The cutaneous vascular system in chronic skin inflammation
Identifieur interne : 004818 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004817; suivant : 004819The cutaneous vascular system in chronic skin inflammation
Auteurs : Reto Huggenberger [Suisse] ; Michael Detmar [Suisse]Source :
- The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings / the Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. [and] European Society for Dermatological Research [ 1087-0024 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
The blood and lymphatic vasculature play an important role in skin homeostasis. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis – the growth of new vessels from existing ones - have received tremendous interest because of their role in promoting cancer spread. However, there is increasing evidence that both vessel types also play a major role in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Vessels change their phenotype in inflammation (vascular remodeling). In inflamed skin, vascular remodeling consists of a hyperpermeable, enlarged network of vessels with increased blood flow, and influx of inflammatory cells. During chronic inflammation, the activated endothelium expresses adhesion molecules, cytokines, and other molecules that lead to leukocyte rolling, attachment and migration into the skin. Recent studies reveal that inhibition of blood vessel activation exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, anti-angiogenic drugs might be used to treat inflammatory conditions. In particular, topical application of anti-angiogenic drugs might be ideally suited to circumvent the adverse effects of systemic therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors. Our recent results indicate that stimulation of lymphatic vessel growth and function unexpectedly represents a novel approach for treating chronic inflammatory disorders.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/jidsymp.2011.5
PubMed: 22076324
PubMed Central: 3398151
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The cutaneous vascular system in chronic skin inflammation</title><author><name sortKey="Huggenberger, Reto" sort="Huggenberger, Reto" uniqKey="Huggenberger R" first="Reto" last="Huggenberger">Reto Huggenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8093 Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Detmar, Michael" sort="Detmar, Michael" uniqKey="Detmar M" first="Michael" last="Detmar">Michael Detmar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8093 Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22076324</idno><idno type="pmc">3398151</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3398151</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3398151</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/jidsymp.2011.5</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004715</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004715</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">004714</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">004714</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002C82</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002C82</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004818</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The cutaneous vascular system in chronic skin inflammation</title><author><name sortKey="Huggenberger, Reto" sort="Huggenberger, Reto" uniqKey="Huggenberger R" first="Reto" last="Huggenberger">Reto Huggenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8093 Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Detmar, Michael" sort="Detmar, Michael" uniqKey="Detmar M" first="Michael" last="Detmar">Michael Detmar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8093 Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings / the Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. [and] European Society for Dermatological Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1087-0024</idno><idno type="eISSN">1529-1774</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">The blood and lymphatic vasculature play an important role in skin homeostasis. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis – the growth of new vessels from existing ones - have received tremendous interest because of their role in promoting cancer spread. However, there is increasing evidence that both vessel types also play a major role in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Vessels change their phenotype in inflammation (vascular remodeling). In inflamed skin, vascular remodeling consists of a hyperpermeable, enlarged network of vessels with increased blood flow, and influx of inflammatory cells. During chronic inflammation, the activated endothelium expresses adhesion molecules, cytokines, and other molecules that lead to leukocyte rolling, attachment and migration into the skin. Recent studies reveal that inhibition of blood vessel activation exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, anti-angiogenic drugs might be used to treat inflammatory conditions. In particular, topical application of anti-angiogenic drugs might be ideally suited to circumvent the adverse effects of systemic therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors. Our recent results indicate that stimulation of lymphatic vessel growth and function unexpectedly represents a novel approach for treating chronic inflammatory disorders.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abraham, Dj" uniqKey="Abraham D">DJ Abraham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krieg, T" uniqKey="Krieg T">T Krieg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Distler, J" uniqKey="Distler J">J Distler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Distler, O" uniqKey="Distler O">O Distler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Rh" uniqKey="Adams R">RH Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alitalo, K" uniqKey="Alitalo K">K Alitalo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agha Majzoub, R" uniqKey="Agha Majzoub R">R Agha-Majzoub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, Rp" uniqKey="Becker R">RP 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<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">9609059</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">20841</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings / the Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc. [and] European Society for Dermatological Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1087-0024</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1529-1774</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22076324</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3398151</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/jidsymp.2011.5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS320640</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The cutaneous vascular system in chronic skin inflammation</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huggenberger</surname><given-names>Reto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Detmar</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence: Michael Detmar, M.D., Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI H303, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel.: ++41-44-633-7361, Fax: ++41-44-633-1364, <email>michael.detmar@pharma.ethz.ch</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>26</day><month>8</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/jidsymp.2011.5</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms"><license-p>Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p id="P1">The blood and lymphatic vasculature play an important role in skin homeostasis. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis – the growth of new vessels from existing ones - have received tremendous interest because of their role in promoting cancer spread. However, there is increasing evidence that both vessel types also play a major role in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Vessels change their phenotype in inflammation (vascular remodeling). In inflamed skin, vascular remodeling consists of a hyperpermeable, enlarged network of vessels with increased blood flow, and influx of inflammatory cells. During chronic inflammation, the activated endothelium expresses adhesion molecules, cytokines, and other molecules that lead to leukocyte rolling, attachment and migration into the skin. Recent studies reveal that inhibition of blood vessel activation exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, anti-angiogenic drugs might be used to treat inflammatory conditions. In particular, topical application of anti-angiogenic drugs might be ideally suited to circumvent the adverse effects of systemic therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors. Our recent results indicate that stimulation of lymphatic vessel growth and function unexpectedly represents a novel approach for treating chronic inflammatory disorders.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Schematic overview of the proposed role of blood and lymphatic vessels in chronic skin inflammation</title><p id="P32">Cutaneous blood vessels contain a monolayer of endothelial cells (red) with a continous basement membrane (gray). Pericytes (blue) cover the blood vascular endothelial cells (BEC). In contrast, lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC, green) lack mural cells and have only a rudimentary basement membrane. They are linked to the extracellular matrix via fibrillin-containing anchoring filaments (green). The lumen of lymphatic vessels is significantly wider and the wall is thinner than that of blood vessels. BEC express VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, whereas LEC express VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. VEGF-A – which binds both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 - can directly induce blood and lymphatic vascular remodeling. Chronic stimulation of the blood vasculature by VEGF-A leads to vascular remodeling, increased vascular permeability, increased expression of adhesion molecules and chronic skin inflammation. VEGF-C binds to VEGFR-3 and – after proteolytic processing - might also bind to VEGFR-2 (dashed arrows). In contrast, mouse VEGF-D (mVEGF-D) and VEGF-C156S are specific ligands for VEGFR-3. Stimulation of VEGFR-3 leads to lymphangiogenesis and increases lymphatic flow. An expanded network of lymphatic vessels inhibits chronic skin inflammation. Additional effects of lymphatic vessels – such as binding of chemokines (e.g. to the D6 chemokine receptor) – might contribute to the reduction of chronic inflammation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms320640f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Blood and lymphatic vessel expansion in psoriatic skin lesion</title><p id="P33">The number and size of CD31<sup>+</sup>/LYVE-1<sup>−</sup> blood vessels (red) is increased in lesional psoriatic skin vs. normal skin of healthy donors. CD31<sup>+</sup>/LYVE-1<sup>+</sup> lymphatic vessel size (green) is also increased in lesional skin of psoriasis patients. Nuclear staining is shown in blue (Hoechst); bar, 100 µm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms320640f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p id="P34">Inflammatory diseases with vascular involvement</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease state</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Skin diseases</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psoriasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">Braverman, 1972</xref>; <xref rid="R86" ref-type="bibr">Kunstfeld <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosacea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">Gomaa <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atopic dermatitis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">Agha-Majzoub <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">Chan, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R135" ref-type="bibr">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alopecia areata</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R118" ref-type="bibr">Simonetti <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UV damage</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R133" ref-type="bibr">Yano <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bullous pemphigoid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">Brown <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermatitis herpetiformis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">Brown <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Erythema multiforme</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">Brown <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systemic sclerosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">Abraham <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">Distler <italic>et al.</italic>, 2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Others</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inflammatory bowel disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">Chidlow <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatoid arthritis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R103" ref-type="bibr">Paleolog, 2002</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atherosclerosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">Hansson, 2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asthma</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">Bailey <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">Feltis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="R112" ref-type="bibr">Ribatti <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p id="P35">Cytokines and chemokines with potential pro- or anti-angiogenic activity in psoriasis</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pro-angiogenic</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-angiogenic</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytokines</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">BenEzra <italic>et al.</italic>, 1990</xref>; <xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">Cozzolino <italic>et al.</italic>, 1990</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">Bae <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">Fan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R126" ref-type="bibr">Wei <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-8 (CXCL8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R82" ref-type="bibr">Koch <italic>et al.</italic>, 1992</xref>; <xref rid="R122" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1992</xref>; <xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">Angiolillo <italic>et al.</italic>, 1997</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R99" ref-type="bibr">Numasaki <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">Amin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">Cao <italic>et al.</italic>, 1999</xref>; <xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">Cho <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">Coughlin <italic>et al.</italic>, 1998</xref>; <xref rid="R104" ref-type="bibr">Park <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R66" ref-type="bibr">Jain <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">Heuze-Vourc'h <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="R61" ref-type="bibr">Hsieh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R111" ref-type="bibr">Ramesh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFN-γ</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">Fathallah-Shaykh <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">Gately <italic>et al.</italic>, 1994</xref>; <xref rid="R113" ref-type="bibr">Ruegg <italic>et al.</italic>, 1998</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TNF-α</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/(+)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">Fajardo <italic>et al.</italic>, 1992</xref>; <xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">Frater-Schroder <italic>et al.</italic>, 1987</xref>; <xref rid="R94" ref-type="bibr">Montrucchio <italic>et al.</italic>, 1994</xref>; <xref rid="R105" ref-type="bibr">Patterson <italic>et al.</italic>, 1996</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemokines</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCL2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">Keeley <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R114" ref-type="bibr">Salcedo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCL5 (RANTES)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R127" ref-type="bibr">Westerweel <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">Keeley <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">Keeley <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">Keeley <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">Keeley <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">Strieter <italic>et al.</italic>, 1995</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CXCL11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">Keeley <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Suisse</li></country></list><tree><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Huggenberger, Reto" sort="Huggenberger, Reto" uniqKey="Huggenberger R" first="Reto" last="Huggenberger">Reto Huggenberger</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Detmar, Michael" sort="Detmar, Michael" uniqKey="Detmar M" first="Michael" last="Detmar">Michael Detmar</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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