Variation in Concentration and Sources of Black Carbon in a Megacity of China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Identifieur interne : 000639 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000638; suivant : 000640Variation in Concentration and Sources of Black Carbon in a Megacity of China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Auteurs : Liang Xu ; Jian Zhang ; Xin Sun ; Shengchen Xu ; Meng Shan ; Qi Yuan ; Lei Liu ; Zhenhong Du ; Dantong Liu ; Da Xu ; Congbo Song ; Bowen Liu ; Gongda Lu ; Zongbo Shi ; Weijun LiSource :
- Geophysical research letters [ 0094-8276 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) not only warms the atmosphere but also affects human health. The nationwide lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a major reduction in human activity during the past 30 years. Here, the concentration of BC in the urban, urban-industry, suburb, and rural areas of a megacity Hangzhou were monitored using a multiwavelength Aethalometer to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on BC emissions. The citywide BC decreased by 44% from 2.30 to 1.29 μg/m3 following the COVID-19 lockdown period. The source apportionment based on the Aethalometer model shows that vehicle emission reduction responded to BC decline in the urban area and biomass burning in rural areas around the megacity had a regional contribution of BC. We highlight that the emission controls of vehicles in urban areas and biomass burning in rural areas should be more efficient in reducing BC in the megacity Hangzhou.
DOI: 10.1029/2020GL090444
PubMed: 33349736
PubMed Central: PMC7744912
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Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Shengchen" sort="Xu, Shengchen" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shengchen" last="Xu">Shengchen Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shan, Meng" sort="Shan, Meng" uniqKey="Shan M" first="Meng" last="Shan">Meng Shan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Linan Atmospheric Background National Observation and Research Station Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Qi" sort="Yuan, Qi" uniqKey="Yuan Q" first="Qi" last="Yuan">Qi Yuan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Lei" sort="Liu, Lei" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Lei" last="Liu">Lei Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Zhenhong" sort="Du, Zhenhong" uniqKey="Du Z" first="Zhenhong" last="Du">Zhenhong Du</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Dantong" sort="Liu, Dantong" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Dantong" last="Liu">Dantong Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Da" sort="Xu, Da" uniqKey="Xu D" first="Da" last="Xu">Da Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Congbo" sort="Song, Congbo" uniqKey="Song C" first="Congbo" last="Song">Congbo Song</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Bowen" sort="Liu, Bowen" uniqKey="Liu B" first="Bowen" last="Liu">Bowen Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Economics University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Gongda" sort="Lu, Gongda" uniqKey="Lu G" first="Gongda" last="Lu">Gongda Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Zongbo" sort="Shi, Zongbo" uniqKey="Shi Z" first="Zongbo" last="Shi">Zongbo Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Weijun" sort="Li, Weijun" uniqKey="Li W" first="Weijun" last="Li">Weijun Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33349736</idno><idno type="pmid">33349736</idno><idno 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Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Xin" sort="Sun, Xin" uniqKey="Sun X" first="Xin" last="Sun">Xin Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Shengchen" sort="Xu, Shengchen" uniqKey="Xu S" first="Shengchen" last="Xu">Shengchen Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shan, Meng" sort="Shan, Meng" uniqKey="Shan M" first="Meng" last="Shan">Meng Shan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Linan Atmospheric Background National Observation and Research Station Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Qi" sort="Yuan, Qi" uniqKey="Yuan Q" first="Qi" last="Yuan">Qi Yuan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Lei" sort="Liu, Lei" uniqKey="Liu L" first="Lei" last="Liu">Lei Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Du, Zhenhong" sort="Du, Zhenhong" uniqKey="Du Z" first="Zhenhong" last="Du">Zhenhong Du</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Dantong" sort="Liu, Dantong" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Dantong" last="Liu">Dantong Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Da" sort="Xu, Da" uniqKey="Xu D" first="Da" last="Xu">Da Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Congbo" sort="Song, Congbo" uniqKey="Song C" first="Congbo" last="Song">Congbo Song</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Bowen" sort="Liu, Bowen" uniqKey="Liu B" first="Bowen" last="Liu">Bowen Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Economics University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Gongda" sort="Lu, Gongda" uniqKey="Lu G" first="Gongda" last="Lu">Gongda Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Zongbo" sort="Shi, Zongbo" uniqKey="Shi Z" first="Zongbo" last="Shi">Zongbo Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Weijun" sort="Li, Weijun" uniqKey="Li W" first="Weijun" last="Li">Weijun Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Geophysical research letters</title><idno type="ISSN">0094-8276</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Black carbon (BC) not only warms the atmosphere but also affects human health. The nationwide lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a major reduction in human activity during the past 30 years. Here, the concentration of BC in the urban, urban-industry, suburb, and rural areas of a megacity Hangzhou were monitored using a multiwavelength Aethalometer to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on BC emissions. The citywide BC decreased by 44% from 2.30 to 1.29 μg/m<sup>3</sup> following the COVID-19 lockdown period. The source apportionment based on the Aethalometer model shows that vehicle emission reduction responded to BC decline in the urban area and biomass burning in rural areas around the megacity had a regional contribution of BC. We highlight that the emission controls of vehicles in urban areas and biomass burning in rural areas should be more efficient in reducing BC in the megacity Hangzhou.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33349736</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0094-8276</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>47</Volume><Issue>23</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Dec</Month><Day>16</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Geophysical research letters</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Geophys Res Lett</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Variation in Concentration and Sources of Black Carbon in a Megacity of China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e2020GL090444</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1029/2020GL090444</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Black carbon (BC) not only warms the atmosphere but also affects human health. The nationwide lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a major reduction in human activity during the past 30 years. Here, the concentration of BC in the urban, urban-industry, suburb, and rural areas of a megacity Hangzhou were monitored using a multiwavelength Aethalometer to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on BC emissions. The citywide BC decreased by 44% from 2.30 to 1.29 μg/m<sup>3</sup> following the COVID-19 lockdown period. The source apportionment based on the Aethalometer model shows that vehicle emission reduction responded to BC decline in the urban area and biomass burning in rural areas around the megacity had a regional contribution of BC. We highlight that the emission controls of vehicles in urban areas and biomass burning in rural areas should be more efficient in reducing BC in the megacity Hangzhou.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>©2020. The Authors.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Liang</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Jian</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sun</LastName><ForeName>Xin</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Shengchen</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shan</LastName><ForeName>Meng</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zhejiang Linan Atmospheric Background National Observation and Research Station Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yuan</LastName><ForeName>Qi</ForeName><Initials>Q</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Lei</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-1454</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Du</LastName><ForeName>Zhenhong</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-0415</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Dantong</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3768-1770</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xu</LastName><ForeName>Da</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Song</LastName><ForeName>Congbo</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-4834</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Bowen</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Economics University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Gongda</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shi</LastName><ForeName>Zongbo</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7157-543X</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Weijun</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4887-4260</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><DataBankList CompleteYN="Y"><DataBank><DataBankName>figshare</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>10.6084/m9.figshare.12751547.v1</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank></DataBankList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>28</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Geophys Res Lett</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9882887</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0094-8276</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID‐19 lockdown</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">black carbon</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">source</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>20</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>45</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33349736</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1029/2020GL090444</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">GRL61575</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7744912</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
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