bancrofti (pathogénicité).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Filariose lymphatique.
- immunologie : Antigènes d'helminthe, Wuchereria bancrofti.
- pathogénicité : Wuchereria bancrofti.
- sang : Antigènes d'helminthe.
- épidémiologie : Cameroun, Filariose lymphatique.
- Animaux, Dosage immunologique, Femelle, Filariose lymphatique, Humains, Mâle, Sensibilité et spécificité, Test ELISA.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Cameroun.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Antigens, Helminth (blood), Antigens, Helminth (immunology), Cameroon (epidemiology), Elephantiasis, Filarial (diagnosis), Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology), Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (methods), Female, Humans, Immunoassay (methods), Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Wuchereria bancrofti (immunology), Wuchereria bancrofti (pathogenicity).
- MESH :
- chemical , blood : Antigens, Helminth.
- chemical , immunology : Antigens, Helminth.
- geographic , epidemiology : Cameroon.
- diagnosis : Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- epidemiology : Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- immunology : Wuchereria bancrofti.
- methods : Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunoassay.
- pathogenicity : Wuchereria bancrofti.
- prevention & control : Elephantiasis, Filarial.
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity.
Abstract
Diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations (MDA) are required, and determining when to stop MDA. The prevalence and burden of LF have been drastically reduced following mass treatments, and the evaluation of the performance of circulating filarial antigen (CFA)-based assays was acknowledged to be of high interest in areas with low residual LF endemicity rates after multiple rounds of MDA. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the immunochromatographic test (ICT) sensitivity in low endemicity settings and, specifically, in individuals with low intensity of lymphatic filariasis infection.
To perform this study, calibrated thick blood smears, ICT and Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out by night to identify
All individuals harbouring microfilariae (positive blood films) were detected by ICT and ELISA, but among individuals positive for ELISA, only 35.7 % of them were detected using ICT (Chi square: 4.57;
These findings suggest a loss of sensitivity for ICT in low endemicity settings, especially in people exhibiting low levels of circulating filarial antigen, raising serious concern regarding the monitoring and evaluation procedures in the framework of LF elimination program.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1317-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1317-x
PubMed: 26700472
PubMed Central: 4690254
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PMC:4690254Le document en format XML
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Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. 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Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C." last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akame, Julie" sort="Akame, Julie" uniqKey="Akame J" first="Julie" last="Akame">Julie Akame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antigens, Helminth (blood)</term><term>Antigens, Helminth (immunology)</term><term>Cameroon (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (diagnosis)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control)</term><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (methods)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunoassay (methods)</term><term>Male</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (immunology)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (pathogenicity)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Antigènes d'helminthe (immunologie)</term><term>Antigènes d'helminthe (sang)</term><term>Cameroun (épidémiologie)</term><term>Dosage immunologique ()</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filariose lymphatique ()</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (diagnostic)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Test ELISA ()</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (immunologie)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (pathogénicité)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antigens, Helminth</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antigens, Helminth</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Cameroon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'helminthe</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term><term>Immunoassay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'helminthe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cameroun</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Dosage immunologique</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Test ELISA</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cameroun</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations (MDA) are required, and determining when to stop MDA. The prevalence and burden of LF have been drastically reduced following mass treatments, and the evaluation of the performance of circulating filarial antigen (CFA)-based assays was acknowledged to be of high interest in areas with low residual LF endemicity rates after multiple rounds of MDA. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the immunochromatographic test (ICT) sensitivity in low endemicity settings and, specifically, in individuals with low intensity of lymphatic filariasis infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>To perform this study, calibrated thick blood smears, ICT and Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out by night to identify <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic> microfilarial and circulating filarial antigen carriers. A threshold determination assay regarding ICT and ELISA was performed using serial plasma dilutions from individuals with positive microfilarial counts.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>All individuals harbouring microfilariae (positive blood films) were detected by ICT and ELISA, but among individuals positive for ELISA, only 35.7 % of them were detected using ICT (Chi square: 4.57; <italic>p</italic>-value = 0.03), indicating a moderate agreement between both tests (kappa statistics = 0.49). Threshold determination analyses showed that ELISA was still positive at the last plasma dilution with negative ICT result.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>These findings suggest a loss of sensitivity for ICT in low endemicity settings, especially in people exhibiting low levels of circulating filarial antigen, raising serious concern regarding the monitoring and evaluation procedures in the framework of LF elimination program.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1317-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Babu, Bv" uniqKey="Babu B">BV Babu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, S" uniqKey="Mishra S">S Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nayak, Na" uniqKey="Nayak N">NA 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low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures</title><author><name sortKey="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" sort="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" uniqKey="Gounoue Kamkumo R" first="Raceline" last="Gounoue-Kamkumo">Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C." last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akame, Julie" sort="Akame, Julie" uniqKey="Akame J" first="Julie" last="Akame">Julie Akame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26700472</idno><idno type="pmc">4690254</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4690254</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4690254</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12879-015-1317-x</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C62</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C62</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000C61</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000C61</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001128</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001128</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ICT) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures</title><author><name sortKey="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" sort="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" uniqKey="Gounoue Kamkumo R" first="Raceline" last="Gounoue-Kamkumo">Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C." last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akame, Julie" sort="Akame, Julie" uniqKey="Akame J" first="Julie" last="Akame">Julie Akame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations (MDA) are required, and determining when to stop MDA. The prevalence and burden of LF have been drastically reduced following mass treatments, and the evaluation of the performance of circulating filarial antigen (CFA)-based assays was acknowledged to be of high interest in areas with low residual LF endemicity rates after multiple rounds of MDA. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the immunochromatographic test (ICT) sensitivity in low endemicity settings and, specifically, in individuals with low intensity of lymphatic filariasis infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>To perform this study, calibrated thick blood smears, ICT and Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out by night to identify <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic> microfilarial and circulating filarial antigen carriers. A threshold determination assay regarding ICT and ELISA was performed using serial plasma dilutions from individuals with positive microfilarial counts.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>All individuals harbouring microfilariae (positive blood films) were detected by ICT and ELISA, but among individuals positive for ELISA, only 35.7 % of them were detected using ICT (Chi square: 4.57; <italic>p</italic>-value = 0.03), indicating a moderate agreement between both tests (kappa statistics = 0.49). Threshold determination analyses showed that ELISA was still positive at the last plasma dilution with negative ICT result.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>These findings suggest a loss of sensitivity for ICT in low endemicity settings, especially in people exhibiting low levels of circulating filarial antigen, raising serious concern regarding the monitoring and evaluation procedures in the framework of LF elimination program.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1317-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Babu, Bv" uniqKey="Babu B">BV Babu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, S" uniqKey="Mishra S">S Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nayak, Na" uniqKey="Nayak N">NA 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sortKey="Malane, Ms" uniqKey="Malane M">MS Malane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powers, Kg" uniqKey="Powers K">KG Powers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blair, Ls" uniqKey="Blair L">LS Blair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fischer, P" uniqKey="Fischer P">P Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lizotte Waniewski, M" uniqKey="Lizotte Waniewski M">M Lizotte-Waniewski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamal, Ih" uniqKey="Kamal I">IH Kamal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramzy, Rmr" uniqKey="Ramzy R">RMR Ramzy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Sa" uniqKey="Williams S">SA Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ICT) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures.</title><author><name sortKey="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" sort="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" uniqKey="Gounoue Kamkumo R" first="Raceline" last="Gounoue-Kamkumo">Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. gounoue@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C" last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. nanadjeunga@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. bopda@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akame, Julie" sort="Akame, Julie" uniqKey="Akame J" first="Julie" last="Akame">Julie Akame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon. jakame@hki.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon. tariniann@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. kamgno@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26700472</idno><idno type="pmid">26700472</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12879-015-1317-x</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000A90</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000A90</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000A90</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000A90</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000A90</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000A90</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test (ICT) for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures.</title><author><name sortKey="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" sort="Gounoue Kamkumo, Raceline" uniqKey="Gounoue Kamkumo R" first="Raceline" last="Gounoue-Kamkumo">Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. gounoue@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" sort="Nana Djeunga, Hugues C" uniqKey="Nana Djeunga H" first="Hugues C" last="Nana-Djeunga">Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. nanadjeunga@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bopda, Jean" sort="Bopda, Jean" uniqKey="Bopda J" first="Jean" last="Bopda">Jean Bopda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. bopda@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akame, Julie" sort="Akame, Julie" uniqKey="Akame J" first="Julie" last="Akame">Julie Akame</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon. jakame@hki.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tarini, Ann" sort="Tarini, Ann" uniqKey="Tarini A" first="Ann" last="Tarini">Ann Tarini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde, Cameroon. tariniann@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 14227, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamgno, Joseph" sort="Kamgno, Joseph" uniqKey="Kamgno J" first="Joseph" last="Kamgno">Joseph Kamgno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde, Cameroon. kamgno@crfilmt.org.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC infectious diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antigens, Helminth (blood)</term><term>Antigens, Helminth (immunology)</term><term>Cameroon (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (diagnosis)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (epidemiology)</term><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (prevention & control)</term><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (methods)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Immunoassay (methods)</term><term>Male</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (immunology)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (pathogenicity)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Antigènes d'helminthe (immunologie)</term><term>Antigènes d'helminthe (sang)</term><term>Cameroun (épidémiologie)</term><term>Dosage immunologique ()</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filariose lymphatique ()</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (diagnostic)</term><term>Filariose lymphatique (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Test ELISA ()</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (immunologie)</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti (pathogénicité)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="blood" xml:lang="en"><term>Antigens, Helminth</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antigens, Helminth</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Cameroon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'helminthe</term><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term><term>Immunoassay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Wuchereria bancrofti</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="sang" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'helminthe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cameroun</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Dosage immunologique</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Filariose lymphatique</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Test ELISA</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cameroun</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations (MDA) are required, and determining when to stop MDA. The prevalence and burden of LF have been drastically reduced following mass treatments, and the evaluation of the performance of circulating filarial antigen (CFA)-based assays was acknowledged to be of high interest in areas with low residual LF endemicity rates after multiple rounds of MDA. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the immunochromatographic test (ICT) sensitivity in low endemicity settings and, specifically, in individuals with low intensity of lymphatic filariasis infection.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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