Assessing the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the air quality of Kolkata and Howrah, West Bengal, India.
Identifieur interne : 001526 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 001525; suivant : 001527Assessing the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the air quality of Kolkata and Howrah, West Bengal, India.
Auteurs : Mohan Sarkar ; Anupam Das ; Sutapa MukhopadhyaySource :
- Environment, development and sustainability [ 1573-2975 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
The worldwide spread of COVID-19 caused a nationwide lockdown in India from 24 March 2020 and was further extended up to 3 May 2020 to break off the transmission of novel Coronavirus. The study is designed to assess the changes in air quality from the pre-lockdown period to the during lockdown period in Kolkata and Howrah municipal corporation, West Bengal, India. GIS-based techniques include the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants using interpolation method, and on the other hand, statistical methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the mean differences two phases and correlation matrix helps to understand the changing association of the pollutants in pre- and during lockdown phases. Significant correlations have been found among the pollutants, ANOVA (Two-Way) has shown the significant mean difference of NAQI between the two phases, F(1,611) = 465.723, p < 0.0001; pairwise comparison for Ballygunge has shown the highest mean difference 108.194 at p < 0.0001 significant level between lockdown and pre-lockdown phase. Significant positive correlation has been found between PM2.5, PM10 (0.99*); PM2.5, NO2 (0.81*); PM10, NO2 (0.81*); CO, NO2 (0.77*) and some negative correlations have also been found between O3, NO (- 0.15); O3 and NH3 (- 0.36) in the pre-lockdown phase. The reduction amount of mean concentration from the pre-lockdown phase to during lockdown of the main pollutants like PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 are ~ 58.71%, ~ 57.92% and ~ 55.23%. Near Rabindra Bharati University constant emission of PM2.5, 10 and NO2 have been recorded due to the nearby Cossipore thermal power station.
DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00985-7
PubMed: 32982575
PubMed Central: PMC7508246
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Mohan Sarkar<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 731235 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700110 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 700110 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 731235 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Assessing the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the air quality of Kolkata and Howrah, West Bengal, India.</title><author><name sortKey="Sarkar, Mohan" sort="Sarkar, Mohan" uniqKey="Sarkar M" first="Mohan" last="Sarkar">Mohan Sarkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 731235 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Anupam" sort="Das, Anupam" uniqKey="Das A" first="Anupam" last="Das">Anupam Das</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700110 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 700110 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukhopadhyay, Sutapa" sort="Mukhopadhyay, Sutapa" uniqKey="Mukhopadhyay S" first="Sutapa" last="Mukhopadhyay">Sutapa Mukhopadhyay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 731235 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32982575</idno><idno type="pmid">32982575</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s10668-020-00985-7</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7508246</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001526</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001526</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001526</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">001526</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Assessing the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the air quality of Kolkata and Howrah, West Bengal, India.</title><author><name sortKey="Sarkar, Mohan" sort="Sarkar, Mohan" uniqKey="Sarkar M" first="Mohan" last="Sarkar">Mohan Sarkar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 731235 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Anupam" sort="Das, Anupam" uniqKey="Das A" first="Anupam" last="Das">Anupam Das</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700110 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 700110 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukhopadhyay, Sutapa" sort="Mukhopadhyay, Sutapa" uniqKey="Mukhopadhyay S" first="Sutapa" last="Mukhopadhyay">Sutapa Mukhopadhyay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">West Bengal 731235 India</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environment, development and sustainability</title><idno type="eISSN">1573-2975</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The worldwide spread of COVID-19 caused a nationwide lockdown in India from 24 March 2020 and was further extended up to 3 May 2020 to break off the transmission of novel Coronavirus. The study is designed to assess the changes in air quality from the pre-lockdown period to the during lockdown period in Kolkata and Howrah municipal corporation, West Bengal, India. GIS-based techniques include the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants using interpolation method, and on the other hand, statistical methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the mean differences two phases and correlation matrix helps to understand the changing association of the pollutants in pre- and during lockdown phases. Significant correlations have been found among the pollutants, ANOVA (Two-Way) has shown the significant mean difference of NAQI between the two phases, <i>F</i>(1,611) = 465.723, <i>p</i> < 0.0001; pairwise comparison for Ballygunge has shown the highest mean difference 108.194 at <i>p</i> < 0.0001 significant level between lockdown and pre-lockdown phase. Significant positive correlation has been found between PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> (0.99*); PM<sub>2.5,</sub> NO<sub>2</sub> (0.81*); PM<sub>10</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> (0.81*); CO, NO<sub>2</sub> (0.77*) and some negative correlations have also been found between O<sub>3</sub>, NO (- 0.15); O<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> (- 0.36) in the pre-lockdown phase. The reduction amount of mean concentration from the pre-lockdown phase to during lockdown of the main pollutants like PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> are ~ 58.71%, ~ 57.92% and ~ 55.23%. Near Rabindra Bharati University constant emission of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, 10 and NO<sub>2</sub> have been recorded due to the nearby Cossipore thermal power station.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32982575</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1573-2975</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Sep</Month><Day>22</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Environment, development and sustainability</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Environ Dev Sustain</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Assessing the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the air quality of Kolkata and Howrah, West Bengal, India.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1-30</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s10668-020-00985-7</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The worldwide spread of COVID-19 caused a nationwide lockdown in India from 24 March 2020 and was further extended up to 3 May 2020 to break off the transmission of novel Coronavirus. The study is designed to assess the changes in air quality from the pre-lockdown period to the during lockdown period in Kolkata and Howrah municipal corporation, West Bengal, India. GIS-based techniques include the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants using interpolation method, and on the other hand, statistical methods like analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the mean differences two phases and correlation matrix helps to understand the changing association of the pollutants in pre- and during lockdown phases. Significant correlations have been found among the pollutants, ANOVA (Two-Way) has shown the significant mean difference of NAQI between the two phases, <i>F</i>(1,611) = 465.723, <i>p</i> < 0.0001; pairwise comparison for Ballygunge has shown the highest mean difference 108.194 at <i>p</i> < 0.0001 significant level between lockdown and pre-lockdown phase. Significant positive correlation has been found between PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> (0.99*); PM<sub>2.5,</sub> NO<sub>2</sub> (0.81*); PM<sub>10</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> (0.81*); CO, NO<sub>2</sub> (0.77*) and some negative correlations have also been found between O<sub>3</sub>, NO (- 0.15); O<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> (- 0.36) in the pre-lockdown phase. The reduction amount of mean concentration from the pre-lockdown phase to during lockdown of the main pollutants like PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> are ~ 58.71%, ~ 57.92% and ~ 55.23%. Near Rabindra Bharati University constant emission of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, 10 and NO<sub>2</sub> have been recorded due to the nearby Cossipore thermal power station.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© Springer Nature B.V. 2020.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarkar</LastName><ForeName>Mohan</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.440987.6</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0001 2259 7889</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Das</LastName><ForeName>Anupam</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geography, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700110 India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mukhopadhyay</LastName><ForeName>Sutapa</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235 India.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.440987.6</Identifier><Identifier Source="ISNI">0000 0001 2259 7889</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Dev Sustain</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101769312</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1387-585X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ANOVA</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Air quality</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">India</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Lockdown</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Pollutants</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Conflict of interestAuthors have no conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>38</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32982575</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s10668-020-00985-7</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">985</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7508246</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
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