Characterization of symptoms and edema distribution in premenstrual syndrome
Identifieur interne : 007169 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 007168; suivant : 007170Characterization of symptoms and edema distribution in premenstrual syndrome
Auteurs : Pascale Mutti Tacani [Brésil] ; Danielle De Oliveira Ribeiro [Brésil] ; Barbara Evelyn Barros Guimarães [Brésil] ; Aline Fernanda Perez Machado [Brésil] ; Rogério Eduardo Tacani [Brésil]Source :
- International Journal of Women's Health [ 1179-1411 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Premenstrual syndrome is a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle, and edema is among these symptoms. Physiotherapy is often sought by many patients for the treatment of edema; however, for an adequate prescription of physiotherapeutic procedures, the distribution of edema throughout the body has yet to be characterized.
To determine the most frequent symptoms and body regions that present with edema in women during the premenstrual period.
Sixty women with a mean age of 24.6±4.7 years were evaluated during their premenstrual (between days 21 and 28) and menstrual period (between days 1 and 3), and the collected data included body mass, height, biotype (body-fat distribution), face, breast, limb-circumference measurements, and limb-volume estimate, and an adapted version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s
Premenstrual syndrome was identified in 91.7% of the women, and the most frequent symptoms were irritability (73.33%) and physical symptoms, including swelling (65%), and anxiety (58.3%). Edema was detected in the following areas: facial, epigastric, mammary, umbilical, and pubic, the mid-third of the arms, distal forearm, in both thighs and in the mid-third of the legs determined by circumference measurements, and in both upper and lower limbs, according to the estimated volume.
In this study population, the most frequent symptoms were irritability, physical symptoms, and anxiety, with distribution of edema in the face, breast, abdomen, pubic area, distal upper limb, and proximal lower limb.
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DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S74251
PubMed: 25792857
PubMed Central: 4362892
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Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barros Guimaraes, Barbara Evelyn" sort="Barros Guimaraes, Barbara Evelyn" uniqKey="Barros Guimaraes B" first="Barbara Evelyn" last="Barros Guimarães">Barbara Evelyn Barros Guimarães</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machado, Aline Fernanda Perez" sort="Machado, Aline Fernanda Perez" uniqKey="Machado A" first="Aline Fernanda Perez" last="Machado">Aline Fernanda Perez Machado</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" sort="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" uniqKey="Tacani R" first="Rogério Eduardo" last="Tacani">Rogério Eduardo Tacani</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country 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when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">003F99</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">003F99</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001428</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001428</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">007169</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Characterization of symptoms and edema distribution in premenstrual syndrome</title><author><name sortKey="Tacani, Pascale Mutti" sort="Tacani, Pascale Mutti" uniqKey="Tacani P" first="Pascale Mutti" last="Tacani">Pascale Mutti Tacani</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Danielle De Oliveira" sort="Ribeiro, Danielle De Oliveira" uniqKey="Ribeiro D" first="Danielle De Oliveira" last="Ribeiro">Danielle De Oliveira Ribeiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barros Guimaraes, Barbara Evelyn" sort="Barros Guimaraes, Barbara Evelyn" uniqKey="Barros Guimaraes B" first="Barbara Evelyn" last="Barros Guimarães">Barbara Evelyn Barros Guimarães</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machado, Aline Fernanda Perez" sort="Machado, Aline Fernanda Perez" uniqKey="Machado A" first="Aline Fernanda Perez" last="Machado">Aline Fernanda Perez Machado</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" sort="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" uniqKey="Tacani R" first="Rogério Eduardo" last="Tacani">Rogério Eduardo Tacani</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijwh-7-297">Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">São Paulo</settlement><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Women's Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1411</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Premenstrual syndrome is a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle, and edema is among these symptoms. Physiotherapy is often sought by many patients for the treatment of edema; however, for an adequate prescription of physiotherapeutic procedures, the distribution of edema throughout the body has yet to be characterized.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To determine the most frequent symptoms and body regions that present with edema in women during the premenstrual period.</p></sec><sec><title>Subjects and methods</title><p>Sixty women with a mean age of 24.6±4.7 years were evaluated during their premenstrual (between days 21 and 28) and menstrual period (between days 1 and 3), and the collected data included body mass, height, biotype (body-fat distribution), face, breast, limb-circumference measurements, and limb-volume estimate, and an adapted version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test and the test for equality of two proportions (<italic>P</italic>≤0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Premenstrual syndrome was identified in 91.7% of the women, and the most frequent symptoms were irritability (73.33%) and physical symptoms, including swelling (65%), and anxiety (58.3%). Edema was detected in the following areas: facial, epigastric, mammary, umbilical, and pubic, the mid-third of the arms, distal forearm, in both thighs and in the mid-third of the legs determined by circumference measurements, and in both upper and lower limbs, according to the estimated volume.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In this study population, the most frequent symptoms were irritability, physical symptoms, and anxiety, with distribution of edema in the face, breast, abdomen, pubic area, distal upper limb, and proximal lower limb.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Breech, Ll" uniqKey="Breech L">LL Breech</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braverman, Pk" uniqKey="Braverman P">PK Braverman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ismail, Kh" uniqKey="Ismail K">KH Ismail</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Rien, S" uniqKey="O Rien S">S 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Womens Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Womens Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">International Journal of Women’s Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Women's Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1411</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25792857</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4362892</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJWH.S74251</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijwh-7-297</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Characterization of symptoms and edema distribution in premenstrual syndrome</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tacani</surname><given-names>Pascale Mutti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijwh-7-297">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijwh-7-297"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>Danielle de Oliveira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijwh-7-297">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barros Guimarães</surname><given-names>Barbara Evelyn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijwh-7-297">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>Aline Fernanda Perez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijwh-7-297">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tacani</surname><given-names>Rogério Eduardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijwh-7-297">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijwh-7-297">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijwh-7-297"><label>1</label>Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, Brazil</aff><aff id="af2-ijwh-7-297"><label>2</label>Physical Therapy Department, São Paulo City University (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijwh-7-297">Correspondence: Pascale Mutti Tacani, Physical Therapy Department, São Camilo University Center, 1501 Nazaré Avenue, Ipiranga, São Paulo 04263-200, Brazil, Tel +55 11 0300 017 8585, Email <email>pascale.tacani@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><fpage>297</fpage><lpage>303</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Tacani et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Premenstrual syndrome is a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle, and edema is among these symptoms. Physiotherapy is often sought by many patients for the treatment of edema; however, for an adequate prescription of physiotherapeutic procedures, the distribution of edema throughout the body has yet to be characterized.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To determine the most frequent symptoms and body regions that present with edema in women during the premenstrual period.</p></sec><sec><title>Subjects and methods</title><p>Sixty women with a mean age of 24.6±4.7 years were evaluated during their premenstrual (between days 21 and 28) and menstrual period (between days 1 and 3), and the collected data included body mass, height, biotype (body-fat distribution), face, breast, limb-circumference measurements, and limb-volume estimate, and an adapted version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool was used. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test and the test for equality of two proportions (<italic>P</italic>≤0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Premenstrual syndrome was identified in 91.7% of the women, and the most frequent symptoms were irritability (73.33%) and physical symptoms, including swelling (65%), and anxiety (58.3%). Edema was detected in the following areas: facial, epigastric, mammary, umbilical, and pubic, the mid-third of the arms, distal forearm, in both thighs and in the mid-third of the legs determined by circumference measurements, and in both upper and lower limbs, according to the estimated volume.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>In this study population, the most frequent symptoms were irritability, physical symptoms, and anxiety, with distribution of edema in the face, breast, abdomen, pubic area, distal upper limb, and proximal lower limb.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>premenstrual syndrome</kwd><kwd>menstrual cycle</kwd><kwd>edema</kwd><kwd>women’s health</kwd><kwd>affective symptoms</kwd><kwd>body surface area</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-ijwh-7-297" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Prevalence of symptoms described by 60 women</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptoms</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 – Mood swings</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 – Anxiety</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.3%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.083</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 – Affective lability</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 – Irritability</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.3%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 – Decreased interest</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 – Poor concentration</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 – Tiredness</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.036<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 – Change in appetite</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.7%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 – Sleep disturbance</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 – Loss of control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.7%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 – Physical symptoms</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.0%</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.323</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn1-ijwh-7-297"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic>≤0.05 (test for equality of two proportions). “Reference” refers to the reference for statistical analysis: the highest value used for comparison. Symptoms were described according to the adapted version of the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool.<xref rid="b20-ijwh-7-297" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="b21-ijwh-7-297" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijwh-7-297" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Circumference measures of face, neck, and trunk</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Circumference</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premenstrual
<hr></hr></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Facial</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.94±1.95</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.36±2.11</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Submandibular</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.38±2.62</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.50±2.68</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.116</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervical</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.19±2.13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.11±2.18</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.286</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mammary</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.12±9.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.87±8.88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epigastric</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.63±8.33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.52±8.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Umbilical</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.2±9.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.34±8.60</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pelvic</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.52±7.14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.93±7.38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.119</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pubic</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.93±8.13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.75±7.87</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ijwh-7-297"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic>≤0.05 (Student’s paired <italic>t</italic>-test).</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ijwh-7-297"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ijwh-7-297" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Circumference measures of upper limbs</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Right side
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Left side
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Circumference</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premenstrual
<hr></hr></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premenstrual
<hr></hr></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+20 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.06±5.23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.41±5.28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.51±5.29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.29±5.28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.111</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+15 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.26±4.78</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.07±4.83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.119</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.05±4.90</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.75±4.79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+10 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.56±3.84</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.32±3.91</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.18±3.79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.98±3.73</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+5 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.73±2.84</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.45±2.79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.42±3.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.27±2.96</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.088</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.34±2.31</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.27±2.29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.225</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.31±2.36</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.05±2.27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.49±2.44</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.21±2.46</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.94±2.38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.85±2.37</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.089</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−10 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.98±2.85</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.67±2.79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.39±2.72</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.26±2.86</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.101</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.30±2.54</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.11±2.49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.69±2.55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.28±1.98</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−20 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.63±1.91</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.41±2.03</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.28±1.98</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.11±2.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ijwh-7-297"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic>≤0.05 (Student’s paired <italic>t</italic>-test).</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-ijwh-7-297"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-ijwh-7-297" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Circumference measures of lower limbs</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Right side
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Left side
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Circumference</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premenstrual
<hr></hr></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premenstrual
<hr></hr></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+28 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.24±7.15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.01±6.75</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.98±7.35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.02±6.87</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+21 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.09±6.89</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.42±6.64</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.12±6.91</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.50±6.70</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+14 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.80±6.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.43±5.92</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.83±5.77</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.39±5.75</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+7 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.03±4.43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.67±4.36</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.03±4.43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.67±4.36</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.23±3.59</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.93±3.36</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.75±4.53</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.08±3.41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.440</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−7 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.39±3.72</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.23±3.79</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.076</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.68±3.81</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.33±3.76</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.26±4.11</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.08±4.13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.22±3.99</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.93±4.03</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−21 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.00±4.12</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.64±4.06</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.10±3.90</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.60±4.08</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−28 cm</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.97±3.54</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.69±3.43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.69±3.25</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.68±3.55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.936</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn6-ijwh-7-297"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic>≤0.05 (Student’s paired <italic>t</italic>-test).</p></fn><fn id="tfn7-ijwh-7-297"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-ijwh-7-297" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Values of the estimated volume (disk method) of upper and lower limbs</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estimated volume</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Premenstrual</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Menstrual</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right upper limb</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.306±689</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.248±684</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.285</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.151</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left upper limb</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.236±681</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.198±675</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.178</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.111</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Right lower limb</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.859±1.750</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.634±1.673</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.360</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.896</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Left lower limb</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.824±1.733</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.647±1.674</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-ijwh-7-297">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.908</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.927</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn8-ijwh-7-297"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic>≤0.05 (Student’s paired <italic>t-</italic>test).</p></fn><fn id="tfn9-ijwh-7-297"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Brésil</li></country><region><li>État de São Paulo</li></region><settlement><li>São Paulo</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Brésil"><region name="État de São Paulo"><name sortKey="Tacani, Pascale Mutti" sort="Tacani, Pascale Mutti" uniqKey="Tacani P" first="Pascale Mutti" last="Tacani">Pascale Mutti Tacani</name></region><name sortKey="Barros Guimaraes, Barbara Evelyn" sort="Barros Guimaraes, Barbara Evelyn" uniqKey="Barros Guimaraes B" first="Barbara Evelyn" last="Barros Guimarães">Barbara Evelyn Barros Guimarães</name><name sortKey="Machado, Aline Fernanda Perez" sort="Machado, Aline Fernanda Perez" uniqKey="Machado A" first="Aline Fernanda Perez" last="Machado">Aline Fernanda Perez Machado</name><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Danielle De Oliveira" sort="Ribeiro, Danielle De Oliveira" uniqKey="Ribeiro D" first="Danielle De Oliveira" last="Ribeiro">Danielle De Oliveira Ribeiro</name><name sortKey="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" sort="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" uniqKey="Tacani R" first="Rogério Eduardo" last="Tacani">Rogério Eduardo Tacani</name><name sortKey="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" sort="Tacani, Rogerio Eduardo" uniqKey="Tacani R" first="Rogério Eduardo" last="Tacani">Rogério Eduardo 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