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Immediate Effects of Kinesiology Taping of Quadriceps on Motor Performance after Muscle Fatigued Induction

Identifieur interne : 007716 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 007715; suivant : 007717

Immediate Effects of Kinesiology Taping of Quadriceps on Motor Performance after Muscle Fatigued Induction

Auteurs : Ick Keun Ahn [Corée du Sud] ; You Lim Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Young-Hyeon Bae [Corée du Sud, États-Unis] ; Suk Min Lee [Corée du Sud]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4503544

Abstract

Objectives. The purpose of this cross-sectional single-blind study was to investigate the immediate effects of Kinesiology taping of quadriceps on motor performance after muscle fatigued induction. Design. Randomized controlled cross-sectional design. Subjects. Forty-five subjects participated in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: Kinesiology taping group, placebo taping group, and nontaping group. Methods. Subjects performed short-term exercise for muscle fatigued induction, followed by the application of each intervention. Peak torque test, one-leg single hop test, active joint position sense test, and one-leg static balance test were carried out before and after the intervention. Results. Peak torque and single-leg hopping distance were significantly increased when Kinesiology taping was applied (p < 0.05). But there were no significant effects on active joint position sense and single-leg static balance. Conclusions. We proved that Kinesiology taping is effective in restoring muscle power reduced after muscle fatigued induction. Therefore, we suggest that Kinesiology taping is beneficial for fatigued muscles.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/410526
PubMed: 26246835
PubMed Central: 4503544

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PMC:4503544

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<italic>Objectives</italic>
. The purpose of this cross-sectional single-blind study was to investigate the immediate effects of Kinesiology taping of quadriceps on motor performance after muscle fatigued induction.
<italic>Design</italic>
. Randomized controlled cross-sectional design.
<italic>Subjects</italic>
. Forty-five subjects participated in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: Kinesiology taping group, placebo taping group, and nontaping group.
<italic>Methods</italic>
. Subjects performed short-term exercise for muscle fatigued induction, followed by the application of each intervention. Peak torque test, one-leg single hop test, active joint position sense test, and one-leg static balance test were carried out before and after the intervention.
<italic>Results</italic>
. Peak torque and single-leg hopping distance were significantly increased when Kinesiology taping was applied (
<italic>p</italic>
< 0.05). But there were no significant effects on active joint position sense and single-leg static balance.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>
. We proved that Kinesiology taping is effective in restoring muscle power reduced after muscle fatigued induction. Therefore, we suggest that Kinesiology taping is beneficial for fatigued muscles.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26246835</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4503544</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/410526</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Immediate Effects of Kinesiology Taping of Quadriceps on Motor Performance after Muscle Fatigued Induction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ahn</surname>
<given-names>Ick Keun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>You Lim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bae</surname>
<given-names>Young-Hyeon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Suk Min</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 130-742, Republic of Korea</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 138-888, Republic of Korea</aff>
<aff id="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
Department of Physical Therapy, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX 76904, USA</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Suk Min Lee:
<email>leesm@syu.ac.kr</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Alan Needle</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>2</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2015</volume>
<elocation-id>410526</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>3</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Ick Keun Ahn et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>
<italic>Objectives</italic>
. The purpose of this cross-sectional single-blind study was to investigate the immediate effects of Kinesiology taping of quadriceps on motor performance after muscle fatigued induction.
<italic>Design</italic>
. Randomized controlled cross-sectional design.
<italic>Subjects</italic>
. Forty-five subjects participated in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: Kinesiology taping group, placebo taping group, and nontaping group.
<italic>Methods</italic>
. Subjects performed short-term exercise for muscle fatigued induction, followed by the application of each intervention. Peak torque test, one-leg single hop test, active joint position sense test, and one-leg static balance test were carried out before and after the intervention.
<italic>Results</italic>
. Peak torque and single-leg hopping distance were significantly increased when Kinesiology taping was applied (
<italic>p</italic>
< 0.05). But there were no significant effects on active joint position sense and single-leg static balance.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>
. We proved that Kinesiology taping is effective in restoring muscle power reduced after muscle fatigued induction. Therefore, we suggest that Kinesiology taping is beneficial for fatigued muscles.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Kinesiology tape technique.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-410526.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>General characteristics of the subjects.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender (male/female)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (0/15)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (0/15)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (0/15)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.06 ± 2.84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.33 ± 4.11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.26 ± 3.41</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (cm)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161.33 ± 4.30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161.26 ± 3.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161.53 ± 5.70</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (kg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.73 ± 5.61</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.26 ± 6.43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.33 ± 3.30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dominant leg (right/left)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). No significant difference.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Quadriceps peak torque before and after the interventions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Peak torque (N·m)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before fatiguing exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144.48 ± 36.41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138.28 ± 33.11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136.77 ± 30.59</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.56 ± 18.52</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.24 ± 16.04</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.33 ± 16.99</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.35 ± 31.58</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.64 ± 16.18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.00 ± 16.64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.79 ± 18.27
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.76 ± 1.83
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.09 ± 9.57</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Fatigue index (score)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention
<break></break>
Before fatiguing exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.53 ± 1.29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.80 ± 1.04</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.02 ± 1.34</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention
<break></break>
Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.91 ± 11.25
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.80 ± 2.32
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30 ± 3.52</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
Significant difference between the values before and after in the each group.
<sup>#</sup>
Significant difference between the KT group and the other groups (
<italic>p</italic>
< 0.05).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Single-leg hop distance before and after the interventions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Single-leg hop distance (cm)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.86 ± 18.22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.94 ± 13.55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.80 ± 19.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.33 ± 18.46</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.06 ± 14.05</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.66 ± 19.24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.46 ± 6.19
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13 ± 1.59
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13 ± 3.09</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
Significant difference between the values before and after in the each group.
<sup>#</sup>
Significant difference between the KT group and the other groups (
<italic>p</italic>
< 0.05).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Active joint position sense before and after the interventions (reproduced angle).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Reproduced angle (°)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.86 ± 18.22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.94 ± 13.55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.80 ± 19.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.33 ± 18.46</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.06 ± 14.05</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.66 ± 19.24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.46 ± 6.19
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13 ± 1.59
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13 ± 3.09
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
No significant difference between the values before and after the interventions.
<sup>#</sup>
No significant difference between the KT group and the other groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption>
<p>Relative active joint position sense error before and after the interventions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Relative AJPS error (°)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.80 ± 4.53</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06 ± 5.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.77 ± 4.47</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00 ± 4.33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.40 ± 5.11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.88 ± 4.27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 ± 4.25
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 ± 2.16
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11 ± 0.69
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
No significant difference between the values before and after the intervention.
<sup>#</sup>
No significant difference between the KT group and the other groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Absolute active joint position sense error before and after the interventions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Absolute AJPS error (°)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.93 ± 1.69</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.35 ± 1.21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.08 ± 0.76</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.82 ± 1.86</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.20 ± 1.82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.97 ± 0.80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11 ± 2.24
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15 ± 1.99
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11 ± 0.69
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
No significant difference between the values before and after the interventions.
<sup>#</sup>
No significant difference between the KT group and the other groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab7" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 7</label>
<caption>
<p>One-footed static balance before and after the interventions.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">One-footed static balance</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT group</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NKT group</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Velocity of the center of gravity (mm/sec)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.80 ± 0.40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.89 ± 0.45</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.82 ± 0.42</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.78 ± 0.37</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.87 ± 0.45</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.83 ± 0.41</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 ± 0.03
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 ± 0.03
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 ± 0.04
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Distance from the center of gravity (mm)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.07 ± 4.08</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.01 ± 4.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.26 ± 4.30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After intervention</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.83 ± 3.72</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.80 ± 4.51</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.42 ± 4.18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difference</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 ± 0.32
<sup>
<italic></italic>
#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 ± 0.37
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ± 0.42
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Note: values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD).
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
No significant difference between the values before and after the intervention.
<sup>#</sup>
No significant difference between the KT group and the other groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Corée du Sud</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Région capitale de Séoul</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Séoul</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="Corée du Sud">
<region name="Région capitale de Séoul">
<name sortKey="Ahn, Ick Keun" sort="Ahn, Ick Keun" uniqKey="Ahn I" first="Ick Keun" last="Ahn">Ick Keun Ahn</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Bae, Young Hyeon" sort="Bae, Young Hyeon" uniqKey="Bae Y" first="Young-Hyeon" last="Bae">Young-Hyeon Bae</name>
<name sortKey="Bae, Young Hyeon" sort="Bae, Young Hyeon" uniqKey="Bae Y" first="Young-Hyeon" last="Bae">Young-Hyeon Bae</name>
<name sortKey="Kim, You Lim" sort="Kim, You Lim" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="You Lim" last="Kim">You Lim Kim</name>
<name sortKey="Lee, Suk Min" sort="Lee, Suk Min" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Suk Min" last="Lee">Suk Min Lee</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Bae, Young Hyeon" sort="Bae, Young Hyeon" uniqKey="Bae Y" first="Young-Hyeon" last="Bae">Young-Hyeon Bae</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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