A Review of Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging in Surgery
Identifieur interne : 004D62 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004D61; suivant : 004D63A Review of Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging in Surgery
Auteurs : Jarmo T. Alander [Finlande] ; Ilkka Kaartinen [Finlande] ; Aki Laakso [Finlande] ; Tommi P Til [Finlande] ; Thomas Spillmann [Finlande] ; Valery V. Tuchin [Russie, Finlande] ; Maarit Venermo [Finlande] ; Petri V Lisuo [Finlande]Source :
- International Journal of Biomedical Imaging [ 1687-4188 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the recent surgical intraoperational applications of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging methods, the basics of the technology, and instrumentation used. Well over 200 papers describing this technique in clinical setting are reviewed. In addition to the surgical applications, other recent medical applications of ICG are briefly examined.
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2012/940585
PubMed: 22577366
PubMed Central: 3346977
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Imaging in Surgery</title><author><name sortKey="Alander, Jarmo T" sort="Alander, Jarmo T" uniqKey="Alander J" first="Jarmo T." last="Alander">Jarmo T. Alander</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, Vaasa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vaasa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaartinen, Ilkka" sort="Kaartinen, Ilkka" uniqKey="Kaartinen I" first="Ilkka" last="Kaartinen">Ilkka Kaartinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Hand Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33680 Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Hand Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33680 Tampere</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33680 Tampere</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laakso, Aki" sort="Laakso, Aki" uniqKey="Laakso A" first="Aki" last="Laakso">Aki Laakso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Til, Tommi" sort="P Til, Tommi" uniqKey="P Til T" first="Tommi" last="P Til">Tommi P Til</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Cardiosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spillmann, Thomas" sort="Spillmann, Thomas" uniqKey="Spillmann T" first="Thomas" last="Spillmann">Thomas Spillmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tuchin, Valery V" sort="Tuchin, Valery V" uniqKey="Tuchin V" first="Valery V." last="Tuchin">Valery V. Tuchin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">Saratov State University, Saratov 410012, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Saratov State University, Saratov 410012</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Saratov 410012</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I7">Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410028, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410028</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Saratov 410028</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I8">University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Oulu, Oulu</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oulu</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venermo, Maarit" sort="Venermo, Maarit" uniqKey="Venermo M" first="Maarit" last="Venermo">Maarit Venermo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I9">Clinic of Angiosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinic of Angiosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="V Lisuo, Petri" sort="V Lisuo, Petri" uniqKey="V Lisuo P" first="Petri" last="V Lisuo">Petri V Lisuo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, Vaasa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vaasa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Biomedical Imaging</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-4188</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-4196</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of
the recent surgical intraoperational applications of indocyanine
green fluorescence imaging methods, the basics of the technology,
and instrumentation used. Well over 200 papers describing this
technique in clinical setting are reviewed. In addition to the surgical
applications, other recent medical applications of ICG are briefly
examined.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, Q" uniqKey="Wu Q">Q Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merchant, Fa" uniqKey="Merchant F">FA Merchant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castleman, Kr" uniqKey="Castleman K">KR Castleman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Choi, M" uniqKey="Choi M">M Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, K" uniqKey="Choi K">K Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryu, S W" uniqKey="Ryu S">S-W Ryu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, J" uniqKey="Lee J">J Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, C" uniqKey="Choi C">C Choi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sevick Muraca, Em" uniqKey="Sevick Muraca E">EM Sevick-Muraca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houston, Jp" uniqKey="Houston J">JP Houston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gurfinkel, M" 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Tobis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knopf, J" uniqKey="Knopf J">J Knopf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silvers, C" uniqKey="Silvers C">C Silvers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alander, Jt" uniqKey="Alander J">JT Alander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Biomed Imaging</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Biomed Imaging</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJBI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Biomedical Imaging</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-4188</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-4196</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22577366</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3346977</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/940585</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Review of Indocyanine Green Fluorescent
Imaging in Surgery</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alander</surname><given-names>Jarmo T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaartinen</surname><given-names>Ilkka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laakso</surname><given-names>Aki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pätilä</surname><given-names>Tommi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spillmann</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tuchin</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6"><sup>6</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7"><sup>7</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Venermo</surname><given-names>Maarit</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Välisuo</surname><given-names>Petri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Hand Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33680 Tampere, Finland</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Cardiosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="I6"><sup>6</sup>Saratov State University, Saratov 410012, Russia</aff><aff id="I7"><sup>7</sup>Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410028, Russia</aff><aff id="I8"><sup>8</sup>University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</aff><aff id="I9"><sup>9</sup>Clinic of Angiosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Jarmo T. Alander: <email>jarmo.alander@uwasa.fi</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Guowei Wei</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>940585</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>1</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Jarmo T. Alander et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of
the recent surgical intraoperational applications of indocyanine
green fluorescence imaging methods, the basics of the technology,
and instrumentation used. Well over 200 papers describing this
technique in clinical setting are reviewed. In addition to the surgical
applications, other recent medical applications of ICG are briefly
examined.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>A typical ICGA image: heart of a rat. Coronary arteries clearly visible. Liver shining on the right. Magnification 20×. Image taken by Dr. Outi Villet at HUCH by our prototype microscope device shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJBI2012-940585.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Simple image processing and pseudocoloring: ICG-VA frames of a leg (toes up) after the injection of ICG: (a) at about 30 s showing deep lying arteries in red, (b) at about 60 s showing mainly capillaries in yellowish green, (c) at about 90 s showing mainly subcutaneous veins in blue, and (d) fusion of the first three images. Image processing steps: negative of the original image and some intensity remapping. Fusion by using CMYC model. For more information see [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The original B/W images were taken with PDE by Dr. Hiroaki Terasaki (visiting HUCH from Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine) and later processed by one of the authors (P. Välisuo).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJBI2012-940585.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>The transmission of the ICG filter pair (<italic>F</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>: high-pass filter for source; <italic>F</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub>: low-pass filter (barrier) for camera) and the emission spectrum of two NIR LEDs having the nominal peak wavelengths of 780 and 850 nm and full width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidths correspondingly of 30 and 95 nm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJBI2012-940585.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>The principle of fluorescence imaging. The radiation from the light source is filtered by a high-pass filter, <italic>F</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>, to remove the fluorescent wavelengths. The blood and ICG suspension under a tissue absorbs the excitation wavelengths and emits in fluorescent band. The emitted light is received by the sensor through a low-pass filter, <italic>F</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub>, to remove the excitation light reflected from the source.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJBI2012-940585.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>The quantum efficiencies of different sensor technologies in VIS-NIR range. iXon3 is an electron multiplier CCD, ER-150 LL is Hamamatsu biomedical CCD sensor, Neo is a scientific CMOS sensor, MT9V032 is a CMOS sensor for surveillance, KAI-11002 is a standard CCD sensor, and MT9P031 is a standard consumer CMOS sensor.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJBI2012-940585.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>An old operational microscope used in our prototype ICG stereo video angiography system experiment. Hamamatsu NIR camera on the left camera arm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJBI2012-940585.006"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The number of ICG-related publications: queries from databases PubMed, ISI, SPIE, and IEEE (26.7.2011).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Keyword</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> PubMed</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ISI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> SPIE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IEEE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Indocyanine” (ICG)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 6069</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5159</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 301</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 57</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “surgery”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2160</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1059</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “liver”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2031</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1164</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “retina”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1176</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 406</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “cancer”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 816</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 372</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “tomography”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 748</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 594</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “imaging”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 697</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 828</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 130</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 43</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “heart”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 483</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 174</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “wound”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 190</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “lymph”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 115</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “brain”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 127</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 119</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “breast”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 105</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 189</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICG and “laparoscopy”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>From PubMed (2.11.2009) “Indocyanine”: (years 2007–2010: 17.8.2011).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"> Recent</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Early</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Year</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Number </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2010</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 397</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1970</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 38</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 369</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1969</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2008</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 295</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1968</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 275</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1967</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2006</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 274</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1966</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 277</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1965</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 295</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1964</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 295</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1963</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 240</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1962</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 219</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1961</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 224</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1960</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1999</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 195</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1959</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> —</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1958</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1957</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> —</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1956</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1979</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1955</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>ICG cytotoxicity studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Type</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ref.</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Comment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ARPE19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>In vitro</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ICG 1 mg/mL; not toxic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>In vitro</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IfCG; no damage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glial cell</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ditto; some damage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rabbit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ICG; no damage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IfCG; no damage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Gene expr.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.25 mg/mL recommended</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Müller</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>In vitro</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fluorescent lamp illumination:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> induces cytotoxicity</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intravenous</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rat</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IRDye 800CW; no toxicity obs.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intradermal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto; ditto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spin. root ax.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rat</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Neurotoxicity observed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Human cult.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Growth inhibition and damage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RPE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Human cult.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ICG interactions with RPE</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>ICGI instruments. KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Device</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ref.</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Comment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Carl Zeiss</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pentero IR-800</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Surgical micr.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carl Zeiss</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pentero?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Neurosurg. micr.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cri, Inc.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Maestro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Small animal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastman Kodak</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Imaging Station FX</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Small animal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eastman Kodak</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ditto 4000 MM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Small animal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida Int. U.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prototype <italic>FIU</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Breast imager</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hamamatsu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> PDE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hamamatsu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prototype (<italic>H</italic><sub>1</sub>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Laparoscopic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KAIST</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prototype <italic>AA</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Small animal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mizuho Ikakogyo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HyperEye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> surgery</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Novadaq Tech.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> SPY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Osaka Med. Coll.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prototype <italic>OMC</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Neurosurg. micr.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulsion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IC-View</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topcon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> TRC-50IX</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ophthalmoscope</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U. Clinic Munich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prototype <italic>UCM</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Endoscope</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U. Kent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prototype <italic>UK</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> OCT ophthalm.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vieworks Corp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> VasView</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Human leg im.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wetzlar</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Leica OH3 FL800</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Surgical micr.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>ICGI instrument properties. *: Hitachi, <italic>λ</italic><sub><italic>e</italic></sub> [nm] emission wavelength (min), <italic>λ</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> [nm] camera wavelength (min), and cCCD cooled CCD.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Device</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Light</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>λ</italic><sub><italic>e</italic></sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Camera</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>λ</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>AA</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LED</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 740</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> cCCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 820</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FX</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Halogen</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 755</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> cCCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 830</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>H</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Xenon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 810</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC-View</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LED?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 780</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CCD?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 835</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maestro</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 710</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 800</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>OM</italic><italic>C</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Halogen</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 760</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> KP-160*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 820</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pentero?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Laser</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 780</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 835</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PDE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LED</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 760</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 820</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VasView</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LED</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 760</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 830</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>UK</italic><sub>1</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> SLD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 793</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ?</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 807</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Light source properties.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Property</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Halogen</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LED</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diode laser</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Wavelengths</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Visual-NIR</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rather narrow</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monochromatic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Price</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cheap</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cheap</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Relatively expensive</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maintenance</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Some</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not much</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Some</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Power</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> High</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rather high</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> High (pulses)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulses</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mechanically</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Electronically</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Electronically</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Slow</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Quite fast</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Slow-very fast</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stability</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good-very good</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Special</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Visual imaging</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Small size</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Extreme performance</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benefits</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cheap</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Easy to control</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No filtering needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drawbacks</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> High power loss</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Filter needed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Speckle pattern</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Filter needed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> New tech.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> White light needed</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Some commercial NIR camera sensors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sensor</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Technology</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Resolution</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Application</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> MT9P031</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CMOS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Consumer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Aptina</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MT9V032</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CMOS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.36 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Surveillance</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Aptina</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KAI-11002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Consumer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kodak</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> sCMOS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5.5 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Scientific</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Andor</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">iXon3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> EM-CCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Scientific</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Andor</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FL-280</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> sCMOS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.8 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Medical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hamamatsu</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ER-150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.3 Mpix</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Medical</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hamamatsu</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab8" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>The most important pixel parameters of the above NIR camera sensors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"> Sensor</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ADC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Read</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dark</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pixel</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Well</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> resolution</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">noise</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> current</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> size</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> depth</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> (bit)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> (<italic>e</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> (<italic>e</italic>/pix/s)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>μ</italic>m<sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">·1000<italic>e</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> MT9P031</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 8.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MT9V032</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> —</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KAI-11002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> —</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 6.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">iXon3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FL280</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ER-150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab9" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>An example of the light attenuation in an ICG imaging system.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Row</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Component</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Attenuation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Remaining intensity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> LED 780-66-60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub>0</sub> = 1 W/sr</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fs, ET775_50x</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 0.8 W/sr</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tissue irradiance</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic><sub><italic>t</italic></sub> = 80 W/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tissue, 1 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic><sub><italic>e</italic></sub> = 36 W/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fluorescence</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.0027</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 0.10 W/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tissue, 1 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 45 mW/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lambertian S.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub><italic>t</italic></sub> = 14 mW/sr</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fc, ET845_55 m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> = 4.3 mW/sr</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Irradiance, f/1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic><sub><italic>b</italic></sub> = 3.5 mW/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Response of the Hamamatsu ER-150 low light</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Power per pixel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic><sub><italic>p</italic></sub> = 0.15 pW</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Photons per pixel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic><sub><italic>p</italic></sub> = 6.1 · 10<sup>5</sup> photons/s</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Detected photons</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic><sub><italic>e</italic></sub> = 1.5 · 10<sup>5</sup> electrons/s</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Optimal exposure</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic> = 98 ms</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Signal to noise</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> SNR = 63 dB</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab10" position="float"><label>Table 10</label><caption><p>The loss factors and corresponding attenuations [dB] of the top five loss factors in ICGA imaging.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loss factor</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Loss</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> dB</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> The fluorescence of ICG in blood</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.0027</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −25.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Losses in the tissue above the blood vessel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −6.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quantum efficiency of sensor Φ<sub><italic>s</italic></sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −6.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Transmittance of the emission filter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −5.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diffusion losses in the lambertian surface</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −5.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Subtotal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.4 · 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −48.7 </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other factors together</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −1.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8 · 10<sup>−6</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −50.5</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Finlande</li><li>Russie</li></country><region><li>Uusimaa</li></region><settlement><li>Helsinki</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Helsinki</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Finlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alander, Jarmo T" sort="Alander, Jarmo T" uniqKey="Alander J" first="Jarmo T." last="Alander">Jarmo T. Alander</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kaartinen, Ilkka" sort="Kaartinen, Ilkka" uniqKey="Kaartinen I" first="Ilkka" last="Kaartinen">Ilkka Kaartinen</name><name sortKey="Laakso, Aki" sort="Laakso, Aki" uniqKey="Laakso A" first="Aki" last="Laakso">Aki Laakso</name><name sortKey="P Til, Tommi" sort="P Til, Tommi" uniqKey="P Til T" first="Tommi" last="P Til">Tommi P Til</name><name sortKey="Spillmann, Thomas" sort="Spillmann, Thomas" uniqKey="Spillmann T" first="Thomas" last="Spillmann">Thomas Spillmann</name><name sortKey="Tuchin, Valery V" sort="Tuchin, Valery V" uniqKey="Tuchin V" first="Valery V." last="Tuchin">Valery V. Tuchin</name><name sortKey="V Lisuo, Petri" sort="V Lisuo, Petri" uniqKey="V Lisuo P" first="Petri" last="V Lisuo">Petri V Lisuo</name><name sortKey="Venermo, Maarit" sort="Venermo, Maarit" uniqKey="Venermo M" first="Maarit" last="Venermo">Maarit Venermo</name></country><country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tuchin, Valery V" sort="Tuchin, Valery V" uniqKey="Tuchin V" first="Valery V." last="Tuchin">Valery V. Tuchin</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Tuchin, Valery V" sort="Tuchin, Valery V" uniqKey="Tuchin V" first="Valery V." last="Tuchin">Valery V. Tuchin</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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