Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient levels and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Nanjing, China.
Identifieur interne : 000984 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000983; suivant : 000985Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient levels and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Nanjing, China.
Auteurs : Ming Wang ; Sihua Lu ; Min Shao ; Limin Zeng ; Jun Zheng ; Fangjian Xie ; Haotian Lin ; Kun Hu ; Xingdong LuSource :
- The Science of the total environment [ 1879-1026 ] ; 2021.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Air Pollutants, Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds.
- geographic : China.
- COVID-19, Communicable Disease Control, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, SARS-CoV-2.
Abstract
A lot of restrictive measures were implemented in China during January-February 2020 to control rapid spread of COVID-19. Many studies reported impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, but little research focused on ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) till now, which play important roles in production of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. In this study, impact of COVID-19 lockdown on VOCs mixing ratios and sources were assessed based on online measurements of VOCs in Nanjing during December 20, 2019-Feburary 15, 2020 (P1-P2) and April 15-May 13, 2020 (P3). Average VOCs levels during COVID-19 lockdown period (P2) was 26.9 ppb, about half of value for pre-lockdown period (P1). Chemical composition of VOCs also showed significant changes. Aromatics contribution during decreased from 13% during P1 to 9% during P2, whereas alkanes contribution increased from 64% to 68%. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was then applied for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) sources apportionment. Five sources were identified, including a source related to transport and background air masses, three sources related to petrochemical industry or chemical industry (petrochemical industry#1-propene/ethene, petrochemical industry#2-C7-C9 aromatics, and chemical industry-benzene), and a source attributed to gasoline evaporation and vehicular emission. During P2, NMHCs levels from petrochemical industry#2-C7-C9 aromatics showed the largest relative decline of 94%, followed by petrochemical industry#1-propene/ethene (67%), and gasoline evaporation and vehicular emission (67%). Furthermore, ratios of OH reactivity of NMHCs versus NO2 level (ROH,NMHCs/NO2) and total oxidant production rate (P (OX)) were calculated to assess potential influences of COVID-19 lockdown on O3 formation.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143823
PubMed: 33261875
PubMed Central: PMC7677035
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Electronic address: mshao@pku.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Limin" sort="Zeng, Limin" uniqKey="Zeng L" first="Limin" last="Zeng">Limin Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Jun" sort="Zheng, Jun" uniqKey="Zheng J" first="Jun" last="Zheng">Jun Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Fangjian" sort="Xie, Fangjian" uniqKey="Xie F" first="Fangjian" last="Xie">Fangjian Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing 210093, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Haotian" sort="Lin, Haotian" uniqKey="Lin H" first="Haotian" last="Lin">Haotian Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Kun" sort="Hu, Kun" uniqKey="Hu K" first="Kun" last="Hu">Kun Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Xingdong" sort="Lu, Xingdong" uniqKey="Lu X" first="Xingdong" last="Lu">Xingdong Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33261875</idno><idno type="pmid">33261875</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143823</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7677035</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000984</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000984</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient levels and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Nanjing, China.</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ming" sort="Wang, Ming" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Ming" last="Wang">Ming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Sihua" sort="Lu, Sihua" uniqKey="Lu S" first="Sihua" last="Lu">Sihua Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, Min" sort="Shao, Min" uniqKey="Shao M" first="Min" last="Shao">Min Shao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China. Electronic address: mshao@pku.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Limin" sort="Zeng, Limin" uniqKey="Zeng L" first="Limin" last="Zeng">Limin Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Jun" sort="Zheng, Jun" uniqKey="Zheng J" first="Jun" last="Zheng">Jun Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Fangjian" sort="Xie, Fangjian" uniqKey="Xie F" first="Fangjian" last="Xie">Fangjian Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing 210093, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Haotian" sort="Lin, Haotian" uniqKey="Lin H" first="Haotian" last="Lin">Haotian Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Kun" sort="Hu, Kun" uniqKey="Hu K" first="Kun" last="Hu">Kun Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Xingdong" sort="Lu, Xingdong" uniqKey="Lu X" first="Xingdong" last="Lu">Xingdong Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Science of the total environment</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-1026</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Pollutants (analysis)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>China (MeSH)</term><term>Communicable Disease Control (MeSH)</term><term>Environmental Monitoring (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Ozone (analysis)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Volatile Organic Compounds (analysis)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Pollutants</term><term>Ozone</term><term>Volatile Organic Compounds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>China</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>COVID-19</term><term>Communicable Disease Control</term><term>Environmental Monitoring</term><term>Humans</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A lot of restrictive measures were implemented in China during January-February 2020 to control rapid spread of COVID-19. Many studies reported impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, but little research focused on ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) till now, which play important roles in production of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. In this study, impact of COVID-19 lockdown on VOCs mixing ratios and sources were assessed based on online measurements of VOCs in Nanjing during December 20, 2019-Feburary 15, 2020 (P1-P2) and April 15-May 13, 2020 (P3). Average VOCs levels during COVID-19 lockdown period (P2) was 26.9 ppb, about half of value for pre-lockdown period (P1). Chemical composition of VOCs also showed significant changes. Aromatics contribution during decreased from 13% during P1 to 9% during P2, whereas alkanes contribution increased from 64% to 68%. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was then applied for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) sources apportionment. Five sources were identified, including a source related to transport and background air masses, three sources related to petrochemical industry or chemical industry (petrochemical industry#1-propene/ethene, petrochemical industry#2-C7-C9 aromatics, and chemical industry-benzene), and a source attributed to gasoline evaporation and vehicular emission. During P2, NMHCs levels from petrochemical industry#2-C7-C9 aromatics showed the largest relative decline of 94%, followed by petrochemical industry#1-propene/ethene (67%), and gasoline evaporation and vehicular emission (67%). Furthermore, ratios of OH reactivity of NMHCs versus NO<sub>2</sub> level (R<sub>OH,NMHCs</sub>/NO<sub>2</sub>) and total oxidant production rate (P (O<sub>X</sub>)) were calculated to assess potential influences of COVID-19 lockdown on O<sub>3</sub> formation.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Automated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33261875</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-1026</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>757</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Science of the total environment</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Total Environ</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient levels and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Nanjing, China.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>143823</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0048-9697(20)37354-X</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143823</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>A lot of restrictive measures were implemented in China during January-February 2020 to control rapid spread of COVID-19. Many studies reported impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, but little research focused on ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) till now, which play important roles in production of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. In this study, impact of COVID-19 lockdown on VOCs mixing ratios and sources were assessed based on online measurements of VOCs in Nanjing during December 20, 2019-Feburary 15, 2020 (P1-P2) and April 15-May 13, 2020 (P3). Average VOCs levels during COVID-19 lockdown period (P2) was 26.9 ppb, about half of value for pre-lockdown period (P1). Chemical composition of VOCs also showed significant changes. Aromatics contribution during decreased from 13% during P1 to 9% during P2, whereas alkanes contribution increased from 64% to 68%. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was then applied for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) sources apportionment. Five sources were identified, including a source related to transport and background air masses, three sources related to petrochemical industry or chemical industry (petrochemical industry#1-propene/ethene, petrochemical industry#2-C7-C9 aromatics, and chemical industry-benzene), and a source attributed to gasoline evaporation and vehicular emission. During P2, NMHCs levels from petrochemical industry#2-C7-C9 aromatics showed the largest relative decline of 94%, followed by petrochemical industry#1-propene/ethene (67%), and gasoline evaporation and vehicular emission (67%). Furthermore, ratios of OH reactivity of NMHCs versus NO<sub>2</sub> level (R<sub>OH,NMHCs</sub>/NO<sub>2</sub>) and total oxidant production rate (P (O<sub>X</sub>)) were calculated to assess potential influences of COVID-19 lockdown on O<sub>3</sub> formation.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Ming</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Sihua</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shao</LastName><ForeName>Min</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China. Electronic address: mshao@pku.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zeng</LastName><ForeName>Limin</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zheng</LastName><ForeName>Jun</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xie</LastName><ForeName>Fangjian</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Nanjing Municipal Academy of Ecological and Environment Protection Science, Nanjing 210093, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lin</LastName><ForeName>Haotian</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hu</LastName><ForeName>Kun</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Xingdong</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>20</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Total Environ</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0330500</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0048-9697</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000393">Air Pollutants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D055549">Volatile Organic Compounds</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>66H7ZZK23N</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010126">Ozone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000393" MajorTopicYN="Y">Air Pollutants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002681" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">China</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003140" MajorTopicYN="N">Communicable Disease Control</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004784" MajorTopicYN="N">Environmental Monitoring</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010126" MajorTopicYN="Y">Ozone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055549" MajorTopicYN="Y">Volatile Organic Compounds</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Industrial emission</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Nanjing</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ozone</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Source apportionment</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">VOCs</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>23</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33261875</ArticleId><ArticleId 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