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<title xml:lang="en">Adaptation of a Duck Influenza A Virus in Quail</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yamada, Shinya" sort="Yamada, Shinya" uniqKey="Yamada S" first="Shinya" last="Yamada">Shinya Yamada</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shinya, Kyoko" sort="Shinya, Kyoko" uniqKey="Shinya K" first="Kyoko" last="Shinya">Kyoko Shinya</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takada, Ayato" sort="Takada, Ayato" uniqKey="Takada A" first="Ayato" last="Takada">Ayato Takada</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ito, Toshihiro" sort="Ito, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Ito T" first="Toshihiro" last="Ito">Toshihiro Ito</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suzuki, Takashi" sort="Suzuki, Takashi" uniqKey="Suzuki T" first="Takashi" last="Suzuki">Takashi Suzuki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suzuki, Yasuo" sort="Suzuki, Yasuo" uniqKey="Suzuki Y" first="Yasuo" last="Suzuki">Yasuo Suzuki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Le, Quynh Mai" sort="Le, Quynh Mai" uniqKey="Le Q" first="Quynh Mai" last="Le">Quynh Mai Le</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff9">National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ebina, Masahito" sort="Ebina, Masahito" uniqKey="Ebina M" first="Masahito" last="Ebina">Masahito Ebina</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kasai, Noriyuki" sort="Kasai, Noriyuki" uniqKey="Kasai N" first="Noriyuki" last="Kasai">Noriyuki Kasai</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kida, Hiroshi" sort="Kida, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Kida H" first="Hiroshi" last="Kida">Hiroshi Kida</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff12">Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Horimoto, Taisuke" sort="Horimoto, Taisuke" uniqKey="Horimoto T" first="Taisuke" last="Horimoto">Taisuke Horimoto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rivailler, Pierre" sort="Rivailler, Pierre" uniqKey="Rivailler P" first="Pierre" last="Rivailler">Pierre Rivailler</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Li Mei" sort="Chen, Li Mei" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li Mei" last="Chen">Li Mei Chen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Donis, Ruben O" sort="Donis, Ruben O" uniqKey="Donis R" first="Ruben O." last="Donis">Ruben O. Donis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff2">International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff16">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">22090115</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3264366</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264366</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3264366</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.06100-11</idno>
<date when="2012">2012</date>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Adaptation of a Duck Influenza A Virus in Quail</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yamada, Shinya" sort="Yamada, Shinya" uniqKey="Yamada S" first="Shinya" last="Yamada">Shinya Yamada</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shinya, Kyoko" sort="Shinya, Kyoko" uniqKey="Shinya K" first="Kyoko" last="Shinya">Kyoko Shinya</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takada, Ayato" sort="Takada, Ayato" uniqKey="Takada A" first="Ayato" last="Takada">Ayato Takada</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ito, Toshihiro" sort="Ito, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Ito T" first="Toshihiro" last="Ito">Toshihiro Ito</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suzuki, Takashi" sort="Suzuki, Takashi" uniqKey="Suzuki T" first="Takashi" last="Suzuki">Takashi Suzuki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suzuki, Yasuo" sort="Suzuki, Yasuo" uniqKey="Suzuki Y" first="Yasuo" last="Suzuki">Yasuo Suzuki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff8">Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Le, Quynh Mai" sort="Le, Quynh Mai" uniqKey="Le Q" first="Quynh Mai" last="Le">Quynh Mai Le</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff9">National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ebina, Masahito" sort="Ebina, Masahito" uniqKey="Ebina M" first="Masahito" last="Ebina">Masahito Ebina</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kasai, Noriyuki" sort="Kasai, Noriyuki" uniqKey="Kasai N" first="Noriyuki" last="Kasai">Noriyuki Kasai</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kida, Hiroshi" sort="Kida, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Kida H" first="Hiroshi" last="Kida">Hiroshi Kida</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff12">Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Horimoto, Taisuke" sort="Horimoto, Taisuke" uniqKey="Horimoto T" first="Taisuke" last="Horimoto">Taisuke Horimoto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rivailler, Pierre" sort="Rivailler, Pierre" uniqKey="Rivailler P" first="Pierre" last="Rivailler">Pierre Rivailler</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chen, Li Mei" sort="Chen, Li Mei" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li Mei" last="Chen">Li Mei Chen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Donis, Ruben O" sort="Donis, Ruben O" uniqKey="Donis R" first="Ruben O." last="Donis">Ruben O. Donis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff2">International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff16">ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Journal of Virology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>Quail are thought to serve as intermediate hosts of influenza A viruses between aquatic birds and terrestrial birds, such as chickens, due to their high susceptibility to aquatic-bird viruses, which then adapt to replicate efficiently in their new hosts. However, does replication of aquatic-bird influenza viruses in quail similarly result in their efficient replication in humans? Using sialic acid-galactose linkage-specific lectins, we found both avian (sialic acid-α2-3-galactose [Siaα2-3Gal] linkages on sialyloligosaccharides)- and human (Siaα2-6Gal)-type receptors on the tracheal cells of quail, consistent with previous reports. We also passaged a duck H3N2 virus in quail 19 times. Sequence analysis revealed that eight mutations accumulated in hemagglutinin (HA) during these passages. Interestingly, many of the altered HA amino acids found in the adapted virus are present in human seasonal viruses, but not in duck viruses. We also found that stepwise stalk deletion of neuraminidase occurred during passages, resulting in reduced neuraminidase function. Despite some hemagglutinin mutations near the receptor binding pocket, appreciable changes in receptor specificity were not detected. However, reverse-genetics-generated viruses that possessed the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the quail-passaged virus replicated significantly better than the virus possessing the parent HA and neuraminidase in normal human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas no significant difference in replication between the two viruses was observed in duck cells. Further, the quail-passaged but not the original duck virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells. These data indicate that quail can serve as intermediate hosts for aquatic-bird influenza viruses to be transmitted to humans.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Virol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">jvi</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">jvi</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JVI</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Virology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0022-538X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1098-5514</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22090115</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3264366</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6100-11</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.06100-11</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Genetic Diversity and Evolution</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Adaptation of a Duck Influenza A Virus in Quail</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yamada</surname>
<given-names>Shinya</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shinya</surname>
<given-names>Kyoko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>c</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Takada</surname>
<given-names>Ayato</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ito</surname>
<given-names>Toshihiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>e</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Suzuki</surname>
<given-names>Takashi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>f</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>h</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Suzuki</surname>
<given-names>Yasuo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>g</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>h</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Le</surname>
<given-names>Quynh Mai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>i</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ebina</surname>
<given-names>Masahito</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>j</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kasai</surname>
<given-names>Noriyuki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>k</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kida</surname>
<given-names>Hiroshi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>l</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>m</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Horimoto</surname>
<given-names>Taisuke</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rivailler</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>n</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Li Mei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>n</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Donis</surname>
<given-names>Ruben O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>n</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<name>
<surname>Kawaoka</surname>
<given-names>Yoshihiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>b</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>c</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>o</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>p</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>a</label>
Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>b</label>
International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>c</label>
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>d</label>
Department of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>e</label>
Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>f</label>
Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>g</label>
Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>h</label>
Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>i</label>
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Hanoi, Vietnam</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>j</label>
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>k</label>
Institute for Animal Experimentation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>l</label>
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>m</label>
Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>n</label>
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>o</label>
Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>p</label>
ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama, Japan</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp>Address correspondence to Yoshihiro Kawaoka,
<email>kawaoka@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email>
.</corresp>
<fn id="FN1" fn-type="present-address">
<label>*</label>
<p>Present address: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, Japan.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>2</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>86</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>1411</fpage>
<lpage>1420</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>23</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>7</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>American Society for Microbiology</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="zjv00312001411.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Quail are thought to serve as intermediate hosts of influenza A viruses between aquatic birds and terrestrial birds, such as chickens, due to their high susceptibility to aquatic-bird viruses, which then adapt to replicate efficiently in their new hosts. However, does replication of aquatic-bird influenza viruses in quail similarly result in their efficient replication in humans? Using sialic acid-galactose linkage-specific lectins, we found both avian (sialic acid-α2-3-galactose [Siaα2-3Gal] linkages on sialyloligosaccharides)- and human (Siaα2-6Gal)-type receptors on the tracheal cells of quail, consistent with previous reports. We also passaged a duck H3N2 virus in quail 19 times. Sequence analysis revealed that eight mutations accumulated in hemagglutinin (HA) during these passages. Interestingly, many of the altered HA amino acids found in the adapted virus are present in human seasonal viruses, but not in duck viruses. We also found that stepwise stalk deletion of neuraminidase occurred during passages, resulting in reduced neuraminidase function. Despite some hemagglutinin mutations near the receptor binding pocket, appreciable changes in receptor specificity were not detected. However, reverse-genetics-generated viruses that possessed the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the quail-passaged virus replicated significantly better than the virus possessing the parent HA and neuraminidase in normal human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas no significant difference in replication between the two viruses was observed in duck cells. Further, the quail-passaged but not the original duck virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells. These data indicate that quail can serve as intermediate hosts for aquatic-bird influenza viruses to be transmitted to humans.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
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