Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis
Identifieur interne : 007057 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 007056; suivant : 007058Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis
Auteurs : Christina A. Bulman [États-Unis] ; Chelsea M. Bidlow [États-Unis] ; Sara Lustigman [États-Unis] ; Fidelis Cho-Ngwa [Cameroun] ; David Williams [États-Unis] ; Alberto A. Rasc N Jr [États-Unis] ; Nancy Tricoche [États-Unis] ; Moses Samje [Cameroun] ; Aaron Bell [États-Unis] ; Brian Suzuki [États-Unis] ; K. C. Lim [États-Unis] ; Nonglak Supakorndej [États-Unis] ; Prasit Supakorndej [États-Unis] ; Alan R. Wolfe [États-Unis] ; Giselle M. Knudsen [États-Unis] ; Steven Chen [États-Unis] ; Chris Wilson [États-Unis] ; Kean-Hooi Ang [États-Unis] ; Michelle Arkin [États-Unis] ; Jiri Gut [États-Unis] ; Chris Franklin [États-Unis] ; Chris Marcellino [États-Unis] ; James H. Mckerrow [États-Unis] ; Anjan Debnath [États-Unis] ; Judy A. Sakanari [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte, Albendazole (usage thérapeutique), Animaux, Antihelminthiques (usage thérapeutique), Auranofine (usage thérapeutique), Bovins, Brugia malayi (), Diéthylcarbamazine (usage thérapeutique), Femelle, Filaricides (usage thérapeutique), Filariose lymphatique (parasitologie), Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux), Gerbillinae, Haplorhini, Humains, Ivermectine (usage thérapeutique), Lignée cellulaire, Loa (), Loase (parasitologie), Loase (traitement médicamenteux), Microfilaria (), Onchocerca volvulus (), Onchocercose (parasitologie), Onchocercose (traitement médicamenteux), Repositionnement des médicaments.
- MESH :
- parasitologie : Filariose lymphatique, Loase, Onchocercose.
- traitement médicamenteux : Filariose lymphatique, Loase, Onchocercose.
- usage thérapeutique : Albendazole, Antihelminthiques, Auranofine, Diéthylcarbamazine, Filaricides, Ivermectine.
- Adulte, Animaux, Bovins, Brugia malayi, Femelle, Gerbillinae, Haplorhini, Humains, Lignée cellulaire, Loa, Microfilaria, Onchocerca volvulus, Repositionnement des médicaments.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult, Albendazole (therapeutic use), Animals, Anthelmintics (therapeutic use), Auranofin (therapeutic use), Brugia malayi (drug effects), Cattle, Cell Line, Diethylcarbamazine (therapeutic use), Drug Repositioning, Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy), Elephantiasis, Filarial (parasitology), Female, Filaricides (therapeutic use), Gerbillinae, Haplorhini, Humans, Ivermectin (therapeutic use), Loa (drug effects), Loiasis (drug therapy), Loiasis (parasitology), Microfilariae (drug effects), Onchocerca volvulus (drug effects), Onchocerciasis (drug therapy), Onchocerciasis (parasitology).
- MESH :
- chemical , therapeutic use : Albendazole, Anthelmintics, Auranofin, Diethylcarbamazine, Filaricides, Ivermectin.
- drug effects : Brugia malayi, Loa, Microfilariae, Onchocerca volvulus.
- drug therapy : Elephantiasis, Filarial, Loiasis, Onchocerciasis.
- parasitology : Elephantiasis, Filarial, Loiasis, Onchocerciasis.
- Adult, Animals, Cattle, Cell Line, Drug Repositioning, Female, Gerbillinae, Haplorhini, Humans.
Abstract
Two major human diseases caused by filariid nematodes are onchocerciasis, or river blindness, and lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to elephantiasis. The drugs ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole are used in control programs for these diseases, but are mainly effective against the microfilarial stage and have minimal or no effect on adult worms. Adult
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003534
PubMed: 25700363
PubMed Central: 4336141
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000390
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000390
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000F04
- to stream PubMed, to step Corpus: 001035
- to stream PubMed, to step Curation: 001035
- to stream PubMed, to step Checkpoint: 001035
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4336141Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bulman, Christina A" sort="Bulman, Christina A" uniqKey="Bulman C" first="Christina A." last="Bulman">Christina A. Bulman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bidlow, Chelsea M" sort="Bidlow, Chelsea M" uniqKey="Bidlow C" first="Chelsea M." last="Bidlow">Chelsea M. Bidlow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lustigman, Sara" sort="Lustigman, Sara" uniqKey="Lustigman S" first="Sara" last="Lustigman">Sara Lustigman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" sort="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F" first="Fidelis" last="Cho-Ngwa">Fidelis Cho-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" sort="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" uniqKey="Rasc N Jr A" first="Alberto A." last="Rasc N Jr">Alberto A. Rasc N Jr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tricoche, Nancy" sort="Tricoche, Nancy" uniqKey="Tricoche N" first="Nancy" last="Tricoche">Nancy Tricoche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samje, Moses" sort="Samje, Moses" uniqKey="Samje M" first="Moses" last="Samje">Moses Samje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Aaron" sort="Bell, Aaron" uniqKey="Bell A" first="Aaron" last="Bell">Aaron Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Brian" sort="Suzuki, Brian" uniqKey="Suzuki B" first="Brian" last="Suzuki">Brian Suzuki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, K C" sort="Lim, K C" uniqKey="Lim K" first="K. C." last="Lim">K. C. Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Nonglak" sort="Supakorndej, Nonglak" uniqKey="Supakorndej N" first="Nonglak" last="Supakorndej">Nonglak Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Prasit" sort="Supakorndej, Prasit" uniqKey="Supakorndej P" first="Prasit" last="Supakorndej">Prasit Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Alan R" sort="Wolfe, Alan R" uniqKey="Wolfe A" first="Alan R." last="Wolfe">Alan R. Wolfe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Giselle M" sort="Knudsen, Giselle M" uniqKey="Knudsen G" first="Giselle M." last="Knudsen">Giselle M. Knudsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Steven" sort="Chen, Steven" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Steven" last="Chen">Steven Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Chris" sort="Wilson, Chris" uniqKey="Wilson C" first="Chris" last="Wilson">Chris Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ang, Kean Hooi" sort="Ang, Kean Hooi" uniqKey="Ang K" first="Kean-Hooi" last="Ang">Kean-Hooi Ang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arkin, Michelle" sort="Arkin, Michelle" uniqKey="Arkin M" first="Michelle" last="Arkin">Michelle Arkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, Jiri" sort="Gut, Jiri" uniqKey="Gut J" first="Jiri" last="Gut">Jiri Gut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, Chris" sort="Franklin, Chris" uniqKey="Franklin C" first="Chris" last="Franklin">Chris Franklin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcellino, Chris" sort="Marcellino, Chris" uniqKey="Marcellino C" first="Chris" last="Marcellino">Chris Marcellino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, James H" sort="Mckerrow, James H" uniqKey="Mckerrow J" first="James H." last="Mckerrow">James H. Mckerrow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, Anjan" sort="Debnath, Anjan" uniqKey="Debnath A" first="Anjan" last="Debnath">Anjan Debnath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakanari, Judy A" sort="Sakanari, Judy A" uniqKey="Sakanari J" first="Judy A." last="Sakanari">Judy A. Sakanari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25700363</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4336141</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336141</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4336141</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003534</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000F04</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000F04</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">007057</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bulman, Christina A" sort="Bulman, Christina A" uniqKey="Bulman C" first="Christina A." last="Bulman">Christina A. Bulman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bidlow, Chelsea M" sort="Bidlow, Chelsea M" uniqKey="Bidlow C" first="Chelsea M." last="Bidlow">Chelsea M. Bidlow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lustigman, Sara" sort="Lustigman, Sara" uniqKey="Lustigman S" first="Sara" last="Lustigman">Sara Lustigman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" sort="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F" first="Fidelis" last="Cho-Ngwa">Fidelis Cho-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" sort="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" uniqKey="Rasc N Jr A" first="Alberto A." last="Rasc N Jr">Alberto A. Rasc N Jr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tricoche, Nancy" sort="Tricoche, Nancy" uniqKey="Tricoche N" first="Nancy" last="Tricoche">Nancy Tricoche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samje, Moses" sort="Samje, Moses" uniqKey="Samje M" first="Moses" last="Samje">Moses Samje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Aaron" sort="Bell, Aaron" uniqKey="Bell A" first="Aaron" last="Bell">Aaron Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Brian" sort="Suzuki, Brian" uniqKey="Suzuki B" first="Brian" last="Suzuki">Brian Suzuki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, K C" sort="Lim, K C" uniqKey="Lim K" first="K. C." last="Lim">K. C. Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Nonglak" sort="Supakorndej, Nonglak" uniqKey="Supakorndej N" first="Nonglak" last="Supakorndej">Nonglak Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Prasit" sort="Supakorndej, Prasit" uniqKey="Supakorndej P" first="Prasit" last="Supakorndej">Prasit Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Alan R" sort="Wolfe, Alan R" uniqKey="Wolfe A" first="Alan R." last="Wolfe">Alan R. Wolfe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Giselle M" sort="Knudsen, Giselle M" uniqKey="Knudsen G" first="Giselle M." last="Knudsen">Giselle M. Knudsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Steven" sort="Chen, Steven" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Steven" last="Chen">Steven Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Chris" sort="Wilson, Chris" uniqKey="Wilson C" first="Chris" last="Wilson">Chris Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ang, Kean Hooi" sort="Ang, Kean Hooi" uniqKey="Ang K" first="Kean-Hooi" last="Ang">Kean-Hooi Ang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arkin, Michelle" sort="Arkin, Michelle" uniqKey="Arkin M" first="Michelle" last="Arkin">Michelle Arkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, Jiri" sort="Gut, Jiri" uniqKey="Gut J" first="Jiri" last="Gut">Jiri Gut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, Chris" sort="Franklin, Chris" uniqKey="Franklin C" first="Chris" last="Franklin">Chris Franklin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcellino, Chris" sort="Marcellino, Chris" uniqKey="Marcellino C" first="Chris" last="Marcellino">Chris Marcellino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, James H" sort="Mckerrow, James H" uniqKey="Mckerrow J" first="James H." last="Mckerrow">James H. Mckerrow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, Anjan" sort="Debnath, Anjan" uniqKey="Debnath A" first="Anjan" last="Debnath">Anjan Debnath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakanari, Judy A" sort="Sakanari, Judy A" uniqKey="Sakanari J" first="Judy A." last="Sakanari">Judy A. Sakanari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Albendazole (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Anthelmintics (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Auranofin (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Brugia malayi (drug effects)</term>
<term>Cattle</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Diethylcarbamazine (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Drug Repositioning</term>
<term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (parasitology)</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Filaricides (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Ivermectin (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Loa (drug effects)</term>
<term>Loiasis (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Loiasis (parasitology)</term>
<term>Microfilariae (drug effects)</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus (drug effects)</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis (parasitology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Albendazole (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Antihelminthiques (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Auranofine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Bovins</term>
<term>Brugia malayi ()</term>
<term>Diéthylcarbamazine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Filaricides (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Filariose lymphatique (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Ivermectine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Loa ()</term>
<term>Loase (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Loase (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Microfilaria ()</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus ()</term>
<term>Onchocercose (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Onchocercose (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Repositionnement des médicaments</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Albendazole</term>
<term>Anthelmintics</term>
<term>Auranofin</term>
<term>Diethylcarbamazine</term>
<term>Filaricides</term>
<term>Ivermectin</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Brugia malayi</term>
<term>Loa</term>
<term>Microfilariae</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term>
<term>Loiasis</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term>
<term>Loase</term>
<term>Onchocercose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term>
<term>Loiasis</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term>
<term>Loase</term>
<term>Onchocercose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Albendazole</term>
<term>Antihelminthiques</term>
<term>Auranofine</term>
<term>Diéthylcarbamazine</term>
<term>Filaricides</term>
<term>Ivermectine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Cattle</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Drug Repositioning</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humans</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Bovins</term>
<term>Brugia malayi</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Loa</term>
<term>Microfilaria</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus</term>
<term>Repositionnement des médicaments</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Two major human diseases caused by filariid nematodes are onchocerciasis, or river blindness, and lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to elephantiasis. The drugs ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole are used in control programs for these diseases, but are mainly effective against the microfilarial stage and have minimal or no effect on adult worms. Adult <italic>Onchocerca volvulus</italic>
and <italic>Brugia malayi</italic>
worms (macrofilariae) can live for up to 15 years, reproducing and allowing the infection to persist in a population. Therefore, to support control or elimination of these two diseases, effective macrofilaricidal drugs are necessary, in addition to current drugs. In an effort to identify macrofilaricidal drugs, we screened an FDA-approved library with adult worms of <italic>Brugia</italic>
spp. and <italic>Onchocerca ochengi</italic>
, third-stage larvae (L3s) of <italic>Onchocerca volvulus</italic>
, and the microfilariae of both <italic>O. ochengi</italic>
and <italic>Loa loa</italic>
. We found that auranofin, a gold-containing drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, was effective <italic>in vitro</italic>
in killing both <italic>Brugia</italic>
spp. and <italic>O. ochengi</italic>
adult worms and in inhibiting the molting of L3s of <italic>O. volvulus</italic>
with IC<sub>50</sub>
values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Auranofin had an approximately 43-fold higher IC<sub>50</sub>
against the microfilariae of <italic>L. loa</italic>
compared with the IC<sub>50</sub>
for adult female <italic>O. ochengi</italic>
, which may be beneficial if used in areas where <italic>Onchocerca</italic>
and <italic>Brugia</italic>
are co-endemic with <italic>L. loa</italic>
, to prevent severe adverse reactions to the drug-induced death of <italic>L. loa</italic>
microfilariae. Further testing indicated that auranofin is also effective in reducing <italic>Brugia</italic>
adult worm burden in infected gerbils and that auranofin may be targeting the thioredoxin reductase in this nematode.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plaisier, Ap" uniqKey="Plaisier A">AP Plaisier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Oortmarssen, Gj" uniqKey="Van Oortmarssen G">GJ Van Oortmarssen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Remme, J" uniqKey="Remme J">J Remme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jd, H" uniqKey="Jd H">H JD</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Mj" uniqKey="Taylor M">MJ Taylor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, A" uniqKey="Hoerauf A">A Hoerauf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Addiss, Dg" uniqKey="Addiss D">DG Addiss</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brady, Ma" uniqKey="Brady M">MA Brady</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, A" uniqKey="Hoerauf A">A Hoerauf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfarr, K" uniqKey="Pfarr K">K Pfarr</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mand, S" uniqKey="Mand S">S Mand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debrah, Ay" uniqKey="Debrah A">AY Debrah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Specht, S" uniqKey="Specht S">S Specht</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gardon, J" uniqKey="Gardon J">J Gardon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardon Wendel, N" uniqKey="Gardon Wendel N">N Gardon-Wendel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demanga, N" uniqKey="Demanga N">N Demanga</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamgno, J" uniqKey="Kamgno J">J Kamgno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chippaux, Jp" uniqKey="Chippaux J">JP Chippaux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boulesteix, J" uniqKey="Boulesteix J">J Boulesteix</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boutes, H" uniqKey="Boutes H">H Boutes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Puruehnce, Mf" uniqKey="Puruehnce M">MF Puruehnce</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boussinesq, M" uniqKey="Boussinesq M">M Boussinesq</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardon, J" uniqKey="Gardon J">J Gardon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardon Wendel, N" uniqKey="Gardon Wendel N">N Gardon-Wendel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chippaux, Jp" uniqKey="Chippaux J">JP Chippaux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Specht, S" uniqKey="Specht S">S Specht</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debrah, Ay" uniqKey="Debrah A">AY Debrah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klarmann, U" uniqKey="Klarmann U">U Klarmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mand, S" uniqKey="Mand S">S Mand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, A" uniqKey="Hoerauf A">A Hoerauf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfarr, K" uniqKey="Pfarr K">K Pfarr</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Awadzi, K" uniqKey="Awadzi K">K Awadzi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opoku, No" uniqKey="Opoku N">NO Opoku</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Attah, Sk" uniqKey="Attah S">SK Attah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lazdins Helds, J" uniqKey="Lazdins Helds J">J Lazdins-Helds</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuesel, Ac" uniqKey="Kuesel A">AC Kuesel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marcellino, C" uniqKey="Marcellino C">C Marcellino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, J" uniqKey="Gut J">J Gut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, Kc" uniqKey="Lim K">KC Lim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singh, R" uniqKey="Singh R">R Singh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, J" uniqKey="Mckerrow J">J McKerrow</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Renz, A" uniqKey="Renz A">A Renz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trees, Aj" uniqKey="Trees A">AJ Trees</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Achu Kwi, D" uniqKey="Achu Kwi D">D Achu-Kwi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, G" uniqKey="Edwards G">G Edwards</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wahl, G" uniqKey="Wahl G">G Wahl</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Trees, Aj" uniqKey="Trees A">AJ Trees</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, Sp" uniqKey="Graham S">SP Graham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Renz, A" uniqKey="Renz A">A Renz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bianco, Ae" uniqKey="Bianco A">AE Bianco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanya, V" uniqKey="Tanya V">V Tanya</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manchang, Tk" uniqKey="Manchang T">TK Manchang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ajonina Ekoti, I" uniqKey="Ajonina Ekoti I">I Ajonina-Ekoti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndjonka, D" uniqKey="Ndjonka D">D Ndjonka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eisenbarth, A" uniqKey="Eisenbarth A">A Eisenbarth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Achukwi, Md" uniqKey="Achukwi M">MD Achukwi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, Ae" uniqKey="Finkelstein A">AE Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walz, Dt" uniqKey="Walz D">DT Walz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Batista, V" uniqKey="Batista V">V Batista</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mizraji, M" uniqKey="Mizraji M">M Mizraji</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roisman, F" uniqKey="Roisman F">F Roisman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Katz, Wa" uniqKey="Katz W">WA Katz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alexander, S" uniqKey="Alexander S">S Alexander</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bland, Jh" uniqKey="Bland J">JH Bland</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blechman, W" uniqKey="Blechman W">W Blechman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bluhm, Gb" uniqKey="Bluhm G">GB Bluhm</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Madeira, Jm" uniqKey="Madeira J">JM Madeira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gibson, Dl" uniqKey="Gibson D">DL Gibson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kean, Wf" uniqKey="Kean W">WF Kean</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klegeris, A" uniqKey="Klegeris A">A Klegeris</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhabak, Kp" uniqKey="Bhabak K">KP Bhabak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhuyan, Bj" uniqKey="Bhuyan B">BJ Bhuyan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mugesh, G" uniqKey="Mugesh G">G Mugesh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Furst, De" uniqKey="Furst D">DE Furst</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blodgett, Rc" uniqKey="Blodgett R">RC Blodgett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heuer, Ma" uniqKey="Heuer M">MA Heuer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pietrusko, Rg" uniqKey="Pietrusko R">RG Pietrusko</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kean, Wf" uniqKey="Kean W">WF Kean</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hart, L" uniqKey="Hart L">L Hart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchanan, Ww" uniqKey="Buchanan W">WW Buchanan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angelucci, F" uniqKey="Angelucci F">F Angelucci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sayed, Aa" uniqKey="Sayed A">AA Sayed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Dl" uniqKey="Williams D">DL Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boumis, G" uniqKey="Boumis G">G Boumis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brunori, M" uniqKey="Brunori M">M Brunori</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rigobello, Mp" uniqKey="Rigobello M">MP Rigobello</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Messori, L" uniqKey="Messori L">L Messori</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcon, G" uniqKey="Marcon G">G Marcon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agostina Cinellu, M" uniqKey="Agostina Cinellu M">M Agostina Cinellu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bragadin, M" uniqKey="Bragadin M">M Bragadin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Debnath, A" uniqKey="Debnath A">A Debnath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parsonage, D" uniqKey="Parsonage D">D Parsonage</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andrade, Rm" uniqKey="Andrade R">RM Andrade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, C" uniqKey="He C">C He</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cobo, Er" uniqKey="Cobo E">ER Cobo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, F" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F">F Cho-Ngwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abongwa, M" uniqKey="Abongwa M">M Abongwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ngemenya, Mn" uniqKey="Ngemenya M">MN Ngemenya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nyongbela, Kd" uniqKey="Nyongbela K">KD Nyongbela</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Franz, M" uniqKey="Franz M">M Franz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zahner, H" uniqKey="Zahner H">H Zahner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benten, P" uniqKey="Benten P">P Benten</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arner, Es" uniqKey="Arner E">ES Arner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarioglu, H" uniqKey="Sarioglu H">H Sarioglu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lottspeich, F" uniqKey="Lottspeich F">F Lottspeich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmgren, A" uniqKey="Holmgren A">A Holmgren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bock, A" uniqKey="Bock A">A Bock</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rengby, O" uniqKey="Rengby O">O Rengby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johansson, L" uniqKey="Johansson L">L Johansson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carlson, La" uniqKey="Carlson L">LA Carlson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Serini, E" uniqKey="Serini E">E Serini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vlamis Gardikas, A" uniqKey="Vlamis Gardikas A">A Vlamis-Gardikas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, Hh" uniqKey="Huang H">HH Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, L" uniqKey="Day L">L Day</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cass, Cl" uniqKey="Cass C">CL Cass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ballou, Dp" uniqKey="Ballou D">DP Ballou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Ch" uniqKey="Williams C">CH Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gromer, S" uniqKey="Gromer S">S Gromer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arscott, Ld" uniqKey="Arscott L">LD Arscott</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Ch" uniqKey="Williams C">CH Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schirmer, Rh" uniqKey="Schirmer R">RH Schirmer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becker, K" uniqKey="Becker K">K Becker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuntz, An" uniqKey="Kuntz A">AN Kuntz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davioud Charvet, E" uniqKey="Davioud Charvet E">E Davioud-Charvet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sayed, Aa" uniqKey="Sayed A">AA Sayed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Califf, Ll" uniqKey="Califf L">LL Califf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dessolin, J" uniqKey="Dessolin J">J Dessolin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lok, Jb" uniqKey="Lok J">JB Lok</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abraham, D" uniqKey="Abraham D">D Abraham</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duke, Bo" uniqKey="Duke B">BO Duke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eberhard, Ml" uniqKey="Eberhard M">ML Eberhard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dickerson, Jw" uniqKey="Dickerson J">JW Dickerson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyer, Ae" uniqKey="Boyer A">AE Boyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tsang, Vc" uniqKey="Tsang V">VC Tsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zea Flores, R" uniqKey="Zea Flores R">R Zea-Flores</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xie, H Bo" uniqKey="Xie H">H BO Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Sa" uniqKey="Williams S">SA Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehlhorn, H" uniqKey="Mehlhorn H">H Mehlhorn</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tejman Yarden, N" uniqKey="Tejman Yarden N">N Tejman-Yarden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miyamoto, Y" uniqKey="Miyamoto Y">Y Miyamoto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leitsch, D" uniqKey="Leitsch D">D Leitsch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santini, J" uniqKey="Santini J">J Santini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, A" uniqKey="Debnath A">A Debnath</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, W" uniqKey="Hu W">W Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, B" uniqKey="Xu B">B Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Jp" uniqKey="Wang J">JP Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Sq" uniqKey="Wang S">SQ Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caroli, A" uniqKey="Caroli A">A Caroli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simeoni, S" uniqKey="Simeoni S">S Simeoni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lepore, R" uniqKey="Lepore R">R Lepore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tramontano, A" uniqKey="Tramontano A">A Tramontano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Via, A" uniqKey="Via A">A Via</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, L" uniqKey="Song L">L Song</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, S" uniqKey="Xie S">S Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qian, C" uniqKey="Qian C">C Qian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonilla, M" uniqKey="Bonilla M">M Bonilla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Denicola, A" uniqKey="Denicola A">A Denicola</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Novoselov, Sv" uniqKey="Novoselov S">SV Novoselov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turanov, Aa" uniqKey="Turanov A">AA Turanov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Protasio, A" uniqKey="Protasio A">A Protasio</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez Gonzalez, Jj" uniqKey="Martinez Gonzalez J">JJ Martinez-Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guevara Flores, A" uniqKey="Guevara Flores A">A Guevara-Flores</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alvarez, G" uniqKey="Alvarez G">G Alvarez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rendon Gomez, Jl" uniqKey="Rendon Gomez J">JL Rendon-Gomez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Del Arenal, Ip" uniqKey="Del Arenal I">IP Del Arenal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sannella, Ar" uniqKey="Sannella A">AR Sannella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Casini, A" uniqKey="Casini A">A Casini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gabbiani, C" uniqKey="Gabbiani C">C Gabbiani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Messori, L" uniqKey="Messori L">L Messori</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bilia, Ar" uniqKey="Bilia A">AR Bilia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharlow, Er" uniqKey="Sharlow E">ER Sharlow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leimgruber, S" uniqKey="Leimgruber S">S Leimgruber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murray, S" uniqKey="Murray S">S Murray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lira, A" uniqKey="Lira A">A Lira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sciotti, Rj" uniqKey="Sciotti R">RJ Sciotti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lobanov, Av" uniqKey="Lobanov A">AV Lobanov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gromer, S" uniqKey="Gromer S">S Gromer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salinas, G" uniqKey="Salinas G">G Salinas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gladyshev, Vn" uniqKey="Gladyshev V">VN Gladyshev</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Debnath, A" uniqKey="Debnath A">A Debnath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndao, M" uniqKey="Ndao M">M Ndao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Sl" uniqKey="Reed S">SL Reed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andrade, Rm" uniqKey="Andrade R">RM Andrade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chaparro, Jd" uniqKey="Chaparro J">JD Chaparro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capparelli, E" uniqKey="Capparelli E">E Capparelli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Sl" uniqKey="Reed S">SL Reed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arner, Es" uniqKey="Arner E">ES Arner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmgren, A" uniqKey="Holmgren A">A Holmgren</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kunchithapautham, K" uniqKey="Kunchithapautham K">K Kunchithapautham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Padmavathi, B" uniqKey="Padmavathi B">B Padmavathi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Narayanan, Rb" uniqKey="Narayanan R">RB Narayanan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaliraj, P" uniqKey="Kaliraj P">P Kaliraj</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, Al" uniqKey="Scott A">AL Scott</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marzano, C" uniqKey="Marzano C">C Marzano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gandin, V" uniqKey="Gandin V">V Gandin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Folda, A" uniqKey="Folda A">A Folda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scutari, G" uniqKey="Scutari G">G Scutari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bindoli, A" uniqKey="Bindoli A">A Bindoli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sayed, Aa" uniqKey="Sayed A">AA Sayed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cook, Sk" uniqKey="Cook S">SK Cook</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Dl" uniqKey="Williams D">DL Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Ra" uniqKey="Lawrence R">RA Lawrence</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allen, Je" uniqKey="Allen J">JE Allen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osborne, J" uniqKey="Osborne J">J Osborne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maizels, Rm" uniqKey="Maizels R">RM Maizels</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zang, X" uniqKey="Zang X">X Zang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atmadja, Ak" uniqKey="Atmadja A">AK Atmadja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gray, P" uniqKey="Gray P">P Gray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allen, Je" uniqKey="Allen J">JE Allen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gray, Ca" uniqKey="Gray C">CA Gray</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gunatilleke, Ss" uniqKey="Gunatilleke S">SS Gunatilleke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barrios, Am" uniqKey="Barrios A">AM Barrios</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<double pmid="25700363"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bulman, Christina A" sort="Bulman, Christina A" uniqKey="Bulman C" first="Christina A." last="Bulman">Christina A. Bulman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bidlow, Chelsea M" sort="Bidlow, Chelsea M" uniqKey="Bidlow C" first="Chelsea M." last="Bidlow">Chelsea M. Bidlow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lustigman, Sara" sort="Lustigman, Sara" uniqKey="Lustigman S" first="Sara" last="Lustigman">Sara Lustigman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" sort="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F" first="Fidelis" last="Cho-Ngwa">Fidelis Cho-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" sort="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" uniqKey="Rasc N Jr A" first="Alberto A." last="Rasc N Jr">Alberto A. Rasc N Jr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tricoche, Nancy" sort="Tricoche, Nancy" uniqKey="Tricoche N" first="Nancy" last="Tricoche">Nancy Tricoche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samje, Moses" sort="Samje, Moses" uniqKey="Samje M" first="Moses" last="Samje">Moses Samje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Aaron" sort="Bell, Aaron" uniqKey="Bell A" first="Aaron" last="Bell">Aaron Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Brian" sort="Suzuki, Brian" uniqKey="Suzuki B" first="Brian" last="Suzuki">Brian Suzuki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, K C" sort="Lim, K C" uniqKey="Lim K" first="K. C." last="Lim">K. C. Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Nonglak" sort="Supakorndej, Nonglak" uniqKey="Supakorndej N" first="Nonglak" last="Supakorndej">Nonglak Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Prasit" sort="Supakorndej, Prasit" uniqKey="Supakorndej P" first="Prasit" last="Supakorndej">Prasit Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Alan R" sort="Wolfe, Alan R" uniqKey="Wolfe A" first="Alan R." last="Wolfe">Alan R. Wolfe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Giselle M" sort="Knudsen, Giselle M" uniqKey="Knudsen G" first="Giselle M." last="Knudsen">Giselle M. Knudsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Steven" sort="Chen, Steven" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Steven" last="Chen">Steven Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Chris" sort="Wilson, Chris" uniqKey="Wilson C" first="Chris" last="Wilson">Chris Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ang, Kean Hooi" sort="Ang, Kean Hooi" uniqKey="Ang K" first="Kean-Hooi" last="Ang">Kean-Hooi Ang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arkin, Michelle" sort="Arkin, Michelle" uniqKey="Arkin M" first="Michelle" last="Arkin">Michelle Arkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, Jiri" sort="Gut, Jiri" uniqKey="Gut J" first="Jiri" last="Gut">Jiri Gut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, Chris" sort="Franklin, Chris" uniqKey="Franklin C" first="Chris" last="Franklin">Chris Franklin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcellino, Chris" sort="Marcellino, Chris" uniqKey="Marcellino C" first="Chris" last="Marcellino">Chris Marcellino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, James H" sort="Mckerrow, James H" uniqKey="Mckerrow J" first="James H." last="Mckerrow">James H. Mckerrow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, Anjan" sort="Debnath, Anjan" uniqKey="Debnath A" first="Anjan" last="Debnath">Anjan Debnath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakanari, Judy A" sort="Sakanari, Judy A" uniqKey="Sakanari J" first="Judy A." last="Sakanari">Judy A. Sakanari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25700363</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4336141</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336141</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4336141</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003534</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000390</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000F04</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000F04</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bulman, Christina A" sort="Bulman, Christina A" uniqKey="Bulman C" first="Christina A." last="Bulman">Christina A. Bulman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bidlow, Chelsea M" sort="Bidlow, Chelsea M" uniqKey="Bidlow C" first="Chelsea M." last="Bidlow">Chelsea M. Bidlow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lustigman, Sara" sort="Lustigman, Sara" uniqKey="Lustigman S" first="Sara" last="Lustigman">Sara Lustigman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" sort="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F" first="Fidelis" last="Cho-Ngwa">Fidelis Cho-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" sort="Rasc N Jr, Alberto A" uniqKey="Rasc N Jr A" first="Alberto A." last="Rasc N Jr">Alberto A. Rasc N Jr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tricoche, Nancy" sort="Tricoche, Nancy" uniqKey="Tricoche N" first="Nancy" last="Tricoche">Nancy Tricoche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samje, Moses" sort="Samje, Moses" uniqKey="Samje M" first="Moses" last="Samje">Moses Samje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Aaron" sort="Bell, Aaron" uniqKey="Bell A" first="Aaron" last="Bell">Aaron Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Brian" sort="Suzuki, Brian" uniqKey="Suzuki B" first="Brian" last="Suzuki">Brian Suzuki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, K C" sort="Lim, K C" uniqKey="Lim K" first="K. C." last="Lim">K. C. Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Nonglak" sort="Supakorndej, Nonglak" uniqKey="Supakorndej N" first="Nonglak" last="Supakorndej">Nonglak Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Prasit" sort="Supakorndej, Prasit" uniqKey="Supakorndej P" first="Prasit" last="Supakorndej">Prasit Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Alan R" sort="Wolfe, Alan R" uniqKey="Wolfe A" first="Alan R." last="Wolfe">Alan R. Wolfe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Giselle M" sort="Knudsen, Giselle M" uniqKey="Knudsen G" first="Giselle M." last="Knudsen">Giselle M. Knudsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Steven" sort="Chen, Steven" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Steven" last="Chen">Steven Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Chris" sort="Wilson, Chris" uniqKey="Wilson C" first="Chris" last="Wilson">Chris Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ang, Kean Hooi" sort="Ang, Kean Hooi" uniqKey="Ang K" first="Kean-Hooi" last="Ang">Kean-Hooi Ang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arkin, Michelle" sort="Arkin, Michelle" uniqKey="Arkin M" first="Michelle" last="Arkin">Michelle Arkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, Jiri" sort="Gut, Jiri" uniqKey="Gut J" first="Jiri" last="Gut">Jiri Gut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, Chris" sort="Franklin, Chris" uniqKey="Franklin C" first="Chris" last="Franklin">Chris Franklin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcellino, Chris" sort="Marcellino, Chris" uniqKey="Marcellino C" first="Chris" last="Marcellino">Chris Marcellino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, James H" sort="Mckerrow, James H" uniqKey="Mckerrow J" first="James H." last="Mckerrow">James H. Mckerrow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, Anjan" sort="Debnath, Anjan" uniqKey="Debnath A" first="Anjan" last="Debnath">Anjan Debnath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakanari, Judy A" sort="Sakanari, Judy A" uniqKey="Sakanari J" first="Judy A." last="Sakanari">Judy A. Sakanari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Two major human diseases caused by filariid nematodes are onchocerciasis, or river blindness, and lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to elephantiasis. The drugs ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole are used in control programs for these diseases, but are mainly effective against the microfilarial stage and have minimal or no effect on adult worms. Adult <italic>Onchocerca volvulus</italic>
and <italic>Brugia malayi</italic>
worms (macrofilariae) can live for up to 15 years, reproducing and allowing the infection to persist in a population. Therefore, to support control or elimination of these two diseases, effective macrofilaricidal drugs are necessary, in addition to current drugs. In an effort to identify macrofilaricidal drugs, we screened an FDA-approved library with adult worms of <italic>Brugia</italic>
spp. and <italic>Onchocerca ochengi</italic>
, third-stage larvae (L3s) of <italic>Onchocerca volvulus</italic>
, and the microfilariae of both <italic>O. ochengi</italic>
and <italic>Loa loa</italic>
. We found that auranofin, a gold-containing drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, was effective <italic>in vitro</italic>
in killing both <italic>Brugia</italic>
spp. and <italic>O. ochengi</italic>
adult worms and in inhibiting the molting of L3s of <italic>O. volvulus</italic>
with IC<sub>50</sub>
values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Auranofin had an approximately 43-fold higher IC<sub>50</sub>
against the microfilariae of <italic>L. loa</italic>
compared with the IC<sub>50</sub>
for adult female <italic>O. ochengi</italic>
, which may be beneficial if used in areas where <italic>Onchocerca</italic>
and <italic>Brugia</italic>
are co-endemic with <italic>L. loa</italic>
, to prevent severe adverse reactions to the drug-induced death of <italic>L. loa</italic>
microfilariae. Further testing indicated that auranofin is also effective in reducing <italic>Brugia</italic>
adult worm burden in infected gerbils and that auranofin may be targeting the thioredoxin reductase in this nematode.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plaisier, Ap" uniqKey="Plaisier A">AP Plaisier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Oortmarssen, Gj" uniqKey="Van Oortmarssen G">GJ Van Oortmarssen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Remme, J" uniqKey="Remme J">J Remme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jd, H" uniqKey="Jd H">H JD</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Mj" uniqKey="Taylor M">MJ Taylor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, A" uniqKey="Hoerauf A">A Hoerauf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Addiss, Dg" uniqKey="Addiss D">DG Addiss</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brady, Ma" uniqKey="Brady M">MA Brady</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, A" uniqKey="Hoerauf A">A Hoerauf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfarr, K" uniqKey="Pfarr K">K Pfarr</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mand, S" uniqKey="Mand S">S Mand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debrah, Ay" uniqKey="Debrah A">AY Debrah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Specht, S" uniqKey="Specht S">S Specht</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gardon, J" uniqKey="Gardon J">J Gardon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardon Wendel, N" uniqKey="Gardon Wendel N">N Gardon-Wendel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demanga, N" uniqKey="Demanga N">N Demanga</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamgno, J" uniqKey="Kamgno J">J Kamgno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chippaux, Jp" uniqKey="Chippaux J">JP Chippaux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boulesteix, J" uniqKey="Boulesteix J">J Boulesteix</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boutes, H" uniqKey="Boutes H">H Boutes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Puruehnce, Mf" uniqKey="Puruehnce M">MF Puruehnce</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boussinesq, M" uniqKey="Boussinesq M">M Boussinesq</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardon, J" uniqKey="Gardon J">J Gardon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardon Wendel, N" uniqKey="Gardon Wendel N">N Gardon-Wendel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chippaux, Jp" uniqKey="Chippaux J">JP Chippaux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Specht, S" uniqKey="Specht S">S Specht</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debrah, Ay" uniqKey="Debrah A">AY Debrah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klarmann, U" uniqKey="Klarmann U">U Klarmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mand, S" uniqKey="Mand S">S Mand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoerauf, A" uniqKey="Hoerauf A">A Hoerauf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfarr, K" uniqKey="Pfarr K">K Pfarr</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Awadzi, K" uniqKey="Awadzi K">K Awadzi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opoku, No" uniqKey="Opoku N">NO Opoku</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Attah, Sk" uniqKey="Attah S">SK Attah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lazdins Helds, J" uniqKey="Lazdins Helds J">J Lazdins-Helds</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuesel, Ac" uniqKey="Kuesel A">AC Kuesel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marcellino, C" uniqKey="Marcellino C">C Marcellino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, J" uniqKey="Gut J">J Gut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, Kc" uniqKey="Lim K">KC Lim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singh, R" uniqKey="Singh R">R Singh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, J" uniqKey="Mckerrow J">J McKerrow</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Renz, A" uniqKey="Renz A">A Renz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trees, Aj" uniqKey="Trees A">AJ Trees</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Achu Kwi, D" uniqKey="Achu Kwi D">D Achu-Kwi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, G" uniqKey="Edwards G">G Edwards</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wahl, G" uniqKey="Wahl G">G Wahl</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Trees, Aj" uniqKey="Trees A">AJ Trees</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, Sp" uniqKey="Graham S">SP Graham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Renz, A" uniqKey="Renz A">A Renz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bianco, Ae" uniqKey="Bianco A">AE Bianco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanya, V" uniqKey="Tanya V">V Tanya</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manchang, Tk" uniqKey="Manchang T">TK Manchang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ajonina Ekoti, I" uniqKey="Ajonina Ekoti I">I Ajonina-Ekoti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndjonka, D" uniqKey="Ndjonka D">D Ndjonka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eisenbarth, A" uniqKey="Eisenbarth A">A Eisenbarth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Achukwi, Md" uniqKey="Achukwi M">MD Achukwi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, Ae" uniqKey="Finkelstein A">AE Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walz, Dt" uniqKey="Walz D">DT Walz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Batista, V" uniqKey="Batista V">V Batista</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mizraji, M" uniqKey="Mizraji M">M Mizraji</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roisman, F" uniqKey="Roisman F">F Roisman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Katz, Wa" uniqKey="Katz W">WA Katz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alexander, S" uniqKey="Alexander S">S Alexander</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bland, Jh" uniqKey="Bland J">JH Bland</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blechman, W" uniqKey="Blechman W">W Blechman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bluhm, Gb" uniqKey="Bluhm G">GB Bluhm</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Madeira, Jm" uniqKey="Madeira J">JM Madeira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gibson, Dl" uniqKey="Gibson D">DL Gibson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kean, Wf" uniqKey="Kean W">WF Kean</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klegeris, A" uniqKey="Klegeris A">A Klegeris</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhabak, Kp" uniqKey="Bhabak K">KP Bhabak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhuyan, Bj" uniqKey="Bhuyan B">BJ Bhuyan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mugesh, G" uniqKey="Mugesh G">G Mugesh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Furst, De" uniqKey="Furst D">DE Furst</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blodgett, Rc" uniqKey="Blodgett R">RC Blodgett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heuer, Ma" uniqKey="Heuer M">MA Heuer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pietrusko, Rg" uniqKey="Pietrusko R">RG Pietrusko</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kean, Wf" uniqKey="Kean W">WF Kean</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hart, L" uniqKey="Hart L">L Hart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchanan, Ww" uniqKey="Buchanan W">WW Buchanan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angelucci, F" uniqKey="Angelucci F">F Angelucci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sayed, Aa" uniqKey="Sayed A">AA Sayed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Dl" uniqKey="Williams D">DL Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boumis, G" uniqKey="Boumis G">G Boumis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brunori, M" uniqKey="Brunori M">M Brunori</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rigobello, Mp" uniqKey="Rigobello M">MP Rigobello</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Messori, L" uniqKey="Messori L">L Messori</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcon, G" uniqKey="Marcon G">G Marcon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agostina Cinellu, M" uniqKey="Agostina Cinellu M">M Agostina Cinellu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bragadin, M" uniqKey="Bragadin M">M Bragadin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Debnath, A" uniqKey="Debnath A">A Debnath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parsonage, D" uniqKey="Parsonage D">D Parsonage</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andrade, Rm" uniqKey="Andrade R">RM Andrade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, C" uniqKey="He C">C He</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cobo, Er" uniqKey="Cobo E">ER Cobo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, F" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F">F Cho-Ngwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abongwa, M" uniqKey="Abongwa M">M Abongwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ngemenya, Mn" uniqKey="Ngemenya M">MN Ngemenya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nyongbela, Kd" uniqKey="Nyongbela K">KD Nyongbela</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Franz, M" uniqKey="Franz M">M Franz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zahner, H" uniqKey="Zahner H">H Zahner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benten, P" uniqKey="Benten P">P Benten</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arner, Es" uniqKey="Arner E">ES Arner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarioglu, H" uniqKey="Sarioglu H">H Sarioglu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lottspeich, F" uniqKey="Lottspeich F">F Lottspeich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmgren, A" uniqKey="Holmgren A">A Holmgren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bock, A" uniqKey="Bock A">A Bock</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rengby, O" uniqKey="Rengby O">O Rengby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johansson, L" uniqKey="Johansson L">L Johansson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carlson, La" uniqKey="Carlson L">LA Carlson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Serini, E" uniqKey="Serini E">E Serini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vlamis Gardikas, A" uniqKey="Vlamis Gardikas A">A Vlamis-Gardikas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, Hh" uniqKey="Huang H">HH Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, L" uniqKey="Day L">L Day</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cass, Cl" uniqKey="Cass C">CL Cass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ballou, Dp" uniqKey="Ballou D">DP Ballou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Ch" uniqKey="Williams C">CH Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gromer, S" uniqKey="Gromer S">S Gromer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arscott, Ld" uniqKey="Arscott L">LD Arscott</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Ch" uniqKey="Williams C">CH Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schirmer, Rh" uniqKey="Schirmer R">RH Schirmer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becker, K" uniqKey="Becker K">K Becker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuntz, An" uniqKey="Kuntz A">AN Kuntz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davioud Charvet, E" uniqKey="Davioud Charvet E">E Davioud-Charvet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sayed, Aa" uniqKey="Sayed A">AA Sayed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Califf, Ll" uniqKey="Califf L">LL Califf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dessolin, J" uniqKey="Dessolin J">J Dessolin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lok, Jb" uniqKey="Lok J">JB Lok</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abraham, D" uniqKey="Abraham D">D Abraham</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duke, Bo" uniqKey="Duke B">BO Duke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eberhard, Ml" uniqKey="Eberhard M">ML Eberhard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dickerson, Jw" uniqKey="Dickerson J">JW Dickerson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyer, Ae" uniqKey="Boyer A">AE Boyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tsang, Vc" uniqKey="Tsang V">VC Tsang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zea Flores, R" uniqKey="Zea Flores R">R Zea-Flores</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xie, H Bo" uniqKey="Xie H">H BO Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Sa" uniqKey="Williams S">SA Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehlhorn, H" uniqKey="Mehlhorn H">H Mehlhorn</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tejman Yarden, N" uniqKey="Tejman Yarden N">N Tejman-Yarden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miyamoto, Y" uniqKey="Miyamoto Y">Y Miyamoto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leitsch, D" uniqKey="Leitsch D">D Leitsch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Santini, J" uniqKey="Santini J">J Santini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, A" uniqKey="Debnath A">A Debnath</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, W" uniqKey="Hu W">W Hu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, B" uniqKey="Xu B">B Xu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Jp" uniqKey="Wang J">JP Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Sq" uniqKey="Wang S">SQ Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caroli, A" uniqKey="Caroli A">A Caroli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simeoni, S" uniqKey="Simeoni S">S Simeoni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lepore, R" uniqKey="Lepore R">R Lepore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tramontano, A" uniqKey="Tramontano A">A Tramontano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Via, A" uniqKey="Via A">A Via</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, L" uniqKey="Song L">L Song</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, S" uniqKey="Xie S">S Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Qian, C" uniqKey="Qian C">C Qian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonilla, M" uniqKey="Bonilla M">M Bonilla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Denicola, A" uniqKey="Denicola A">A Denicola</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Novoselov, Sv" uniqKey="Novoselov S">SV Novoselov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Turanov, Aa" uniqKey="Turanov A">AA Turanov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Protasio, A" uniqKey="Protasio A">A Protasio</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez Gonzalez, Jj" uniqKey="Martinez Gonzalez J">JJ Martinez-Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guevara Flores, A" uniqKey="Guevara Flores A">A Guevara-Flores</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alvarez, G" uniqKey="Alvarez G">G Alvarez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rendon Gomez, Jl" uniqKey="Rendon Gomez J">JL Rendon-Gomez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Del Arenal, Ip" uniqKey="Del Arenal I">IP Del Arenal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sannella, Ar" uniqKey="Sannella A">AR Sannella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Casini, A" uniqKey="Casini A">A Casini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gabbiani, C" uniqKey="Gabbiani C">C Gabbiani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Messori, L" uniqKey="Messori L">L Messori</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bilia, Ar" uniqKey="Bilia A">AR Bilia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharlow, Er" uniqKey="Sharlow E">ER Sharlow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leimgruber, S" uniqKey="Leimgruber S">S Leimgruber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murray, S" uniqKey="Murray S">S Murray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lira, A" uniqKey="Lira A">A Lira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sciotti, Rj" uniqKey="Sciotti R">RJ Sciotti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lobanov, Av" uniqKey="Lobanov A">AV Lobanov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gromer, S" uniqKey="Gromer S">S Gromer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salinas, G" uniqKey="Salinas G">G Salinas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gladyshev, Vn" uniqKey="Gladyshev V">VN Gladyshev</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Debnath, A" uniqKey="Debnath A">A Debnath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndao, M" uniqKey="Ndao M">M Ndao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Sl" uniqKey="Reed S">SL Reed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andrade, Rm" uniqKey="Andrade R">RM Andrade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chaparro, Jd" uniqKey="Chaparro J">JD Chaparro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capparelli, E" uniqKey="Capparelli E">E Capparelli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Sl" uniqKey="Reed S">SL Reed</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arner, Es" uniqKey="Arner E">ES Arner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmgren, A" uniqKey="Holmgren A">A Holmgren</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kunchithapautham, K" uniqKey="Kunchithapautham K">K Kunchithapautham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Padmavathi, B" uniqKey="Padmavathi B">B Padmavathi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Narayanan, Rb" uniqKey="Narayanan R">RB Narayanan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaliraj, P" uniqKey="Kaliraj P">P Kaliraj</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scott, Al" uniqKey="Scott A">AL Scott</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marzano, C" uniqKey="Marzano C">C Marzano</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gandin, V" uniqKey="Gandin V">V Gandin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Folda, A" uniqKey="Folda A">A Folda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scutari, G" uniqKey="Scutari G">G Scutari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bindoli, A" uniqKey="Bindoli A">A Bindoli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sayed, Aa" uniqKey="Sayed A">AA Sayed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cook, Sk" uniqKey="Cook S">SK Cook</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Dl" uniqKey="Williams D">DL Williams</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Ra" uniqKey="Lawrence R">RA Lawrence</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allen, Je" uniqKey="Allen J">JE Allen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osborne, J" uniqKey="Osborne J">J Osborne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maizels, Rm" uniqKey="Maizels R">RM Maizels</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zang, X" uniqKey="Zang X">X Zang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atmadja, Ak" uniqKey="Atmadja A">AK Atmadja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gray, P" uniqKey="Gray P">P Gray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allen, Je" uniqKey="Allen J">JE Allen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gray, Ca" uniqKey="Gray C">CA Gray</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gunatilleke, Ss" uniqKey="Gunatilleke S">SS Gunatilleke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barrios, Am" uniqKey="Barrios A">AM Barrios</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
</pmc>
<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Repurposing auranofin as a lead candidate for treatment of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bulman, Christina A" sort="Bulman, Christina A" uniqKey="Bulman C" first="Christina A" last="Bulman">Christina A. Bulman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bidlow, Chelsea M" sort="Bidlow, Chelsea M" uniqKey="Bidlow C" first="Chelsea M" last="Bidlow">Chelsea M. Bidlow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lustigman, Sara" sort="Lustigman, Sara" uniqKey="Lustigman S" first="Sara" last="Lustigman">Sara Lustigman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" sort="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F" first="Fidelis" last="Cho-Ngwa">Fidelis Cho-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasc N, Alberto A" sort="Rasc N, Alberto A" uniqKey="Rasc N A" first="Alberto A" last="Rasc N">Alberto A. Rasc N</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tricoche, Nancy" sort="Tricoche, Nancy" uniqKey="Tricoche N" first="Nancy" last="Tricoche">Nancy Tricoche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samje, Moses" sort="Samje, Moses" uniqKey="Samje M" first="Moses" last="Samje">Moses Samje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Aaron" sort="Bell, Aaron" uniqKey="Bell A" first="Aaron" last="Bell">Aaron Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Brian" sort="Suzuki, Brian" uniqKey="Suzuki B" first="Brian" last="Suzuki">Brian Suzuki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, K C" sort="Lim, K C" uniqKey="Lim K" first="K C" last="Lim">K C Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Nonglak" sort="Supakorndej, Nonglak" uniqKey="Supakorndej N" first="Nonglak" last="Supakorndej">Nonglak Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Prasit" sort="Supakorndej, Prasit" uniqKey="Supakorndej P" first="Prasit" last="Supakorndej">Prasit Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Alan R" sort="Wolfe, Alan R" uniqKey="Wolfe A" first="Alan R" last="Wolfe">Alan R. Wolfe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Giselle M" sort="Knudsen, Giselle M" uniqKey="Knudsen G" first="Giselle M" last="Knudsen">Giselle M. Knudsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Steven" sort="Chen, Steven" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Steven" last="Chen">Steven Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Chris" sort="Wilson, Chris" uniqKey="Wilson C" first="Chris" last="Wilson">Chris Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ang, Kean Hooi" sort="Ang, Kean Hooi" uniqKey="Ang K" first="Kean-Hooi" last="Ang">Kean-Hooi Ang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arkin, Michelle" sort="Arkin, Michelle" uniqKey="Arkin M" first="Michelle" last="Arkin">Michelle Arkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, Jiri" sort="Gut, Jiri" uniqKey="Gut J" first="Jiri" last="Gut">Jiri Gut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, Chris" sort="Franklin, Chris" uniqKey="Franklin C" first="Chris" last="Franklin">Chris Franklin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcellino, Chris" sort="Marcellino, Chris" uniqKey="Marcellino C" first="Chris" last="Marcellino">Chris Marcellino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, James H" sort="Mckerrow, James H" uniqKey="Mckerrow J" first="James H" last="Mckerrow">James H. Mckerrow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, Anjan" sort="Debnath, Anjan" uniqKey="Debnath A" first="Anjan" last="Debnath">Anjan Debnath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakanari, Judy A" sort="Sakanari, Judy A" uniqKey="Sakanari J" first="Judy A" last="Sakanari">Judy A. Sakanari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:25700363</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25700363</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003534</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001035</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001035</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Repurposing auranofin as a lead candidate for treatment of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bulman, Christina A" sort="Bulman, Christina A" uniqKey="Bulman C" first="Christina A" last="Bulman">Christina A. Bulman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bidlow, Chelsea M" sort="Bidlow, Chelsea M" uniqKey="Bidlow C" first="Chelsea M" last="Bidlow">Chelsea M. Bidlow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lustigman, Sara" sort="Lustigman, Sara" uniqKey="Lustigman S" first="Sara" last="Lustigman">Sara Lustigman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" sort="Cho Ngwa, Fidelis" uniqKey="Cho Ngwa F" first="Fidelis" last="Cho-Ngwa">Fidelis Cho-Ngwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, David" sort="Williams, David" uniqKey="Williams D" first="David" last="Williams">David Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasc N, Alberto A" sort="Rasc N, Alberto A" uniqKey="Rasc N A" first="Alberto A" last="Rasc N">Alberto A. Rasc N</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tricoche, Nancy" sort="Tricoche, Nancy" uniqKey="Tricoche N" first="Nancy" last="Tricoche">Nancy Tricoche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samje, Moses" sort="Samje, Moses" uniqKey="Samje M" first="Moses" last="Samje">Moses Samje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, SW Region</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>SW Region</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Aaron" sort="Bell, Aaron" uniqKey="Bell A" first="Aaron" last="Bell">Aaron Bell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, Brian" sort="Suzuki, Brian" uniqKey="Suzuki B" first="Brian" last="Suzuki">Brian Suzuki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, K C" sort="Lim, K C" uniqKey="Lim K" first="K C" last="Lim">K C Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Nonglak" sort="Supakorndej, Nonglak" uniqKey="Supakorndej N" first="Nonglak" last="Supakorndej">Nonglak Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>FilariaTech, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Supakorndej, Prasit" sort="Supakorndej, Prasit" uniqKey="Supakorndej P" first="Prasit" last="Supakorndej">Prasit Supakorndej</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolfe, Alan R" sort="Wolfe, Alan R" uniqKey="Wolfe A" first="Alan R" last="Wolfe">Alan R. Wolfe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knudsen, Giselle M" sort="Knudsen, Giselle M" uniqKey="Knudsen G" first="Giselle M" last="Knudsen">Giselle M. Knudsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UCSF Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Steven" sort="Chen, Steven" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Steven" last="Chen">Steven Chen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Chris" sort="Wilson, Chris" uniqKey="Wilson C" first="Chris" last="Wilson">Chris Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ang, Kean Hooi" sort="Ang, Kean Hooi" uniqKey="Ang K" first="Kean-Hooi" last="Ang">Kean-Hooi Ang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arkin, Michelle" sort="Arkin, Michelle" uniqKey="Arkin M" first="Michelle" last="Arkin">Michelle Arkin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gut, Jiri" sort="Gut, Jiri" uniqKey="Gut J" first="Jiri" last="Gut">Jiri Gut</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, Chris" sort="Franklin, Chris" uniqKey="Franklin C" first="Chris" last="Franklin">Chris Franklin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marcellino, Chris" sort="Marcellino, Chris" uniqKey="Marcellino C" first="Chris" last="Marcellino">Chris Marcellino</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mckerrow, James H" sort="Mckerrow, James H" uniqKey="Mckerrow J" first="James H" last="Mckerrow">James H. Mckerrow</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Debnath, Anjan" sort="Debnath, Anjan" uniqKey="Debnath A" first="Anjan" last="Debnath">Anjan Debnath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakanari, Judy A" sort="Sakanari, Judy A" uniqKey="Sakanari J" first="Judy A" last="Sakanari">Judy A. Sakanari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Albendazole (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Anthelmintics (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Auranofin (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Brugia malayi (drug effects)</term>
<term>Cattle</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Diethylcarbamazine (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Drug Repositioning</term>
<term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Elephantiasis, Filarial (parasitology)</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Filaricides (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Ivermectin (therapeutic use)</term>
<term>Loa (drug effects)</term>
<term>Loiasis (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Loiasis (parasitology)</term>
<term>Microfilariae (drug effects)</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus (drug effects)</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis (drug therapy)</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis (parasitology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Albendazole (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Antihelminthiques (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Auranofine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Bovins</term>
<term>Brugia malayi ()</term>
<term>Diéthylcarbamazine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Filaricides (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Filariose lymphatique (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Filariose lymphatique (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Ivermectine (usage thérapeutique)</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Loa ()</term>
<term>Loase (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Loase (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Microfilaria ()</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus ()</term>
<term>Onchocercose (parasitologie)</term>
<term>Onchocercose (traitement médicamenteux)</term>
<term>Repositionnement des médicaments</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Albendazole</term>
<term>Anthelmintics</term>
<term>Auranofin</term>
<term>Diethylcarbamazine</term>
<term>Filaricides</term>
<term>Ivermectin</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Brugia malayi</term>
<term>Loa</term>
<term>Microfilariae</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term>
<term>Loiasis</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term>
<term>Loase</term>
<term>Onchocercose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="parasitology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis, Filarial</term>
<term>Loiasis</term>
<term>Onchocerciasis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Filariose lymphatique</term>
<term>Loase</term>
<term>Onchocercose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Albendazole</term>
<term>Antihelminthiques</term>
<term>Auranofine</term>
<term>Diéthylcarbamazine</term>
<term>Filaricides</term>
<term>Ivermectine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Cattle</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Drug Repositioning</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humans</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Bovins</term>
<term>Brugia malayi</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Gerbillinae</term>
<term>Haplorhini</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Loa</term>
<term>Microfilaria</term>
<term>Onchocerca volvulus</term>
<term>Repositionnement des médicaments</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Two major human diseases caused by filariid nematodes are onchocerciasis, or river blindness, and lymphatic filariasis, which can lead to elephantiasis. The drugs ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole are used in control programs for these diseases, but are mainly effective against the microfilarial stage and have minimal or no effect on adult worms. Adult Onchocerca volvulus and Brugia malayi worms (macrofilariae) can live for up to 15 years, reproducing and allowing the infection to persist in a population. Therefore, to support control or elimination of these two diseases, effective macrofilaricidal drugs are necessary, in addition to current drugs. In an effort to identify macrofilaricidal drugs, we screened an FDA-approved library with adult worms of Brugia spp. and Onchocerca ochengi, third-stage larvae (L3s) of Onchocerca volvulus, and the microfilariae of both O. ochengi and Loa loa. We found that auranofin, a gold-containing drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, was effective in vitro in killing both Brugia spp. and O. ochengi adult worms and in inhibiting the molting of L3s of O. volvulus with IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Auranofin had an approximately 43-fold higher IC50 against the microfilariae of L. loa compared with the IC50 for adult female O. ochengi, which may be beneficial if used in areas where Onchocerca and Brugia are co-endemic with L. loa, to prevent severe adverse reactions to the drug-induced death of L. loa microfilariae. Further testing indicated that auranofin is also effective in reducing Brugia adult worm burden in infected gerbils and that auranofin may be targeting the thioredoxin reductase in this nematode.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pubmed>
</double>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 007057 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 007057 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Sante |area= LymphedemaV1 |flux= Ncbi |étape= Merge |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4336141 |texte= Repurposing Auranofin as a Lead Candidate for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25700363" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a LymphedemaV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. | ![]() |