Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pains and Gains from China's Experiences with Emerging Epidemics: From SARS to H7N9</title><author><name sortKey="Wei, Pengfei" sort="Wei, Pengfei" uniqKey="Wei P" first="Pengfei" last="Wei">Pengfei Wei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Zelang" sort="Cai, Zelang" uniqKey="Cai Z" first="Zelang" last="Cai">Zelang Cai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hua, Jinwen" sort="Hua, Jinwen" uniqKey="Hua J" first="Jinwen" last="Hua">Jinwen Hua</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Weijia" sort="Yu, Weijia" uniqKey="Yu W" first="Weijia" last="Yu">Weijia Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jiajie" sort="Chen, Jiajie" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jiajie" last="Chen">Jiajie Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Kang" sort="Kang, Kang" uniqKey="Kang K" first="Kang" last="Kang">Kang Kang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Congling" sort="Qiu, Congling" uniqKey="Qiu C" first="Congling" last="Qiu">Congling Qiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Lanlan" sort="Ye, Lanlan" uniqKey="Ye L" first="Lanlan" last="Ye">Lanlan Ye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Jiayun" sort="Hu, Jiayun" uniqKey="Hu J" first="Jiayun" last="Hu">Jiayun Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, Kunmei" sort="Ji, Kunmei" uniqKey="Ji K" first="Kunmei" last="Ji">Kunmei Ji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27525272</idno><idno type="pmc">4971293</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971293</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4971293</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/5717108</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000928</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000928</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pains and Gains from China's Experiences with Emerging Epidemics: From SARS to H7N9</title><author><name sortKey="Wei, Pengfei" sort="Wei, Pengfei" uniqKey="Wei P" first="Pengfei" last="Wei">Pengfei Wei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, Zelang" sort="Cai, Zelang" uniqKey="Cai Z" first="Zelang" last="Cai">Zelang Cai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hua, Jinwen" sort="Hua, Jinwen" uniqKey="Hua J" first="Jinwen" last="Hua">Jinwen Hua</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Weijia" sort="Yu, Weijia" uniqKey="Yu W" first="Weijia" last="Yu">Weijia Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jiajie" sort="Chen, Jiajie" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jiajie" last="Chen">Jiajie Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Kang" sort="Kang, Kang" uniqKey="Kang K" first="Kang" last="Kang">Kang Kang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Congling" sort="Qiu, Congling" uniqKey="Qiu C" first="Congling" last="Qiu">Congling Qiu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Lanlan" sort="Ye, Lanlan" uniqKey="Ye L" first="Lanlan" last="Ye">Lanlan Ye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Jiayun" sort="Hu, Jiayun" uniqKey="Hu J" first="Jiayun" last="Hu">Jiayun Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, Kunmei" sort="Ji, Kunmei" uniqKey="Ji K" first="Kunmei" last="Ji">Kunmei Ji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Over the recent decades, China experienced several emerging virus outbreaks including those caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome- (SARS-) coronavirus (Cov), H5N1 virus, and H7N9 virus. The SARS tragedy revealed faults in China's infectious disease prevention system, propelling the Chinese government to enact reforms that enabled better combating of the subsequent H1N1 and H7N9 avian flu epidemics. The system is buttressed by three fundamental, mutually reinforcing components: (1) enduring government administration reforms, including legislation establishing a unified public health emergency management system; (2) prioritized funding for biotechnology and biomedicine industrialization, especially in the areas of pathogen identification, drug production, and the development of vaccines and diagnostics; and (3) increasing investment for public health and establishment of a rapid-response infectious diseases prevention and control system. China is now using its hard-gained experience to support the fight against Ebola in Africa and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in its own country.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, R M" uniqKey="Anderson R">R. M. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C. Fraser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghani, A C" uniqKey="Ghani A">A. C. Ghani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y">Y. Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, B J" uniqKey="Zheng B">B. J. Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, Y Q" uniqKey="He Y">Y. Q. He</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, K S" uniqKey="Li K">K. S. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y">Y. Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wan, J G" uniqKey="Wan J">J. G. Wan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qian, K J" uniqKey="Qian K">K. J. Qian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stone, R" uniqKey="Stone R">R. Stone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhong, N" uniqKey="Zhong N">N. Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, G" uniqKey="Zeng G">G. Zeng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peiris, J S M" uniqKey="Peiris J">J. S. M. Peiris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, S T" uniqKey="Lai S">S. T. Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, L L M" uniqKey="Poon L">L. L. M. Poon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C. Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S. Gunther</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, W" uniqKey="Preiser W">W. Preiser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, T G" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">T. G. Ksiazek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erdman, D" uniqKey="Erdman D">D. Erdman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldsmith, C S" uniqKey="Goldsmith C">C. S. Goldsmith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marra, M A" uniqKey="Marra M">M. A. Marra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, S J" uniqKey="Jones S">S. J. Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Astell, C R" uniqKey="Astell C">C. R. Astell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tian, G Z" uniqKey="Tian G">G. Z. Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Z C" uniqKey="Gao Z">Z. C. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gao, R" uniqKey="Gao R">R. Gao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, B" uniqKey="Cao B">B. Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuan, H" uniqKey="Yuan H">H. Yuan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, R" uniqKey="Gao R">R. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rohde, H" uniqKey="Rohde H">H. Rohde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qin, J" uniqKey="Qin J">J. Qin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cui, Y" uniqKey="Cui Y">Y. Cui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Z" uniqKey="Shi Z">Z. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, M" uniqKey="Yu M">M. Yu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lam, T T Y" uniqKey="Lam T">T. T.-Y. Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Y" uniqKey="Shen Y">Y. Shen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, H" uniqKey="Yang H">H. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, M" uniqKey="Yang M">M. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Y" uniqKey="Ding Y">Y. Ding</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, T" uniqKey="Lin T">T. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, G" uniqKey="Wang G">G. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, A" uniqKey="Li A">A. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="He, X" uniqKey="He X">X. He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, J" uniqKey="Zhou J">J. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlam, M" uniqKey="Bartlam M">M. Bartlam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y">Y. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bi, Y" uniqKey="Bi Y">Y. Bi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vavricka, C J" uniqKey="Vavricka C">C. J. Vavricka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, B" uniqKey="Cao B">B. Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Q Q" uniqKey="Liu Q">Q. Q. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, F C" uniqKey="Zhu F">F.-C. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hou, L H" uniqKey="Hou L">L.-H. Hou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J X" uniqKey="Li J">J.-X. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, J" uniqKey="Wu J">J. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, L" uniqKey="Yi L">L. Yi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zou, L" uniqKey="Zou L">L. Zou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27525272</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4971293</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/5717108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pains and Gains from China's Experiences with Emerging Epidemics: From SARS to H7N9</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1315-6384</contrib-id><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Pengfei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2450-6973</contrib-id><name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>Zelang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hua</surname><given-names>Jinwen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Weijia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Jiajie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>Kang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Qiu</surname><given-names>Congling</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-4932</contrib-id><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Lanlan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6508-7766</contrib-id><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Jiayun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-8697</contrib-id><name><surname>Ji</surname><given-names>Kunmei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Kunmei Ji: <email>jkm@szu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Cheng-Feng Qin</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>5717108</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Pengfei Wei et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Over the recent decades, China experienced several emerging virus outbreaks including those caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome- (SARS-) coronavirus (Cov), H5N1 virus, and H7N9 virus. The SARS tragedy revealed faults in China's infectious disease prevention system, propelling the Chinese government to enact reforms that enabled better combating of the subsequent H1N1 and H7N9 avian flu epidemics. The system is buttressed by three fundamental, mutually reinforcing components: (1) enduring government administration reforms, including legislation establishing a unified public health emergency management system; (2) prioritized funding for biotechnology and biomedicine industrialization, especially in the areas of pathogen identification, drug production, and the development of vaccines and diagnostics; and (3) increasing investment for public health and establishment of a rapid-response infectious diseases prevention and control system. China is now using its hard-gained experience to support the fight against Ebola in Africa and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in its own country.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Natural Science Funding of Guangdong Province</funding-source><award-id>2016A030313039</award-id><award-id>2014A030313563</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Science and Technology Funding of Shenzhen</funding-source><award-id>JCYJ20150626141652681</award-id><award-id>CXZZ20140418182638770</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Shenzhen University Funding</funding-source><award-id>2011-6</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Discipline Construction Funding of Shenzhen</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The arms race between human immunity and ever-evolving viral pathogens is ancient and abiding. Notable viral pandemics include the small pox (Variola virus) pandemics of Eurasia and North America, the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (H1N1 virus, ~50 million deaths), and the 1957 Asian flu pandemic (H2N2 virus, ~69,800 deaths). Although humanity has won some battles, such as those with the eradication of small pox, we will never be totally free of the challenges of emerging viruses. Globalization has heightened the risk of rapid widespread viral transmission, especially of viruses transmitted via the respiratory route or close contact.</p><p>In the past decade, China experienced four emerging respiratory virus epidemics, namely, those caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome- (SARS-) coronavirus (Cov) and the H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 viruses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>). The SARS-Cov originated in southern China in 2002 [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. It is believed that the virus was transferred to humans from an animal vector (e.g.,<italic> Paguma larvata</italic>) sold in Chinese food markets [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. All told, there were 5,327 cases and 348 deaths attributed to SARS in mainland China from November 2002 to June 2003 [<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. Similarly, it appears that the avian flu virus H5N1 was transmitted to humans from poultry, with the first patient being reported in Hong Kong in 1997 [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. There have been a total of 47 laboratory confirmed human cases (30 deaths) of H5N1 in mainland China (as of December 4, 2014) [<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. The first outbreak of H7N9, also transferred from poultry, occurred in eastern China in March 2013 [<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. There were 469 laboratory confirmed human cases (182 deaths) of H7N9 infection by the end of 2014 [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Meanwhile, the H1N1 virus was derived from several circulating swine viruses in North America and was then imported to China, rather than being of local origin, resulting in 128,033 laboratory confirmed cases (805 deaths) in China, but fortunately with a relatively low mortality rate (0.6%). Additionally, some sporadic cases of influenza caused by the emerging viruses of H10N8 (3 cases/2 deaths) and H5N6 (2 cases/1 death) have been observed in China, raising concerns about potential emerging influenza outbreaks in the future [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>].</p><p>The SARS tragedy brought great pain to China and the world. However, as the ancient Chinese proverb says, “failure is the mother of success.” Realizing the devastating effects of the emerging epidemic, the Chinese government endeavored assiduously to develop a systematic infectious disease control strategy. Indeed, as stated by Stone, “No country has taken stricter measures than China to protect residents from pandemic swine flu,” and China was the first nation to vaccinate its people against H1N1 virus [<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. During the 2013 H7N9 epidemics, Chinese authorities were commended globally for their rapid response and transparency. Over the last decade, China has accumulated valuable experience in the ongoing war to control emerging virus outbreaks. Therefore, here, we analyze the lessons of the aforementioned outbreaks and the systematic strategy developed by China as a result. We believe that it would benefit human security and public health for the Chinese experiences to be shared internationally, especially as we now face new threats, such as Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and emergent influenza viruses.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>2. Lessons from the SARS Tragedy</title><p>The SARS virus spread rapidly in China (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>) and internationally, causing global panic. By June 11, 2003, 32 countries and regions were affected, with 8,437 cases and 813 deaths worldwide, including 3,110 cases and 465 deaths outside of China.</p><p>Early identification and early isolation are imperative for infectious disease control. Several mistakes and shortcomings in China's handling of SARS can be identified. Firstly, there was not a well-functioning nationwide infectious diseases surveillance system, nor were there effective regulations to prevent disease dissemination. The government did not recognize the severity of the SARS epidemic and did not inform the public promptly. Initially, SARS patients and their close contacts were not isolated, enabling the virus to spread quickly. China missed its best opportunity to contain the SARS epidemic in a timely manner.</p><p>To make matters worse, the Chinese government did not organize effective collaborations to facilitate identification of the offending pathogen as soon as possible. Autopsies of several early SARS patients revealed a Chlamydia coinfection, leading the medical examiner to conclude rashly that the lethal disease could be attributed to Chlamydia infection, which misled Chinese authorities and delayed recognition of SARS. Another independent research group obtained evidence suggesting that the disease outbreak was due to a novel coronavirus, but their work did not gain the attention of the Chinese government [<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Ultimately, WHO organized an international collaborative endeavor in which 11 research groups embarked on a hunt for the culprit, and one month later the SARS-Cov was identified by the scientists in America, Germany, Hong Kong, and Canada [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>–<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. This experience instructs us that governments should refrain from administrative interference in public health investigations and promote extensive collaborative research—through appropriation of funds and sharing of samples and technology—to facilitate identification of emergent pathogens as soon as possible.</p><p>SARS-Cov can be transmitted through direct and indirect contact of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, or eyes [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. In the early stages of the SARS epidemic, health care workers wore masks that protected only the nose and mouth because they did not realize that the virus may be also transmitted through the eyes. Unfortunately, 1,002 Chinese health care workers were infected, representing 18.8% of the total cases [<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Problem was solved after health care workers began wearing isolation gowns. Additionally, SARS patients were given excessive amounts of steroid hormones in some Chinese hospitals, leading to grave sequelae, including bone necrosis, which has had lasting consequences for many survivors.</p><p>Unfortunately, laboratory biosafety regulations were poorly enforced in China in the early 2000s, allowing a renewal of the SARS crisis. In March of 2004, two cases of laboratory-acquired SARS were reported [<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. These infections were transmitted to seven additional people, one of whom died as a result [<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. The SARS tragedy compelled the Chinese government to reform its administrative rules, promote biomedical technology, and enhance its public health systems.</p></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>3. Sustaining Government Administration Reforms</title><p>Promptly after the SARS epidemic, the Chinese government accelerated the establishment of an effectual and national unified management system for public health emergencies and enacted two laws: the Regulation on Public Health Emergency and the Measures for the Administration of Information Reporting on Monitoring Public Health Emergencies and Epidemic Situation of Infectious Diseases [<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. In addition to defining the standards and grades of public health emergencies, these laws support the construction of command systems and clarify the responsibilities and the leadership role of the chief executive of central and local governments previously held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Accordingly, the executive capacity of the command systems has been much improved. Importantly, China also established an emergency information dissemination system to enable timely (within 2 hours), accurate, and comprehensive release of information. Moreover, both central and local governments are now expected to be prepared for a public health emergency response (e.g., techniques, personnel, materials, and management preparedness).</p><p>In 2004, China revised the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Law, adding SARS and avian flu as notifiable diseases and revising the law to comply with the principal rules of infectious disease prevention and control (i.e., infection source control, interruption of route of transmission, and susceptible people protection) [<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. The law adheres to the “five early” principle of early detection, diagnosis, reporting, isolation, and treatment. Early isolation can restrain contagion. The law applied China's experience in emerging epidemics to prevent and control 37 infectious diseases.</p><p>The Chinese Ministry of Health (CMH) issued a technical guide for avian flu prevention and control in 2004 [<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. It requires that suspected and confirmed cases be handled quickly at designated hospitals with the equipment to prevent nosocomial infection. The epidemiological and etiological data of patients should be acquired to enable determination of human-to-human transmission capacity. The guide suggests that persons exposed to dead poultry infected by avian flu virus be isolated and observed for 7 days. In order to control zoonotic infectious diseases, China revised its Law on Animal Disease Prevention in 2007, adding an animal epidemic surveillance and reporting system for timely disclosure of animal epidemics and providing compensation to farmers for economic loss due to culling infected or potentially infected poultry [<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>].</p><p>Guided by the aforementioned laws, a series of social innovations enacted after the SARS epidemic have improved China's ability to combat emerging diseases. The CMH issued a swine flu prevention guide on April 29, 2009, 12 days before the first reported H1N1 case [<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. On April 3, 2013, 4 days after the first H7N9 confirmed case, the CMH also issued a nosocomial H7N9-infection prevention guide [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Administrative reforms resulted in better handling of H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 relative to SARS. Importantly, in keeping with its move toward greater transparency, after confirmation of the first H1N1 case on May 11, 2009, China posted patient zero's travel information publicly on the same day [<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]. Likewise, after confirming the first H7N9 avian flu case on March 30, 2013, China published detailed information about the patient's medical consultation [<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. Transparency helps to subdue rumors and maintain social stability.</p></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>4. Scientific and Technological Progress</title><p>With the aim of improving prevention and control of viral outbreaks, the Chinese government has been investing continually in the advancement of science and technology since 2003, including the appropriation of more than 12 billion RMB for research and development related to combating SARS, influenza, and other major infectious diseases [<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. Meanwhile, China has built 11 national technology platforms, 11 national research centers, 6 national key laboratories, and 2 national engineering laboratories. In 2010, the Chinese National Influenza Centre was designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza. All these laboratories and funding contributed to application of advanced technologies in preventing and controlling infectious diseases.</p><p>Above all, quick identification of pathogens is a prerequisite to controlling emerging epidemics. To achieve it, China has developed state-of-the-art pathogen isolation and identification technologies such as high-throughput sequencing method. In contrast to the SARS-Cov debacle, H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 were identified within China [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>–<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. BGI, a Chinese company, helped Germany sequence the pathogen<italic> Escherichia coli</italic> O104:H4 within a week using high-throughput sequencing technology in 2011 [<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. Meanwhile, Chinese researchers exploring the genesis and source of emerging viruses have found that bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses and have demonstrated that domestic fowl play an important vector role for H5N1 and H7N9 [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>].</p><p>The government encourages the development of diagnostic reagents, vaccines, and medicines as well as prophylactic equipment (e.g., infrared thermometers). China's national vaccine regulatory system was confirmed to meet WHO standards in 2011 [<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]. China has developed SARS, H5N1, H1N1, and H7N9 vaccines (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>) and became the first country to use an H1N1 vaccine [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. China now produces oseltamivir (like Tamiflu®) and peramivir (like Rapivab®), obviating the need to import antivirals [<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>].</p><p>China's improvements in research funding and technical capabilities have led to a series of important findings. For example, Chinese researchers have revealed the crystal structures of key viral proteins (e.g., SARS-Cov protease, H1N1 neuraminidase N1, and H5N1 polymerase PA<sub>C</sub>-PB1<sub>N</sub> complex) [<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>–<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>], which is useful for drug design, and discovered an oseltamivir-resistance mechanism in H7N9 [<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal formula was confirmed to reduce H1N1 influenza-associated fever safely and with efficacy similar to that of oseltamivir in a randomized clinical trial [<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec5"><title>5. Increasing Investment and Public Health System Improvements</title><p>Chinese public health funding increased by more than 10-fold from 10.6 billion RMB in 2003 to 110.2 billion RMB in 2012 [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. In 2013, there were 3,490 CDC branches, with 193,000 staff members, and 2,728 laboratories in animal disease prevention and control institutions in China, enabling rapid-response infectious diseases prevention and control [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. By 2013, China had set up 3,486 stations to monitor 28 kinds of infectious diseases and four common animal vectors (i.e., mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, and rats) [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. Infectious disease surveillance of Entry-Exit personnel and commodities is now carried out at 285 customs and 168 international travel healthcare centers. Additionally, China has established 3,088 public health supervision institutions and a nationwide animal infectious diseases surveillance system [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>].</p><p>By 2013, infectious diseases departments had been established in 2,243 Chinese hospitals. From 2004 to 2012, the numbers of sickbeds and registered infectious diseases physicians increased by 64% and 58%, respectively [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. In 2007, the national immunization program increased the number of free vaccinations from 6 to 14. In 2014, China's basic medical security system covered >96% of the Chinese population [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. Additionally, China has built the largest web-based reporting system of infectious diseases and public health emergencies in the world, enabling the reporting of 37 notifiable diseases reporting delay to be reduced from 5 days to within 4 hours [<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. Hence, China's public health system has been enhanced greatly, improving the ability to fight emerging epidemics.</p></sec><sec id="sec6"><title>6. China Supports Africa in Combating Ebola</title><p>Worldwide cooperation is necessary to combat the current Ebola epidemic. As of June 2015, nine countries have been affected by Ebola (27,273 cases/11,173 deaths) [<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]. Based on its recent experiences with epidemics, China has provided comprehensive support to West African nations battling Ebola, including provision of capital, anti-Ebola materials, testing and treatment support, tactical rapid-response training, and collaborative research. China placed approximately 1000 medical experts in West Africa, helped build an Ebola diagnosis and treatment center and a biosafety laboratory, and trained more than 13,000 local medical care and community workers [<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>].</p><p>In December 2014, Chinese-made Ebola diagnostic kits were made available [<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]. In March 2015, China's first Ebola vaccine (the first to be based on the 2014 Zaire strain instead of the 1976 Zaire strain) passed its first phase I clinical trial and is being produced in a lyophilized form that is more stable than prior aqueous-form vaccines [<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]. China is producing a therapeutic chimeric antibody agent, MIL-77, which is amenable to large-scale production via mammalian cell expression. It was reported that a 25-year-old British nurse infected with the Ebola virus was treated successfully with MIL-77 without adverse effects [<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec7"><title>7. Future Perspective in China</title><p>On May 26, 2015, a 43-year-old Korean man infected with MERS travelled by air from Seoul to Huizhou in Guangdong Province, China [<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]. After being notified by the WHO about this traveler, the local health authority responded immediately by isolating him and providing him with curative treatment. A group of 1364 people who were identified as having been in contact with this patient were quarantined rapidly and no additional cases of MERS infection were reported in the area [<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]. The aforementioned strategies and experience helped Chinese government to promptly prevent the viral transmission.</p><p>Because of the regional socioeconomic imbalances in China, more healthcare funding is needed in rural areas. It will be important to construct a better epidemic disease surveillance system. Additionally, to limit the risks of transmission of viruses from animal vectors to humans, the government should restrict the consumption of wild animals, centralize poultry slaughtering, secure the cold-chain transportation system, and abolish the sale of live poultry near residential areas because viruses, such as H7N9, can be transmitted in poultry markets or during at-home killing.</p><p>Legislation is needed to ensure that research on highly contagious pathogens is tightly regulated and conducted in high-security facilities. Man-made viruses—such as the H5N1-H1N1 hybrid, which exhibits a high transmission capacity and high mortality rate—should be taken seriously. Additionally, owing to its continuous economic growth and biotechnological progress, China should be an active participant in combating emerging epidemics worldwide, such as MERS and Ebola.</p><p>In conclusion, the SARS tragedy compelled the Chinese government to reform its administrative rules, promote biomedical technology, and enhance its public health systems. These improvements involve three fundamental, mutually reinforcing components: (1) enduring government administration reforms, including legislation establishing a unified public health emergency management system; (2) prioritized funding for biotechnology and biomedicine industrialization, especially in the areas of pathogen identification, drug production, and the development of vaccines and diagnostics; and (3) increasing investment for public health and establishment of a rapid-response infectious diseases prevention and control system. China's experience in combating emerging epidemics would benefit human security and public health over the world if shared internationally.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>This study was supported in part by research funding from the Natural Science Funding of Guangdong Province (no. 2016A030313039 and no. 2014A030313563), Science and Technology Funding of Shenzhen (no. JCYJ20150626141652681 and no. CXZZ20140418182638770), Shenzhen University Funding (no. 2011-6), and Discipline Construction Funding of Shenzhen (2016).</p></ack><sec><title>Competing Interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' Contributions</title><p>The authors Pengfei Wei and Zelang Cai contributed equally to this work.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fraser</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ghani</surname><given-names>A. C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology, transmission dynamics and control of SARS: the 2002-2003 epidemic</article-title><source><italic>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences</italic></source><year>2004</year><volume>359</volume><issue>1447</issue><fpage>1091</fpage><lpage>1105</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rstb.2004.1490</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15306395</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>B. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Y. Q.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>302</volume><issue>5643</issue><fpage>276</fpage><lpage>278</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1087139</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12958366</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><comment>Cumulative Number of Reported Probable Cases of SARS 2015, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_07_11/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_07_11/en/index.html</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia</article-title><source><italic>Nature</italic></source><year>2004</year><volume>430</volume><issue>6996</issue><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature02746</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15241415</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><comment>Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO 2015, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_cumulative_table_archives/en/">http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_cumulative_table_archives/en/</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source><italic>China-WHO Joint Mission on Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus</italic></source><year>2013</year><publisher-loc>Geneva, Switzerland</publisher-loc><publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><source><italic>Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface</italic></source><year>2015</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/">http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wan</surname><given-names>J. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qian</surname><given-names>K. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical characteristics of human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A(H10N8) virus</article-title><source><italic>Chinese Medical Journal</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>127</volume><issue>18</issue><fpage>3238</fpage><lpage>3242</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20140994</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84907298226</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25266520</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><comment>Human infection with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus-China. 2014, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/28-december-2014-avian-influenza/en/">http://www.who.int/csr/don/28-december-2014-avian-influenza/en/</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stone</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>China first to vaccinate against novel H1N1 virus</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>325</volume><issue>5947</issue><fpage>1482</fpage><lpage>1483</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.325_1482</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-70349349156</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19762610</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>What we have learnt from SARS epidemics in China</article-title><source><italic>British Medical Journal</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>333</volume><issue>7564</issue><fpage>389</fpage><lpage>391</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.333.7564.389</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-33747596934</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16916828</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Peiris</surname><given-names>J. S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lai</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poon</surname><given-names>L. L. M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source><italic>The Lancet</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>361</volume><issue>9366</issue><fpage>1319</fpage><lpage>1325</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0242717589</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Drosten</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gunther</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Preiser</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source><italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>348</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>1967</fpage><lpage>1976</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejmoa030747</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12690091</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ksiazek</surname><given-names>T. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Erdman</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldsmith</surname><given-names>C. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source><italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>348</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>1953</fpage><lpage>1966</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejmoa030781</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12690092</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marra</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Astell</surname><given-names>C. R.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The Genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>300</volume><issue>5624</issue><fpage>1399</fpage><lpage>1404</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1085953</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12730501</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><source><italic>Consensus Document on the Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</italic></source><year>2003</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/WHOconsensus.pdf">http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/WHOconsensus.pdf</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>G. Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>Z. C.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical status and its associated early warning per emerging infectious respiratory disease in China</article-title><source><italic>Chinese Medical Journal</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>127</volume><issue>17</issue><fpage>3043</fpage><lpage>3045</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20141839</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84906957624</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25189942</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>China TCPsGotPsRo</collab><comment>The Regulation on Public Health Emergency 2003, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2005-05/20/content_145.htm">http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2005-05/20/content_145.htm</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>China TCPsGotPsRo</collab><source><italic>Measures for the Administration of Information Reporting on the Monitoring of Public Health Emergencies and Epidemic Situation of Infectious Diseases</italic></source><year>2003</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>China TCPsGotPsRo</collab><source><italic>The Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases</italic></source><year>2004</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-05/25/content_971.htm">http://www.gov.cn/banshi/2005-05/25/content_971.htm</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>NHFPC</collab><source><italic>A Technical Guide for Avian Flu Prevention and Control</italic></source><year>2004</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/zhuzhan/zcjd/201304/419f17bed4294f3cafe96e0989a0496d.shtml">http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/zhuzhan/zcjd/201304/419f17bed4294f3cafe96e0989a0496d.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>China TCPsGotPsRo</collab><source><italic>Law on Animal Disease Prevention</italic></source><year>2007</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2007-08/31/content_732590.htm">http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2007-08/31/content_732590.htm</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>nhfpc</collab><article-title>Guide on prevention of human infection of swine flu 2009</article-title><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/s3577/200904/77409e8ed2d64873adc7a9559ab90c2f.shtml">http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/s3577/200904/77409e8ed2d64873adc7a9559ab90c2f.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>NHFPC</collab><source><italic>Guide on Preventing Nosocomial H7N9-Infection</italic></source><year>2013</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/bmdt/201304/78b2497cfd1c437982fd2ff3ea7b43bb.shtml">http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/bmdt/201304/78b2497cfd1c437982fd2ff3ea7b43bb.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>XinhuaNet</collab><source><italic>Confirmation of the First H1N1 Case in China</italic></source><year>2009</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/11/content_11351952.htm">http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-05/11/content_11351952.htm</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><comment>NHFPC. 3 cases of human-infected H7N9 influenza virus in Shanghai and Anhui 2013, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/s3578/201303/1d2509cd264c4e36af1dc5505d4ba577.shtml">http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yjb/s3578/201303/1d2509cd264c4e36af1dc5505d4ba577.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>NHFPC</collab><source><italic>Report of State Counsel on Infectious Diseases Control and Laws Enforcement</italic></source><year>2013</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.moh.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/201308/e2f9490aa4d742bdb978e4a277e095d9.shtml">http://www.moh.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/201308/e2f9490aa4d742bdb978e4a277e095d9.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus</article-title><source><italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>368</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>1888</fpage><lpage>1897</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejmoa1304459</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23577628</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: a descriptive study</article-title><source><italic>The Lancet</italic></source><year>2014</year><volume>383</volume><issue>9918</issue><fpage>714</fpage><lpage>721</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60111-2</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source><italic>Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus—China</italic></source><year>2015</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/12-february-2015-avian-influenza/en/">http://www.who.int/csr/don/12-february-2015-avian-influenza/en/</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rohde</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qin</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cui</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Open-source genomic analysis of Shiga-toxin-producing <italic>E. coli</italic> O104:H4</article-title><source><italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>365</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>718</fpage><lpage>724</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/nejmoa1107643</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21793736</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><year>2005</year><volume>310</volume><issue>5748</issue><fpage>676</fpage><lpage>679</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1118391</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16195424</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>T. T.-Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China</article-title><source><italic>Nature</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>502</volume><issue>7470</issue><fpage>241</fpage><lpage>244</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature12515</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23965623</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>CFaD Administration</collab><source><italic>China's National Vaccine Regulatory System Passed the Assessment of WHO</italic></source><year>2011</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0051/59074.html">http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0051/59074.html</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>Administration CFAD</collab><comment>Datasearch 2015, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html">http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor</article-title><source><italic>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</italic></source><year>2003</year><volume>100</volume><issue>23</issue><fpage>13190</fpage><lpage>13195</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1835675100</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-0345255626</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14585926</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The hemagglutinin structure of an avian H1N1 influenza A virus</article-title><source><italic>Virology</italic></source><year>2009</year><volume>392</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.028</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19628241</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bartlam</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Crystal structure of the polymerase PA<sub>C</sub>-PB1<sub>N</sub> complex from an avian influenza H5N1 virus</article-title><source><italic>Nature</italic></source><year>2008</year><volume>454</volume><issue>7208</issue><fpage>1123</fpage><lpage>1126</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature07120</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-50649089174</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18615018</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bi</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vavricka</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Characterization of two distinct neuraminidases from avian-origin human-infecting H7N9 influenza viruses</article-title><source><italic>Cell Research</italic></source><year>2013</year><volume>23</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1347</fpage><lpage>1355</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/cr.2013.144</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="other">2-s2.0-84889102673</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24165891</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Q. Q.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Oseltamivir compared with the Chinese traditional therapy maxingshigan-yinqiaosan in the treatment of H1N1 influenza: a randomized trial</article-title><source><italic>Annals of Internal Medicine</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>155</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>217</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-155-4-201108160-00005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21844547</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>China NHaFPCotPsRo</collab><article-title>State Council's report on infectious diseases control and prevention 2013</article-title><comment>2015, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.moh.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/201308/e2f9490aa4d742bdb978e4a277e095d9.shtml">http://www.moh.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/201308/e2f9490aa4d742bdb978e4a277e095d9.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><source><italic>Ebola Current Situation</italic></source><year>2015</year><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://apps.who.int/ebola/en/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-10-june-2015">http://apps.who.int/ebola/en/current-situation/ebola-situation-report-10-june-2015</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>NHFPC</collab><article-title>International Workshop on Ebola virus 2015</article-title><comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/gjhzs/s3586/201503/beec6959564c493eaa9cf5b852e32608.shtml">http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/gjhzs/s3586/201503/beec6959564c493eaa9cf5b852e32608.shtml</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>CFDA</collab><comment>Datasearch 2014, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html">http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>F.-C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hou</surname><given-names>L.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>J.-X.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine in healthy adults in China: preliminary report of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial</article-title><source><italic>The Lancet</italic></source><year>2015</year><volume>385</volume><issue>9984</issue><fpage>2272</fpage><lpage>2279</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60553-0</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>China TSCoTPsRo</collab><comment>Chinese drug MIL-77 used to cure British Ebola patient 2015, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/04/01/content_281475081160890.htm">http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/04/01/content_281475081160890.htm</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zou</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Imported case of MERS-CoV infection identified in China, May 2015: detection and lesson learned</article-title><source><italic>Eurosurveillance</italic></source><year>2015</year><volume>20</volume><issue>24, article 1</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.24.21158</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Summary of epidemics caused by emerging respiratory viruses in China from 2003 to 2014<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-Cov</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H5N1</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N1</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H7N9</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1st case in China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guangdong,<break></break>November 2002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong,<break></break>May 1997</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sichuan,<break></break>May 2009</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shanghai,<break></break>February 2013</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Viral genome</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive-sense, ss RNA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative-sense, ss segmented RNA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative-sense, ss segmented RNA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative-sense, ss segmented RNA</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathogen identification</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WHO declared SARS-Cov as the pathogen,<break></break>April 16, 2003</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">National Influenza Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK; CDC, USA,<break></break>August 1997</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CDC, USA,<break></break>April 15, 2009</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CDC, China,<break></break>March 29, 2013</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epidemiology in China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,341 cases<break></break>349 deaths<break></break>DR, 6.5%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 cases<break></break>30 deaths<break></break>DR, 63.8%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128,966 cases<break></break>891 deaths<break></break>DR, 0.6%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">349 cases<break></break>136 deaths<break></break>DR, 38.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human-to-human transmission</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limited</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limited</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genesis/source</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bats</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Domestic poultry</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swines</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Domestic poultry</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diagnostics in China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time PCR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ELISA/real-time PCR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ELISA/real-time PCR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time PCR</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drugs in China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No specific medication</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oseltamivir, amantadine, and rimantadine; TCM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oseltamivir and zanamivir; TCM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oseltamivir and zanamivir; TCM</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccines in China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated vaccine<break></break>Phase I clinical trials finished in 2004</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated vaccine approved in 2008 for storage, not for public sale</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated vaccine approved for market in 2009</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inactivated vaccine approved for clinical trial in 2014</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Data from WHO, Chinese Food and Drug Administration, and CMH. </p></fn><fn><p>ss: single-stranded; DR: death rate; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; and ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/H2N2V1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 0009280 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 0009280 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= H2N2V1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |