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Robotic Surgery in Gynecology: An Updated Systematic Review

Identifieur interne : 004927 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004926; suivant : 004928

Robotic Surgery in Gynecology: An Updated Systematic Review

Auteurs : Lori Weinberg [États-Unis] ; Sanjay Rao [États-Unis] ; Pedro F. Escobar [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:3236390

Abstract

The introduction of da Vinci Robotic Surgery to the field of Gynecology has resulted in large changes in surgical management. The robotic platform allows less experienced laparoscopic surgeons to perform more complex procedures. In general gynecology and reproductive gynecology, the robot is being increasingly used for procedures such as hysterectomies, myomectomies, adnexal surgery, and tubal anastomosis. Among urogynecology the robot is being utilized for sacrocolopexies. In the field of gynecologic oncology, the robot is being increasingly used for hysterectomies and lymphadenectomies in oncologic diseases. Despite the rapid and widespread adoption of robotic surgery in gynecology, there are no randomized trials comparing its efficacy and safety to other traditional surgical approaches. Our aim is to update previously published reviews with a focus on only comparative observational studies. We determined that, with the right amount of training and skill, along with appropriate patient selection, robotic surgery can be highly advantageous. Patients will likely have less blood loss, less post-operative pain, faster recoveries, and fewer complications compared to open surgery and potentially even laparoscopy. However, until larger, well-designed observational studies or randomized control trials are completed which report long-term outcomes, we cannot definitively state the superiority of robotic surgery over other surgical methods.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2011/852061
PubMed: 22190948
PubMed Central: 3236390

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PMC:3236390

Le document en format XML

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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Obstet Gynecol Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Obstet Gynecol Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OGI</journal-id>
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<journal-title>Obstetrics and Gynecology International</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1687-9589</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1687-9597</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22190948</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3236390</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2011/852061</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Robotic Surgery in Gynecology: An Updated Systematic Review</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Weinberg</surname>
<given-names>Lori</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rao</surname>
<given-names>Sanjay</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Escobar</surname>
<given-names>Pedro F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">Department of OB/GYN and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Desk A-81, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Pedro F. Escobar:
<email>escobap@ccf.org</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Howard D. Homesley</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2011</volume>
<elocation-id>852061</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>9</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>25</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011 Lori Weinberg et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>The introduction of da Vinci Robotic Surgery to the field of Gynecology has resulted in large changes in surgical management. The robotic platform allows less experienced laparoscopic surgeons to perform more complex procedures. In general gynecology and reproductive gynecology, the robot is being increasingly used for procedures such as hysterectomies, myomectomies, adnexal surgery, and tubal anastomosis. Among urogynecology the robot is being utilized for sacrocolopexies. In the field of gynecologic oncology, the robot is being increasingly used for hysterectomies and lymphadenectomies in oncologic diseases. Despite the rapid and widespread adoption of robotic surgery in gynecology, there are no randomized trials comparing its efficacy and safety to other traditional surgical approaches. Our aim is to update previously published reviews with a focus on only comparative observational studies. We determined that, with the right amount of training and skill, along with appropriate patient selection, robotic surgery can be highly advantageous. Patients will likely have less blood loss, less post-operative pain, faster recoveries, and fewer complications compared to open surgery and potentially even laparoscopy. However, until larger, well-designed observational studies or randomized control trials are completed which report long-term outcomes, we cannot definitively state the superiority of robotic surgery over other surgical methods. </p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<table-wrap id="tab1" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Comparative observational studies evaluating the da vinci robotic system (DRS) versus open surgery (OS) or laparoscopy (LSC) to perform general gynecologic as well as reproductive and urogynecologic procedures.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgery</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS versus OS</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS versus LSC</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surg-eon</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR time (min.)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EBL (mL)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hospital stay (days)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conversions to OS</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bld Tx</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intraoperative complications</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Postoperative complications</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical outcomes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Adnexectomy</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Margina et al. [
<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
] 2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 versus 91</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>77 versus 62</bold>
  
<bold> (median)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 versus 50 (median)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 versus 0 (median)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/85 versus 2/90 uretral injury (1) versus uretral injury (1) and rectotomy (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: none
<break></break>
Minor:10/81 versus 10/91</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Myomectomy</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Advincula et al. [
<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
]
<break></break>
2000–2004</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 versus 29</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC
<break></break>
matched</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>231 versus 154</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>196 versus 365</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.5 versus 3.6</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 versus 2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/29 versus 0/29cardiogenic shot from vasopressin (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: 0 versus 3arrest, DVT, ARF in same pt. (1), bld tx (2)
<break></break>
Minor: 3/29 versus 11/29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nezhat et al. [
<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006-2007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 versus 35</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC
<break></break>
matched</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>234 versus 203</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">370 versus 420</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 versus 1.1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: none
<break></break>
Minor: NR</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7% versus 7.5% pregnancy rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bedient et al. [
<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]
<break></break>
2000–2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 versus 41</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC
<break></break>
adjusted</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144 versus 161</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 versus 250</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2 days:12% versus 23%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 versus 5%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 versus 2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/41 versus 8/40bleeding (1) versus bleeding (6), conversion (2)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: 4 versus 2Bld tx (2), bowel injury (1), pelvic abscess (1) versus bld tx (2)
<break></break>
Minor: 3 versus 4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85% versus 83% symptom resolution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascher-Walsh and Capes [
<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]
<break></break>
2005–2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 versus 50</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC(≤3 myomas)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>192 versus 138</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>226 versus 459</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>0.5 versus 3.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: none
<break></break>
Minor: 2/75 versus 19/50febrile morbidity 1 versus 19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barakat [
<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]
<break></break>
2008-2009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 versus 393
<break></break>
89 versus 93</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
HC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> __
<break></break>
__</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>181 versus 126</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181 versus 155</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1 versus 3</bold>
<break></break>
1 versus 1 (median)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0
<break></break>
0 versus 1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 0</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 2</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 25</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS (0), LSC (1) (bowel injury), OS (0)
<break></break>
Intraoperative hemorrhage: NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: DRS (0), LSC (0), OS (1) (wound separation)
<break></break>
Minor: DRS (0), LSC (1), OS (0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Hysterectomy</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Payne and Dauterive [
<xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
] 2006-2007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 versus 100</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
<break></break>
LSC = Type IVE</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>119 versus 92</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>61 versus 113</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1 versus 1.6</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>4% versus 9%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/100 versus 2/100 cystotomy (1) versus enterotomy (1), vaginal tear (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: none
<break></break>
Minor:1/100 versus 0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shashoua et al. [
<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]
<break></break>
(2005–2007)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 versus 44</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
<break></break>
LSC = Type IVE</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>142 versus 122</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 versus 1.8 (hgb drop)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.0 versus 1.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: 0 versus 1, cuff dehiscence
<break></break>
Minor: 1/24 versus 0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sarlos et al. [
<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]
<break></break>
2007–2009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 versus 150</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
<break></break>
LSC = TLH</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
matched</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>109 versus 83</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><50 versus 81</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3 versus 3.9</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: none
<break></break>
Minor: 5/40 versus 0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Giep et al. [
<xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]
<break></break>
2007–2009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">237 versus 265</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
<break></break>
LSC = LAVH</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC & HC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>90 versus 125</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 versus 168</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.0 versus 1.2</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7% versus 0.4%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/237 versus 1/265cystotomies</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: 2 versus 1
<break></break>
PE (1), abscess (1) versus abscess (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 6/237 versus 3/265</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Sacrocolpopexy</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geller
<break></break>
et al. [
<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]
<break></break>
2004–2008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73 versus 105</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>328 versus 225</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103 versus 255</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.3 versus 2.7</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4% versus 0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 versus 4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/73 versus 1/105 cystotomies</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major: 1 versus 0
<break></break>
PE
<break></break>
Minor: 11/73 versus 11/105</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improvement in POP-Q C point at 6 m f/u</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Historic controls (HCs), Concurrent controls (CCs), same surgeon(s) (SS), different surgeon(s) (DS), estimated blood loss (EBL), not reported (NR). Sample size (N). When not specified, DRS outcomes are reported first. Items in
<bold>bold</bold>
are
<bold>significantly different</bold>
determined by a two-sided alpha <0.05. Outcomes are reported as means unless otherwise noted.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Comparative observational studies evaluating the da vinci robotic system (DRS) versus open surgery (OS) or laparoscopy (LSC) to perform uterine cancer staging procedures.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgery</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS versus OS</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS versus LSC</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgeon</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR time (min.)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EBL (mL)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hospital stay (days)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lymph node count</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conversions</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bld Tx</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intraoperative complications</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Postoperative complications</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Uterine Cancer Staging</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Veljovich et al. [
<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006-2007
<break></break>
Swedish Medical CenterSeattle, WA</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 versus 131
<break></break>
25 versus 4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC + CC
<break></break>
Pro-spective
<break></break>
HC + CC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>283 versus 139</bold>
<break></break>
283 versus 255</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>67 versus 198</bold>
<break></break>
67 versus 75</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.7 versus 5.3</bold>
<break></break>
1.7 versus 1.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 versus 13
<break></break>
18 versus 20</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: Major: 8%
<break></break>
Infection (1), cuff dehiscence (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 12%
<break></break>
OS: Major 21%
<break></break>
Cardiac (5), pulmonary (5), renal (4), CVA (1), infection (3), wound dehiscence (9)
<break></break>
Minor: 8%
<break></break>
LSC: NR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gehrig et al. [
<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>
]
<break></break>
2005–2007
<break></break>
BMI ≥ 30
<break></break>
UNC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 versus 32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>189 versus 215</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>50 versus 150</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.0 versus 1.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>31 versus 24</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 0
<break></break>
LSC: 3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS:
<break></break>
Enterotomy (1)
<break></break>
LSC: none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: Major: 8%port-site hernia (3), cuff complication (1)
<break></break>
Minor 2%
<break></break>
LSC: Major 6% port-site hernia (1), cuff complication (1)
<break></break>
Minor 3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boggess et al. [
<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>
]
<break></break>
2005–2007
<break></break>
UNC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103 versus 138
<break></break>
103 versus 81</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
HC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS
<break></break>
SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>191 versus 146</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>191 versus 213</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>75 versus 266</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>75 versus 146</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1 versus 4.4</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>1 versus 1.2</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>33 versus 15</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>33 versus 23</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 2.8%
<break></break>
LSC: 3.7%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 1%
<break></break>
OS: 1.4%
<break></break>
LSC: 2.5%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: bowel injury (1)
<break></break>
OS: enterotomy (1)
<break></break>
LSC:caval injury (1), bowel injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: Major: 2% </bold>
<break></break>
Port-site hernia (1), PE (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 3%
<break></break>
<bold>OS: Major: 8%</bold>
<break></break>
CVA (1), ileus + readmission (7), DVT (2), PE (1), respiratory failure (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 21%
<break></break>
LSC: Major: 5%
<break></break>
port-site hernia (1), ileus readmission (1), vaginal dehiscence (1), abscess (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bell et al. [
<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>
]
<break></break>
2005–2007
<break></break>
Sanford Clinic, Sioux Falls, SD</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 versus 40
<break></break>
40 versus 30</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC + CC
<break></break>
Retro-spective
<break></break>
HC + CC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS
<break></break>
SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>184 versus 209</bold>
<break></break>
184 versus 171</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>166 versus 316</bold>
<break></break>
166 versus 253</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>2.3 versus 4.0</bold>
<break></break>
2.3 versus 4.0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 versus 14
<break></break>
17 versus 17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 5%
<break></break>
OS: 15%
<break></break>
LSC: 10%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: None
<break></break>
OS: genital femoral n. damage (1)
<break></break>
LSC: caval injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 8%</bold>
<break></break>
Port-site hernia (1), re-operation for bleeding (1), delayed void (1)
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 25%</bold>
<break></break>
Ileus (5), wound infection (2), lymphedema (1), cuff hematoma (1), incisional hernia (1)
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 23%</bold>
<break></break>
Wound infection (3), DVT (1), cuff dehiscence (1), superficial phlebitis (1), A-fib (1) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DeNardis et al. [
<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006-2007
<break></break>
Florida Hospital Cancer Institute</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 versus 106</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Retro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>177 versus 79</bold>
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>105 versus 241</bold>
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.0 versus 3.2</bold>
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 versus 18
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 5.4%
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>0% versus 9%</bold>
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 20%</bold>
<break></break>
respiratory failure (1), ileus (1), fever (2), atelectasis (1), wound complication (1), cuff hematoma/separation (4), UTI (1)
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 61%</bold>
<break></break>
fever (17), anemia (13), Ileus (4), ARF (2), PE (1), colitis (1), urinary retention (2), thrush (1), UTI (4), atelectasis (4), wound complication (13), lymphocele (1), cuff hematoma/separation (2) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seamon et al. [
<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006–2008
<break></break>
OU</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 versus 76</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>242 versus 287</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>100 versus 250</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1 versus 2 (med.)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 versus 33</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 12% </bold>
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 26%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>3% versus 13%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 versus 2
<break></break>
DRS: vessel injury (1), GI injury (2) versus OS: nerve injury (1),urinary tract injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 9%
<break></break>
port-site herniation (1), cardiac (1), pulmonary (1), other (5)
<break></break>
LSC: 10%
<break></break>
DVT (1), cardiac (1), neurologic (1), other (3) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seamon et al. [
<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006 –2008
<break></break>
BMI ≥ 30
<break></break>
OU + UAB
<break></break>
Matched: BMI + surgeon 1 : 2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109 versus 191</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Retro- spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>228 versus 143</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>109 versus 394</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1 versus 3</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 versus 24</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 15.6%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>2% versus 9%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 versus 2
<break></break>
DRS: GI injury (1) versus OS: vessel injury (1), GI injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 10% </bold>
<break></break>
cardiac (1), pulmonary (2), GI (2), urologic (1), fever (1), fistula (1), bleeding (1), other (3)
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 26%</bold>
<break></break>
DVT (1), cardiac (2), pulmonary (2), GI (19), urologic (2), (neurologic (1), fever (4), ARF (3), opiated OD (1), parasthesia (2), arrest (1), death (1)Wound complications:
<bold>11% versus 27%</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jung et al. [
<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006–2009
<break></break>
Korea</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 versus 56
<break></break>
28 versus 25</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC
<break></break>
CC
<break></break>
Pro-specitve</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS
<break></break>
SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193 versus 187
<break></break>
193 versus 165</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>7.9 versus 10.8</bold>
<break></break>
7.9 versus 7.7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 versus 24
<break></break>
<bold>21 versus 18</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 14%
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 43%</bold>
<break></break>
LSC: 16%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: none
<break></break>
OS: 1 vessel injury
<break></break>
LSC: none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 7%</bold>
<break></break>
pelvic infection (2)
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 23% </bold>
<break></break>
uretral stricture (1), pelvic infection (2), ileus (1), incisional hernia (1), wound dehiscence (6), lymphocele (1), lymphedema (1)
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 8% </bold>
<break></break>
Pelvic infection (2) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardenas-Goicoechea et al. [
<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>
]
<break></break>
2007–2010
<break></break>
U Penn</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102 versus 173</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Retro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>237 versus 178</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>109 versus 187</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 versus 2.3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 versus 23</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 1%
<break></break>
LSC: 5.2%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9% versus 1.7%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 2GI injury (2)
<break></break>
LSC: 6
<break></break>
Urinary tract injury (6)Higher rates of uretral injury in LSC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: Major (2%)
<break></break>
PE (1), enterocutaneous fistula (1)
<break></break>
DRS: Minor 8%: lymphocele (1), UTI (2), cuff dehiscence (1), abscess (2), incsional hernia (1), ileus (1)
<break></break>
LSC: Major (0%)
<break></break>
Minor 8%: lymphocele (3), UTI (1), Pna (2), wound seroma (2), cuff cellulitis (2), SBO (1), hematoma (1), port-site abscess (1) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lim et al. [
<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>
]
<break></break>
2008-2009
<break></break>
Center of HopeReno, Nevada</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 versus 36
<break></break>
56 versus 56</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SS Initial exp
<break></break>
SSInitial exp</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>163 versus 137</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>163 versus 192</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>89 versus 266</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>89 versus 209</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.6 versus 4.9</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>1.6 versus 2.6</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>27 versus 56</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>27 versus 45</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 1.8%
<break></break>
LSC:7.1%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 0%
<break></break>
OS: 3%
<break></break>
LSC: 0%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 0OS: 0
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 13% (7)</bold>
<break></break>
obturator n. injury (3), cystotomy (2), enterotomy (1), vessel injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: Major: 5%
<break></break>
PE (1), abscess (1), perforated gastric ulcer (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 9%
<break></break>
OS: Major: 14%
<break></break>
Abscess/sepsis (1), fistula (1), pna (1), PE (1), hypertensive crisis (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 3%
<break></break>
LSC: Major: 11%
<break></break>
Fistula (1), obturator palsy (3), bacteremia (1), DVT (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lim et al. [
<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>
]
<break></break>
2008–2010
<break></break>
Center of Hope Reno, Nevada</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122 versus 122</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SSInitial ex</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>147 versus 187</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>81 versus 207</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.5 versus 3.2</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>25 versus 43</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 0.8%</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 6.6%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 0%
<break></break>
LSC: 2.5%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 0.8%</bold>
<break></break>
Enterotomy (1)
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: 6%</bold>
<break></break>
Obturator n. injury (3), cystotomy (2), enterotomy (1), vessel injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: Major: 4%</bold>
<break></break>
PE (1), abscess (1), perforated gastric ulcer (1), bowel perforation (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 6%
<break></break>
<bold>LSC: Major: 10%</bold>
<break></break>
Fistula (1), obturator palsy (3), bacteremia (1), DVT (1), richter hernia (1), CVA (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 2% </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paley et al. [
<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006–2009
<break></break>
Swedish Medical CenterSeattle, WA</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">377 versus 131</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>184 versus 139</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>47 versus 198</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.4 versus 5.3</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>16 versus 13</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 3.5%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 0.5%
<break></break>
OS: 0.8%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 0.5%</bold>
<break></break>
Vessel injury (1), cystotomy (1)
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 3%</bold>
<break></break>
Uretral injury/ARF</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>DRS: 5%</bold>
<break></break>
cardiac (1), pulmonary (3), DVT/PE (3), infection (4), labile bld sugar (2), ileus/SBO (2), chylous ascites (1), cuff dehiscence (4)
<break></break>
<bold>OS: 17%</bold>
<break></break>
Cardiac (5), pulmonary (1), DVT/PE (1), infection (6), wound dehiscence (9)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Hisoric conrols (HC), Concurrent controls (CC), same surgeon(s) (SS), different surgeon(s) (DS), estimated blood loss (EBL), not reported (NR). Sample size (N). </p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>When not specified, DRS outcomes are reported first. Items in
<bold>bold</bold>
are
<bold>significantly different</bold>
determined by a two-sided alpha <0.05. Outcomes are reported as means unless otherwise noted.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Comparative observational studies evaluating the da vinci robotic system (DRS) versus open surgery (OS) or Laparoscopy (LSC) to perform robotic radical hysterectomies (RRH), abdominal radical hysterectomies (ARH), or Laparoscopic radical hysterectomies (LRH) for cervical cancer and a comparative observational study of DRS versus OS and LSC to perform ovarian cancer staging and debulking surgeries.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surgery</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH versus ARH</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH versus LRH</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surg-eon</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR time (min.)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EBL (mL)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hospital stay (days)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lymph node count</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conversions</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bld Tx</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intraoperative complications</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Postoperative complications</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Radical hysterectomy</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magrina [
<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>
]
<break></break>
2003–2006
<break></break>
Mayo ClinicPhoenix, AZ
<break></break>
Matched: age, BMI, malignancy, stage, type of radical</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 versus 35
<break></break>
27 versus 31</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC + CC
<break></break>
HC + CC
<break></break>
Pro-Spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 versus 167
<break></break>
<bold>190 versus 220</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>133 versus 444</bold>
<break></break>
133 versus 208</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.7 versus 3.6</bold>
<break></break>
1.7 versus 2.4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 versus 28
<break></break>
26 versus 26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 4%
<break></break>
ARH:9%
<break></break>
LRH: 0%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 0
<break></break>
ARH: 6%
<break></break>
Bleeding (2)
<break></break>
LRH: 3%
<break></break>
Rectotomy (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: Major 7% Pleural effusions (1), pneumothorax (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 15% urinary retention (1), UTI (2), bleeding (1)
<break></break>
ARH: Major 9%
<break></break>
Pna (1), wound seroma (1), ileus (1)Minor: 9% urinary retention (1), emesis (2)
<break></break>
LRH: Major 6%
<break></break>
Fever (1), port-site infection (1)
<break></break>
Minor: 10% corneal abrasion (1), urinary retention (1), lymphatic drainage at cuff (1) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boggess et al. [
<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>
]
<break></break>
2005–2007
<break></break>
UNC
<break></break>
Matched: stage</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 versus 49</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-Spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>211 versus 248</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>97 versus 417</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1 versus 3.2</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>34 versus 23</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 0%
<break></break>
ARH:8%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 8%
<break></break>
Cuff abscess (1), lymphedema (1), readmission (1), cuff dehiscence (1)
<break></break>
ARH: 16%
<break></break>
Femoral n. injury (2), ileus (1), lymphocyst (1), bleeding (1), cuff dehiscence (1), wound infection (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geisler [
<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>
]
<break></break>
2007-2008
<break></break>
Toledo, OH</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 versus 30</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154 versus 166</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>165 versus 323</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>1.4 versus 2.8</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 versus 26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Urinary retention
<break></break>
POD no. 8
<break></break>
RRH: 27%
<break></break>
ARH: 3%
<break></break>
90 days post-op: ND </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estape [
<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006–2008
<break></break>
South Miami Hospital
<break></break>
Matched: stage and histology</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 versus 14
<break></break>
32 versus 17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>144 versus 114</bold>
<break></break>
144 versus 132</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>130 versus 621</bold>
<break></break>
130 versus 210</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>2.6 versus 4.0</bold>
<break></break>
2.6 versus 2.3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>32 versus 26</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>32 versus 19</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 3%
<break></break>
ARH: 36%
<break></break>
LRH: 0%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 3%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (1)
<break></break>
ARH: 0%
<break></break>
LRH: 12%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (2)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 19%
<break></break>
Atelectasis/COPD (1), fever (1), ileus (1), wound cellulitis (1), pelvic abscess (1), cuff dehiscence (1)ARH: 29%
<break></break>
Pna (1), SVT (1), ureter dilation (1), urine retention (1)
<break></break>
LRH: 24%
<break></break>
Fever (1), hypo-K (1), ileus (1), fistula (1) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maggioni et al. [
<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>
]
<break></break>
2007–2009
<break></break>
Milan, Italy</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 versus 40</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>272 versus 200</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>78 versus 221</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>3.7 versus 5.0</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>20 versus 26</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 8%
<break></break>
ARH: 23%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 5%
<break></break>
Nerve injury (1), intestinal injury (1)
<break></break>
ARH: 10%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (1) ureteral injury (2), intestinal injury (2)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 30%
<break></break>
Subcutaneous emphysema (4), fever (3), infection (1), nerve palsy (2), pleural effusion (1), reintervention (1)
<break></break>
ARH: 25%
<break></break>
Fever (12), infection (3), ileus (1), nerve palsy (3), pleural effusion (2), reintervention (1) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nam et al. [
<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>
]
<break></break>
2006–2009
<break></break>
Seoul, Korea
<break></break>
Matched: Age, BMI, stage, histology, prior surgeries, radical type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 versus 32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
Pro-Spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">218 versus 209</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>220 versus 532</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>11.6 versus 16.9</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 versus 24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>RRH:</bold>
  
<bold>3%</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>ARH:</bold>
  
<bold>64%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH:  3%
<break></break>
Rectotomy
<break></break>
ARH: 0%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 84%
<break></break>
Infection (2), fever (7), pleural effusion (2), bladder dysfunction (5), ileus (4), diarrhea (1), wound dehiscence (1), neuropathy (1), lymphedema (1), readmit (2), ureteral stricture (1)ARH: 59%
<break></break>
Infection (1), fever (9), pleural effusion (1), bladder dysfunction (3), ileus (2), wound dehiscence (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sert and Albert [
<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>
]
<break></break>
2005–2009
<break></break>
Norway</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 versus 26
<break></break>
35 versus 7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC
<break></break>
HC
<break></break>
Pro-specitve</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>263 versus 163</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>263 versus 364</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>82 versus 595</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>82 versus 164</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>3.8 versus 9.2</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>3.8 versus 8.4</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>20 versus 26</bold>
<break></break>
20 versus 15</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 9%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (3)ARH: 0
<break></break>
LRH: 14%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 11%Lymphocyst (2), lymphedema (1), DVT (1)
<break></break>
ARH: 46%Lymphocyst (1), lymphedema (2), UTI (7), pna (2),
<break></break>
LRH: 71%Lymphocyst (3), UTI (1), compartment syndrome (1) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tinelli et al. [
<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>
]
<break></break>
2003–2010
<break></break>
Avellino, Italy
<break></break>
& Mount Sinai, New York, NY</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 versus 76</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CC
<break></break>
Pro-spective</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DS</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>255 versus 323</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 versus 157</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 versus 3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pelvic: 27 versus 25
<break></break>
Aortic:12 versus 10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 9%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (2)
<break></break>
LRH: 3%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (2)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RRH: 9%
<break></break>
Lymphorrhea (2), fever (2)
<break></break>
LRH: 21%
<break></break>
Fistula (1), fever (6), lymphorrhea (9) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="14" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Ovarian cancer debulking</italic>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magrina et al. [
<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>
]
<break></break>
2004–2008
<break></break>
Mayo Clinic Phoenix, AZ
<break></break>
Matched: age, BMI, type debulking</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 versus 119
<break></break>
25 versus 27</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<monospace>
<italic></italic>
</monospace>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HC + CC
<break></break>
Pro-spective
<break></break>
HC + CC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>315 versus 261</bold>
<break></break>
<bold>315 versus 254</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>164 versus 1307</bold>
<break></break>
164 versus 267</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>4.2 versus 9.4</bold>
<break></break>
4.2 versus 3.2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 versus 23
<break></break>
25 versus 21</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 12%
<break></break>
Cystotomy (2), vessel injury (1)
<break></break>
OS: 13%
<break></break>
Bleeding (6), GI injury (6), cystotomy (2), ureteral injury (2)
<break></break>
LSC: 11%
<break></break>
Enterotomy (1), bleeding (1), vessel injury (1)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DRS: 24%
<break></break>
Cuf dehiscence (2), pleural effusion (1) bleeding (1), ileus (1), trocar-site infection (1), pulmonary edema (1)
<break></break>
OS: 34%
<break></break>
Wound complications (10), GI (11), CV (7), pulmonary (7), UTI(2), abscess (2), hematoma (1), anastamotic leak → death (1)
<break></break>
LSC: 4%
<break></break>
Pelvic abscess (1)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Hisoric conrols (HC), Concurrent controls (CC), same surgeon(s) (SS), different surgeon(s) (DS), estimated blood loss (EBL), not reported (NR). Sample size (N). When not specified, DRS outcomes are reported first. Items in
<bold>bold</bold>
are
<bold>significantly different</bold>
determined by a two-sided alpha <0.05. Outcomes are reported as means unless otherwise noted.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="États-Unis">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Weinberg, Lori" sort="Weinberg, Lori" uniqKey="Weinberg L" first="Lori" last="Weinberg">Lori Weinberg</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Escobar, Pedro F" sort="Escobar, Pedro F" uniqKey="Escobar P" first="Pedro F." last="Escobar">Pedro F. Escobar</name>
<name sortKey="Rao, Sanjay" sort="Rao, Sanjay" uniqKey="Rao S" first="Sanjay" last="Rao">Sanjay Rao</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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