Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future.
Identifieur interne : 001192 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 001191; suivant : 001193Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future.
Auteurs : Olayinka O. Ogunleye ; Debashis Basu ; Debjani Mueller ; Jacqueline Sneddon ; R Andrew Seaton ; Adesola F. Yinka-Ogunleye ; Joshua Wamboga ; Nenad Miljkovi ; Julius C. Mwita ; Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera ; Amos Massele ; Okwen Patrick ; Loveline Lum Niba ; Melaine Nsaikila ; Wafaa M. Rashed ; Mohamed Ali Hussein ; Rehab Hegazy ; Adefolarin A. Amu ; Baffour Boaten Boahen-Boaten ; Zinhle Matsebula ; Prudence Gwebu ; Bongani Chirigo ; Nongabisa Mkhabela ; Tenelisiwe Dlamini ; Siphiwe Sithole ; Sandile Malaza ; Sikhumbuzo Dlamini ; Daniel Afriyie ; George Awuku Asare ; Seth Kwabena Amponsah ; Israel Sefah ; Margaret Oluka ; Anastasia N. Guantai ; Sylvia A. Opanga ; Tebello Violet Sarele ; Refeletse Keabetsoe Mafisa ; Ibrahim Chikowe ; Felix Khuluza ; Dan Kibuule ; Francis Kalemeera ; Mwangana Mubita ; Joseph Fadare ; Laurien Sibomana ; Gwendoline Malegwale Ramokgopa ; Carmen Whyte ; Tshegofatso Maimela ; Johannes Hugo ; Johanna C. Meyer ; Natalie Schellack ; Enos M. Rampamba ; Adel Visser ; Abubakr Alfadl ; Elfatih M. Malik ; Oliver Ombeva Malande ; Aubrey C. Kalungia ; Chiluba Mwila ; Trust Zaranyika ; Blessmore Vimbai Chaibva ; Ioana D. Olaru ; Nyasha Masuka ; Janney Wale ; Lenias Hwenda ; Regina Kamoga ; Ruaraidh Hill ; Corrado Barbui ; Tomasz Bochenek ; Amanj Kurdi ; Stephen Campbell ; Antony P. Martin ; Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong ; Binh Nguyen Thanh ; Brian GodmanSource :
- Frontiers in pharmacology [ 1663-9812 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed considerable lives. There are major concerns in Africa due to existing high prevalence rates for both infectious and non-infectious diseases and limited resources in terms of personnel, beds and equipment. Alongside this, concerns that lockdown and other measures will have on prevention and management of other infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are an increasing issue with rising morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that a lack of nets and treatment could result in up to 18 million additional cases of malaria and up to 30,000 additional deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.
Objective
Document current prevalence and mortality rates from COVID-19 alongside economic and other measures to reduce its spread and impact across Africa. In addition, suggested ways forward among all key stakeholder groups.
Our Approach
Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet-based publications coupled with input from senior-level personnel.
Ongoing Activities
Prevalence and mortality rates are currently lower in Africa than among several Western countries and the USA. This could be due to a number of factors including early instigation of lockdown and border closures, the younger age of the population, lack of robust reporting systems and as yet unidentified genetic and other factors. Innovation is accelerating to address concerns with available equipment. There are ongoing steps to address the level of misinformation and its consequences including fines. There are also ongoing initiatives across Africa to start addressing the unintended consequences of COVID-19 activities including lockdown measures and their impact on NCDs including the likely rise in mental health disorders, exacerbated by increasing stigma associated with COVID-19. Strategies include extending prescription lengths, telemedicine and encouraging vaccination. However, these need to be accelerated to prevent increased morbidity and mortality.
Conclusion
There are multiple activities across Africa to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and address misinformation, which can have catastrophic consequences, assisted by the WHO and others, which appear to be working in a number of countries. Research is ongoing to clarify the unintended consequences given ongoing concerns to guide future activities. Countries are learning from each other.
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01205
PubMed: 33071775
PubMed Central: PMC7533592
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:33071775Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future.</title><author><name sortKey="Ogunleye, Olayinka O" sort="Ogunleye, Olayinka O" uniqKey="Ogunleye O" first="Olayinka O" last="Ogunleye">Olayinka O. Ogunleye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Debashis" sort="Basu, Debashis" uniqKey="Basu D" first="Debashis" last="Basu">Debashis Basu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, Debjani" sort="Mueller, Debjani" uniqKey="Mueller D" first="Debjani" last="Mueller">Debjani Mueller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Charlotte Maxeke Medical Research Cluster, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sneddon, Jacqueline" sort="Sneddon, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Sneddon J" first="Jacqueline" last="Sneddon">Jacqueline Sneddon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seaton, R Andrew" sort="Seaton, R Andrew" uniqKey="Seaton R" first="R Andrew" last="Seaton">R Andrew Seaton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yinka Ogunleye, Adesola F" sort="Yinka Ogunleye, Adesola F" uniqKey="Yinka Ogunleye A" first="Adesola F" last="Yinka-Ogunleye">Adesola F. Yinka-Ogunleye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wamboga, Joshua" sort="Wamboga, Joshua" uniqKey="Wamboga J" first="Joshua" last="Wamboga">Joshua Wamboga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miljkovi, Nenad" sort="Miljkovi, Nenad" uniqKey="Miljkovi N" first="Nenad" last="Miljkovi">Nenad Miljkovi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery "Banjica", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwita, Julius C" sort="Mwita, Julius C" uniqKey="Mwita J" first="Julius C" last="Mwita">Julius C. Mwita</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara" sort="Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara" uniqKey="Rwegerera G" first="Godfrey Mutashambara" last="Rwegerera">Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massele, Amos" sort="Massele, Amos" uniqKey="Massele A" first="Amos" last="Massele">Amos Massele</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patrick, Okwen" sort="Patrick, Okwen" uniqKey="Patrick O" first="Okwen" last="Patrick">Okwen Patrick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niba, Loveline Lum" sort="Niba, Loveline Lum" uniqKey="Niba L" first="Loveline Lum" last="Niba">Loveline Lum Niba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nsaikila, Melaine" sort="Nsaikila, Melaine" uniqKey="Nsaikila M" first="Melaine" last="Nsaikila">Melaine Nsaikila</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rashed, Wafaa M" sort="Rashed, Wafaa M" uniqKey="Rashed W" first="Wafaa M" last="Rashed">Wafaa M. Rashed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussein, Mohamed Ali" sort="Hussein, Mohamed Ali" uniqKey="Hussein M" first="Mohamed Ali" last="Hussein">Mohamed Ali Hussein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hegazy, Rehab" sort="Hegazy, Rehab" uniqKey="Hegazy R" first="Rehab" last="Hegazy">Rehab Hegazy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amu, Adefolarin A" sort="Amu, Adefolarin A" uniqKey="Amu A" first="Adefolarin A" last="Amu">Adefolarin A. Amu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boahen Boaten, Baffour Boaten" sort="Boahen Boaten, Baffour Boaten" uniqKey="Boahen Boaten B" first="Baffour Boaten" last="Boahen-Boaten">Baffour Boaten Boahen-Boaten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsebula, Zinhle" sort="Matsebula, Zinhle" uniqKey="Matsebula Z" first="Zinhle" last="Matsebula">Zinhle Matsebula</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gwebu, Prudence" sort="Gwebu, Prudence" uniqKey="Gwebu P" first="Prudence" last="Gwebu">Prudence Gwebu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chirigo, Bongani" sort="Chirigo, Bongani" uniqKey="Chirigo B" first="Bongani" last="Chirigo">Bongani Chirigo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mkhabela, Nongabisa" sort="Mkhabela, Nongabisa" uniqKey="Mkhabela N" first="Nongabisa" last="Mkhabela">Nongabisa Mkhabela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dlamini, Tenelisiwe" sort="Dlamini, Tenelisiwe" uniqKey="Dlamini T" first="Tenelisiwe" last="Dlamini">Tenelisiwe Dlamini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sithole, Siphiwe" sort="Sithole, Siphiwe" uniqKey="Sithole S" first="Siphiwe" last="Sithole">Siphiwe Sithole</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malaza, Sandile" sort="Malaza, Sandile" uniqKey="Malaza S" first="Sandile" last="Malaza">Sandile Malaza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dlamini, Sikhumbuzo" sort="Dlamini, Sikhumbuzo" uniqKey="Dlamini S" first="Sikhumbuzo" last="Dlamini">Sikhumbuzo Dlamini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afriyie, Daniel" sort="Afriyie, Daniel" uniqKey="Afriyie D" first="Daniel" last="Afriyie">Daniel Afriyie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asare, George Awuku" sort="Asare, George Awuku" uniqKey="Asare G" first="George Awuku" last="Asare">George Awuku Asare</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amponsah, Seth Kwabena" sort="Amponsah, Seth Kwabena" uniqKey="Amponsah S" first="Seth Kwabena" last="Amponsah">Seth Kwabena Amponsah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sefah, Israel" sort="Sefah, Israel" uniqKey="Sefah I" first="Israel" last="Sefah">Israel Sefah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ghana Health Service, Pharmacy Department, Keta Municipal Hospital, Keta-Dzelukope, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oluka, Margaret" sort="Oluka, Margaret" uniqKey="Oluka M" first="Margaret" last="Oluka">Margaret Oluka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N" last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opanga, Sylvia A" sort="Opanga, Sylvia A" uniqKey="Opanga S" first="Sylvia A" last="Opanga">Sylvia A. Opanga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarele, Tebello Violet" sort="Sarele, Tebello Violet" uniqKey="Sarele T" first="Tebello Violet" last="Sarele">Tebello Violet Sarele</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville-campus, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mafisa, Refeletse Keabetsoe" sort="Mafisa, Refeletse Keabetsoe" uniqKey="Mafisa R" first="Refeletse Keabetsoe" last="Mafisa">Refeletse Keabetsoe Mafisa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Independent Researcher, Mafeteng, Lesotho.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chikowe, Ibrahim" sort="Chikowe, Ibrahim" uniqKey="Chikowe I" first="Ibrahim" last="Chikowe">Ibrahim Chikowe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khuluza, Felix" sort="Khuluza, Felix" uniqKey="Khuluza F" first="Felix" last="Khuluza">Felix Khuluza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kibuule, Dan" sort="Kibuule, Dan" uniqKey="Kibuule D" first="Dan" last="Kibuule">Dan Kibuule</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalemeera, Francis" sort="Kalemeera, Francis" uniqKey="Kalemeera F" first="Francis" last="Kalemeera">Francis Kalemeera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mubita, Mwangana" sort="Mubita, Mwangana" uniqKey="Mubita M" first="Mwangana" last="Mubita">Mwangana Mubita</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fadare, Joseph" sort="Fadare, Joseph" uniqKey="Fadare J" first="Joseph" last="Fadare">Joseph Fadare</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sibomana, Laurien" sort="Sibomana, Laurien" uniqKey="Sibomana L" first="Laurien" last="Sibomana">Laurien Sibomana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramokgopa, Gwendoline Malegwale" sort="Ramokgopa, Gwendoline Malegwale" uniqKey="Ramokgopa G" first="Gwendoline Malegwale" last="Ramokgopa">Gwendoline Malegwale Ramokgopa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whyte, Carmen" sort="Whyte, Carmen" uniqKey="Whyte C" first="Carmen" last="Whyte">Carmen Whyte</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maimela, Tshegofatso" sort="Maimela, Tshegofatso" uniqKey="Maimela T" first="Tshegofatso" last="Maimela">Tshegofatso Maimela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hugo, Johannes" sort="Hugo, Johannes" uniqKey="Hugo J" first="Johannes" last="Hugo">Johannes Hugo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Family Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Johanna C" sort="Meyer, Johanna C" uniqKey="Meyer J" first="Johanna C" last="Meyer">Johanna C. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schellack, Natalie" sort="Schellack, Natalie" uniqKey="Schellack N" first="Natalie" last="Schellack">Natalie Schellack</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rampamba, Enos M" sort="Rampamba, Enos M" uniqKey="Rampamba E" first="Enos M" last="Rampamba">Enos M. Rampamba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Tshilidzini Hospital, Shayandima, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visser, Adel" sort="Visser, Adel" uniqKey="Visser A" first="Adel" last="Visser">Adel Visser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfadl, Abubakr" sort="Alfadl, Abubakr" uniqKey="Alfadl A" first="Abubakr" last="Alfadl">Abubakr Alfadl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Medicines Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Elfatih M" sort="Malik, Elfatih M" uniqKey="Malik E" first="Elfatih M" last="Malik">Elfatih M. Malik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Community Medicine Council, SMSB, Khartoum, Sudan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malande, Oliver Ombeva" sort="Malande, Oliver Ombeva" uniqKey="Malande O" first="Oliver Ombeva" last="Malande">Oliver Ombeva Malande</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalungia, Aubrey C" sort="Kalungia, Aubrey C" uniqKey="Kalungia A" first="Aubrey C" last="Kalungia">Aubrey C. Kalungia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwila, Chiluba" sort="Mwila, Chiluba" uniqKey="Mwila C" first="Chiluba" last="Mwila">Chiluba Mwila</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaranyika, Trust" sort="Zaranyika, Trust" uniqKey="Zaranyika T" first="Trust" last="Zaranyika">Trust Zaranyika</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaibva, Blessmore Vimbai" sort="Chaibva, Blessmore Vimbai" uniqKey="Chaibva B" first="Blessmore Vimbai" last="Chaibva">Blessmore Vimbai Chaibva</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olaru, Ioana D" sort="Olaru, Ioana D" uniqKey="Olaru I" first="Ioana D" last="Olaru">Ioana D. Olaru</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masuka, Nyasha" sort="Masuka, Nyasha" uniqKey="Masuka N" first="Nyasha" last="Masuka">Nyasha Masuka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wale, Janney" sort="Wale, Janney" uniqKey="Wale J" first="Janney" last="Wale">Janney Wale</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hwenda, Lenias" sort="Hwenda, Lenias" uniqKey="Hwenda L" first="Lenias" last="Hwenda">Lenias Hwenda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medicines for Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamoga, Regina" sort="Kamoga, Regina" uniqKey="Kamoga R" first="Regina" last="Kamoga">Regina Kamoga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Community Health and Information Network (CHAIN), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Ruaraidh" sort="Hill, Ruaraidh" uniqKey="Hill R" first="Ruaraidh" last="Hill">Ruaraidh Hill</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbui, Corrado" sort="Barbui, Corrado" uniqKey="Barbui C" first="Corrado" last="Barbui">Corrado Barbui</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bochenek, Tomasz" sort="Bochenek, Tomasz" uniqKey="Bochenek T" first="Tomasz" last="Bochenek">Tomasz Bochenek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurdi, Amanj" sort="Kurdi, Amanj" uniqKey="Kurdi A" first="Amanj" last="Kurdi">Amanj Kurdi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Stephen" sort="Campbell, Stephen" uniqKey="Campbell S" first="Stephen" last="Campbell">Stephen Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Antony P" sort="Martin, Antony P" uniqKey="Martin A" first="Antony P" last="Martin">Antony P. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HCD Economics, The Innovation Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" sort="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" uniqKey="Phuong T" first="Thuy Nguyen Thi" last="Phuong">Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thanh, Binh Nguyen" sort="Thanh, Binh Nguyen" uniqKey="Thanh B" first="Binh Nguyen" last="Thanh">Binh Nguyen Thanh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godman, Brian" sort="Godman, Brian" uniqKey="Godman B" first="Brian" last="Godman">Brian Godman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33071775</idno><idno type="pmid">33071775</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2020.01205</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7533592</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001192</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001192</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future.</title><author><name sortKey="Ogunleye, Olayinka O" sort="Ogunleye, Olayinka O" uniqKey="Ogunleye O" first="Olayinka O" last="Ogunleye">Olayinka O. Ogunleye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Debashis" sort="Basu, Debashis" uniqKey="Basu D" first="Debashis" last="Basu">Debashis Basu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, Debjani" sort="Mueller, Debjani" uniqKey="Mueller D" first="Debjani" last="Mueller">Debjani Mueller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Charlotte Maxeke Medical Research Cluster, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sneddon, Jacqueline" sort="Sneddon, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Sneddon J" first="Jacqueline" last="Sneddon">Jacqueline Sneddon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seaton, R Andrew" sort="Seaton, R Andrew" uniqKey="Seaton R" first="R Andrew" last="Seaton">R Andrew Seaton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yinka Ogunleye, Adesola F" sort="Yinka Ogunleye, Adesola F" uniqKey="Yinka Ogunleye A" first="Adesola F" last="Yinka-Ogunleye">Adesola F. Yinka-Ogunleye</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wamboga, Joshua" sort="Wamboga, Joshua" uniqKey="Wamboga J" first="Joshua" last="Wamboga">Joshua Wamboga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miljkovi, Nenad" sort="Miljkovi, Nenad" uniqKey="Miljkovi N" first="Nenad" last="Miljkovi">Nenad Miljkovi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery "Banjica", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwita, Julius C" sort="Mwita, Julius C" uniqKey="Mwita J" first="Julius C" last="Mwita">Julius C. Mwita</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara" sort="Rwegerera, Godfrey Mutashambara" uniqKey="Rwegerera G" first="Godfrey Mutashambara" last="Rwegerera">Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massele, Amos" sort="Massele, Amos" uniqKey="Massele A" first="Amos" last="Massele">Amos Massele</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patrick, Okwen" sort="Patrick, Okwen" uniqKey="Patrick O" first="Okwen" last="Patrick">Okwen Patrick</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niba, Loveline Lum" sort="Niba, Loveline Lum" uniqKey="Niba L" first="Loveline Lum" last="Niba">Loveline Lum Niba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nsaikila, Melaine" sort="Nsaikila, Melaine" uniqKey="Nsaikila M" first="Melaine" last="Nsaikila">Melaine Nsaikila</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rashed, Wafaa M" sort="Rashed, Wafaa M" uniqKey="Rashed W" first="Wafaa M" last="Rashed">Wafaa M. Rashed</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hussein, Mohamed Ali" sort="Hussein, Mohamed Ali" uniqKey="Hussein M" first="Mohamed Ali" last="Hussein">Mohamed Ali Hussein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hegazy, Rehab" sort="Hegazy, Rehab" uniqKey="Hegazy R" first="Rehab" last="Hegazy">Rehab Hegazy</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amu, Adefolarin A" sort="Amu, Adefolarin A" uniqKey="Amu A" first="Adefolarin A" last="Amu">Adefolarin A. Amu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boahen Boaten, Baffour Boaten" sort="Boahen Boaten, Baffour Boaten" uniqKey="Boahen Boaten B" first="Baffour Boaten" last="Boahen-Boaten">Baffour Boaten Boahen-Boaten</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychology, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsebula, Zinhle" sort="Matsebula, Zinhle" uniqKey="Matsebula Z" first="Zinhle" last="Matsebula">Zinhle Matsebula</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gwebu, Prudence" sort="Gwebu, Prudence" uniqKey="Gwebu P" first="Prudence" last="Gwebu">Prudence Gwebu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chirigo, Bongani" sort="Chirigo, Bongani" uniqKey="Chirigo B" first="Bongani" last="Chirigo">Bongani Chirigo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mkhabela, Nongabisa" sort="Mkhabela, Nongabisa" uniqKey="Mkhabela N" first="Nongabisa" last="Mkhabela">Nongabisa Mkhabela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dlamini, Tenelisiwe" sort="Dlamini, Tenelisiwe" uniqKey="Dlamini T" first="Tenelisiwe" last="Dlamini">Tenelisiwe Dlamini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sithole, Siphiwe" sort="Sithole, Siphiwe" uniqKey="Sithole S" first="Siphiwe" last="Sithole">Siphiwe Sithole</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malaza, Sandile" sort="Malaza, Sandile" uniqKey="Malaza S" first="Sandile" last="Malaza">Sandile Malaza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dlamini, Sikhumbuzo" sort="Dlamini, Sikhumbuzo" uniqKey="Dlamini S" first="Sikhumbuzo" last="Dlamini">Sikhumbuzo Dlamini</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afriyie, Daniel" sort="Afriyie, Daniel" uniqKey="Afriyie D" first="Daniel" last="Afriyie">Daniel Afriyie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asare, George Awuku" sort="Asare, George Awuku" uniqKey="Asare G" first="George Awuku" last="Asare">George Awuku Asare</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amponsah, Seth Kwabena" sort="Amponsah, Seth Kwabena" uniqKey="Amponsah S" first="Seth Kwabena" last="Amponsah">Seth Kwabena Amponsah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sefah, Israel" sort="Sefah, Israel" uniqKey="Sefah I" first="Israel" last="Sefah">Israel Sefah</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ghana Health Service, Pharmacy Department, Keta Municipal Hospital, Keta-Dzelukope, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oluka, Margaret" sort="Oluka, Margaret" uniqKey="Oluka M" first="Margaret" last="Oluka">Margaret Oluka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N" last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opanga, Sylvia A" sort="Opanga, Sylvia A" uniqKey="Opanga S" first="Sylvia A" last="Opanga">Sylvia A. Opanga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarele, Tebello Violet" sort="Sarele, Tebello Violet" uniqKey="Sarele T" first="Tebello Violet" last="Sarele">Tebello Violet Sarele</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville-campus, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mafisa, Refeletse Keabetsoe" sort="Mafisa, Refeletse Keabetsoe" uniqKey="Mafisa R" first="Refeletse Keabetsoe" last="Mafisa">Refeletse Keabetsoe Mafisa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Independent Researcher, Mafeteng, Lesotho.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chikowe, Ibrahim" sort="Chikowe, Ibrahim" uniqKey="Chikowe I" first="Ibrahim" last="Chikowe">Ibrahim Chikowe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khuluza, Felix" sort="Khuluza, Felix" uniqKey="Khuluza F" first="Felix" last="Khuluza">Felix Khuluza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kibuule, Dan" sort="Kibuule, Dan" uniqKey="Kibuule D" first="Dan" last="Kibuule">Dan Kibuule</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalemeera, Francis" sort="Kalemeera, Francis" uniqKey="Kalemeera F" first="Francis" last="Kalemeera">Francis Kalemeera</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mubita, Mwangana" sort="Mubita, Mwangana" uniqKey="Mubita M" first="Mwangana" last="Mubita">Mwangana Mubita</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fadare, Joseph" sort="Fadare, Joseph" uniqKey="Fadare J" first="Joseph" last="Fadare">Joseph Fadare</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sibomana, Laurien" sort="Sibomana, Laurien" uniqKey="Sibomana L" first="Laurien" last="Sibomana">Laurien Sibomana</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramokgopa, Gwendoline Malegwale" sort="Ramokgopa, Gwendoline Malegwale" uniqKey="Ramokgopa G" first="Gwendoline Malegwale" last="Ramokgopa">Gwendoline Malegwale Ramokgopa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whyte, Carmen" sort="Whyte, Carmen" uniqKey="Whyte C" first="Carmen" last="Whyte">Carmen Whyte</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maimela, Tshegofatso" sort="Maimela, Tshegofatso" uniqKey="Maimela T" first="Tshegofatso" last="Maimela">Tshegofatso Maimela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hugo, Johannes" sort="Hugo, Johannes" uniqKey="Hugo J" first="Johannes" last="Hugo">Johannes Hugo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Family Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Johanna C" sort="Meyer, Johanna C" uniqKey="Meyer J" first="Johanna C" last="Meyer">Johanna C. Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schellack, Natalie" sort="Schellack, Natalie" uniqKey="Schellack N" first="Natalie" last="Schellack">Natalie Schellack</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rampamba, Enos M" sort="Rampamba, Enos M" uniqKey="Rampamba E" first="Enos M" last="Rampamba">Enos M. Rampamba</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Tshilidzini Hospital, Shayandima, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visser, Adel" sort="Visser, Adel" uniqKey="Visser A" first="Adel" last="Visser">Adel Visser</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfadl, Abubakr" sort="Alfadl, Abubakr" uniqKey="Alfadl A" first="Abubakr" last="Alfadl">Abubakr Alfadl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Medicines Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Elfatih M" sort="Malik, Elfatih M" uniqKey="Malik E" first="Elfatih M" last="Malik">Elfatih M. Malik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Community Medicine Council, SMSB, Khartoum, Sudan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malande, Oliver Ombeva" sort="Malande, Oliver Ombeva" uniqKey="Malande O" first="Oliver Ombeva" last="Malande">Oliver Ombeva Malande</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalungia, Aubrey C" sort="Kalungia, Aubrey C" uniqKey="Kalungia A" first="Aubrey C" last="Kalungia">Aubrey C. Kalungia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwila, Chiluba" sort="Mwila, Chiluba" uniqKey="Mwila C" first="Chiluba" last="Mwila">Chiluba Mwila</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zaranyika, Trust" sort="Zaranyika, Trust" uniqKey="Zaranyika T" first="Trust" last="Zaranyika">Trust Zaranyika</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaibva, Blessmore Vimbai" sort="Chaibva, Blessmore Vimbai" uniqKey="Chaibva B" first="Blessmore Vimbai" last="Chaibva">Blessmore Vimbai Chaibva</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olaru, Ioana D" sort="Olaru, Ioana D" uniqKey="Olaru I" first="Ioana D" last="Olaru">Ioana D. Olaru</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masuka, Nyasha" sort="Masuka, Nyasha" uniqKey="Masuka N" first="Nyasha" last="Masuka">Nyasha Masuka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zimbabwe College of Public Health Physicians, Harare, Zimbabwe.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wale, Janney" sort="Wale, Janney" uniqKey="Wale J" first="Janney" last="Wale">Janney Wale</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hwenda, Lenias" sort="Hwenda, Lenias" uniqKey="Hwenda L" first="Lenias" last="Hwenda">Lenias Hwenda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medicines for Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamoga, Regina" sort="Kamoga, Regina" uniqKey="Kamoga R" first="Regina" last="Kamoga">Regina Kamoga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Community Health and Information Network (CHAIN), Kampala, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Ruaraidh" sort="Hill, Ruaraidh" uniqKey="Hill R" first="Ruaraidh" last="Hill">Ruaraidh Hill</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbui, Corrado" sort="Barbui, Corrado" uniqKey="Barbui C" first="Corrado" last="Barbui">Corrado Barbui</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bochenek, Tomasz" sort="Bochenek, Tomasz" uniqKey="Bochenek T" first="Tomasz" last="Bochenek">Tomasz Bochenek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurdi, Amanj" sort="Kurdi, Amanj" uniqKey="Kurdi A" first="Amanj" last="Kurdi">Amanj Kurdi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Stephen" sort="Campbell, Stephen" uniqKey="Campbell S" first="Stephen" last="Campbell">Stephen Campbell</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Antony P" sort="Martin, Antony P" uniqKey="Martin A" first="Antony P" last="Martin">Antony P. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HCD Economics, The Innovation Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" sort="Phuong, Thuy Nguyen Thi" uniqKey="Phuong T" first="Thuy Nguyen Thi" last="Phuong">Thuy Nguyen Thi Phuong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thanh, Binh Nguyen" sort="Thanh, Binh Nguyen" uniqKey="Thanh B" first="Binh Nguyen" last="Thanh">Binh Nguyen Thanh</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pharmaceutical Administration & PharmacoEconomics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godman, Brian" sort="Godman, Brian" uniqKey="Godman B" first="Brian" last="Godman">Brian Godman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in pharmacology</title><idno type="ISSN">1663-9812</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Background</b></p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed considerable lives. There are major concerns in Africa due to existing high prevalence rates for both infectious and non-infectious diseases and limited resources in terms of personnel, beds and equipment. Alongside this, concerns that lockdown and other measures will have on prevention and management of other infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are an increasing issue with rising morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that a lack of nets and treatment could result in up to 18 million additional cases of malaria and up to 30,000 additional deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Objective</b></p><p>Document current prevalence and mortality rates from COVID-19 alongside economic and other measures to reduce its spread and impact across Africa. In addition, suggested ways forward among all key stakeholder groups.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Our Approach</b></p><p>Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet-based publications coupled with input from senior-level personnel.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Ongoing Activities</b></p><p>Prevalence and mortality rates are currently lower in Africa than among several Western countries and the USA. This could be due to a number of factors including early instigation of lockdown and border closures, the younger age of the population, lack of robust reporting systems and as yet unidentified genetic and other factors. Innovation is accelerating to address concerns with available equipment. There are ongoing steps to address the level of misinformation and its consequences including fines. There are also ongoing initiatives across Africa to start addressing the unintended consequences of COVID-19 activities including lockdown measures and their impact on NCDs including the likely rise in mental health disorders, exacerbated by increasing stigma associated with COVID-19. Strategies include extending prescription lengths, telemedicine and encouraging vaccination. However, these need to be accelerated to prevent increased morbidity and mortality.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Conclusion</b></p><p>There are multiple activities across Africa to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and address misinformation, which can have catastrophic consequences, assisted by the WHO and others, which appear to be working in a number of countries. Research is ongoing to clarify the unintended consequences given ongoing concerns to guide future activities. Countries are learning from each other.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33071775</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1663-9812</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>11</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in pharmacology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Pharmacol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Response to the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Across Africa: Successes, Challenges, and Implications for the Future.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1205</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fphar.2020.01205</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="Background" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">The COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed considerable lives. There are major concerns in Africa due to existing high prevalence rates for both infectious and non-infectious diseases and limited resources in terms of personnel, beds and equipment. Alongside this, concerns that lockdown and other measures will have on prevention and management of other infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are an increasing issue with rising morbidity and mortality rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that a lack of nets and treatment could result in up to 18 million additional cases of malaria and up to 30,000 additional deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Objective" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Document current prevalence and mortality rates from COVID-19 alongside economic and other measures to reduce its spread and impact across Africa. In addition, suggested ways forward among all key stakeholder groups.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Our Approach" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet-based publications coupled with input from senior-level personnel.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Ongoing Activities" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Prevalence and mortality rates are currently lower in Africa than among several Western countries and the USA. This could be due to a number of factors including early instigation of lockdown and border closures, the younger age of the population, lack of robust reporting systems and as yet unidentified genetic and other factors. Innovation is accelerating to address concerns with available equipment. There are ongoing steps to address the level of misinformation and its consequences including fines. There are also ongoing initiatives across Africa to start addressing the unintended consequences of COVID-19 activities including lockdown measures and their impact on NCDs including the likely rise in mental health disorders, exacerbated by increasing stigma associated with COVID-19. Strategies include extending prescription lengths, telemedicine and encouraging vaccination. However, these need to be accelerated to prevent increased morbidity and mortality.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Conclusion" NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">There are multiple activities across Africa to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and address misinformation, which can have catastrophic consequences, assisted by the WHO and others, which appear to be working in a number of countries. Research is ongoing to clarify the unintended consequences given ongoing concerns to guide future activities. Countries are learning from each other.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Ogunleye, Basu, Mueller, Sneddon, Seaton, Yinka-Ogunleye, Wamboga, Miljković, Mwita, Rwegerera, Massele, Patrick, Niba, Nsaikila, Rashed, Hussein, Hegazy, Amu, Boahen-Boaten, Matsebula, Gwebu, Chirigo, Mkhabela, Dlamini, Sithole, Malaza, Dlamini, Afriyie, Asare, Amponsah, Sefah, Oluka, Guantai, Opanga, Sarele, Mafisa, Chikowe, Khuluza, Kibuule, Kalemeera, Mubita, Fadare, Sibomana, Ramokgopa, Whyte, Maimela, Hugo, Meyer, Schellack, Rampamba, Visser, Alfadl, Malik, Malande, Kalungia, Mwila, Zaranyika, Chaibva, Olaru, Masuka, Wale, Hwenda, Kamoga, Hill, Barbui, Bochenek, Kurdi, Campbell, Martin, Phuong, Thanh and Godman.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ogunleye</LastName><ForeName>Olayinka O</ForeName><Initials>OO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Basu</LastName><ForeName>Debashis</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mueller</LastName><ForeName>Debjani</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Charlotte Maxeke Medical Research Cluster, Johannesburg, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sneddon</LastName><ForeName>Jacqueline</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seaton</LastName><ForeName>R Andrew</ForeName><Initials>RA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yinka-Ogunleye</LastName><ForeName>Adesola F</ForeName><Initials>AF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wamboga</LastName><ForeName>Joshua</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miljković</LastName><ForeName>Nenad</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery "Banjica", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mwita</LastName><ForeName>Julius C</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rwegerera</LastName><ForeName>Godfrey Mutashambara</ForeName><Initials>GM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana and Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Massele</LastName><ForeName>Amos</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Patrick</LastName><ForeName>Okwen</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Niba</LastName><ForeName>Loveline Lum</ForeName><Initials>LL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nsaikila</LastName><ForeName>Melaine</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rashed</LastName><ForeName>Wafaa M</ForeName><Initials>WM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hussein</LastName><ForeName>Mohamed Ali</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hegazy</LastName><ForeName>Rehab</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amu</LastName><ForeName>Adefolarin A</ForeName><Initials>AA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boahen-Boaten</LastName><ForeName>Baffour Boaten</ForeName><Initials>BB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychology, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Matsebula</LastName><ForeName>Zinhle</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gwebu</LastName><ForeName>Prudence</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chirigo</LastName><ForeName>Bongani</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mkhabela</LastName><ForeName>Nongabisa</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dlamini</LastName><ForeName>Tenelisiwe</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sithole</LastName><ForeName>Siphiwe</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malaza</LastName><ForeName>Sandile</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dlamini</LastName><ForeName>Sikhumbuzo</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Eswatini.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Afriyie</LastName><ForeName>Daniel</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy Department, Ghana Police Hospital, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Asare</LastName><ForeName>George Awuku</ForeName><Initials>GA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amponsah</LastName><ForeName>Seth Kwabena</ForeName><Initials>SK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sefah</LastName><ForeName>Israel</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ghana Health Service, Pharmacy Department, Keta Municipal Hospital, Keta-Dzelukope, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oluka</LastName><ForeName>Margaret</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guantai</LastName><ForeName>Anastasia N</ForeName><Initials>AN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Opanga</LastName><ForeName>Sylvia A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sarele</LastName><ForeName>Tebello Violet</ForeName><Initials>TV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville-campus, Durban, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mafisa</LastName><ForeName>Refeletse Keabetsoe</ForeName><Initials>RK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Independent Researcher, Mafeteng, Lesotho.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chikowe</LastName><ForeName>Ibrahim</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khuluza</LastName><ForeName>Felix</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacy Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kibuule</LastName><ForeName>Dan</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kalemeera</LastName><ForeName>Francis</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mubita</LastName><ForeName>Mwangana</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fadare</LastName><ForeName>Joseph</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University , Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sibomana</LastName><ForeName>Laurien</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ramokgopa</LastName><ForeName>Gwendoline Malegwale</ForeName><Initials>GM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Whyte</LastName><ForeName>Carmen</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maimela</LastName><ForeName>Tshegofatso</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hugo</LastName><ForeName>Johannes</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO Collaborating Centre for Social Determinants of Health and Health in all Policies, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Family Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meyer</LastName><ForeName>Johanna C</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schellack</LastName><ForeName>Natalie</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rampamba</LastName><ForeName>Enos M</ForeName><Initials>EM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, Tshilidzini Hospital, Shayandima, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Visser</LastName><ForeName>Adel</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Eugene Marais Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alfadl</LastName><ForeName>Abubakr</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Medicines Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malik</LastName><ForeName>Elfatih M</ForeName><Initials>EM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Community Medicine Council, SMSB, Khartoum, Sudan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malande</LastName><ForeName>Oliver Ombeva</ForeName><Initials>OO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kalungia</LastName><ForeName>Aubrey C</ForeName><Initials>AC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mwila</LastName><ForeName>Chiluba</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zaranyika</LastName><ForeName>Trust</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, 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ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wale</LastName><ForeName>Janney</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hwenda</LastName><ForeName>Lenias</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medicines for Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kamoga</LastName><ForeName>Regina</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Uganda Alliance of Patients' Organizations (UAPO), Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Community Health and Information Network (CHAIN), Kampala, Uganda.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hill</LastName><ForeName>Ruaraidh</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 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Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Campbell</LastName><ForeName>Stephen</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martin</LastName><ForeName>Antony P</ForeName><Initials>AP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United 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