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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus
hemagglutinin gene</title>
<author><name sortKey="Reid, Ann H" sort="Reid, Ann H" uniqKey="Reid A" first="Ann H." last="Reid">Ann H. Reid</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fanning, Thomas G" sort="Fanning, Thomas G" uniqKey="Fanning T" first="Thomas G." last="Fanning">Thomas G. Fanning</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hultin, Johan V" sort="Hultin, Johan V" uniqKey="Hultin J" first="Johan V." last="Hultin">Johan V. Hultin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jeffery K" sort="Taubenberger, Jeffery K" uniqKey="Taubenberger J" first="Jeffery K." last="Taubenberger">Jeffery K. Taubenberger</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">9990079</idno>
<idno type="pmc">15547</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15547</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:15547</idno>
<date when="1999">1999</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000149</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000149</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus
hemagglutinin gene</title>
<author><name sortKey="Reid, Ann H" sort="Reid, Ann H" uniqKey="Reid A" first="Ann H." last="Reid">Ann H. Reid</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fanning, Thomas G" sort="Fanning, Thomas G" uniqKey="Fanning T" first="Thomas G." last="Fanning">Thomas G. Fanning</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hultin, Johan V" sort="Hultin, Johan V" uniqKey="Hultin J" first="Johan V." last="Hultin">Johan V. Hultin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jeffery K" sort="Taubenberger, Jeffery K" uniqKey="Taubenberger J" first="Jeffery K." last="Taubenberger">Jeffery K. Taubenberger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno>
<imprint><date when="1999">1999</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The “Spanish” influenza pandemic killed over 20 million
people in 1918 and 1919, making it the worst infectious pandemic in
history. Here, we report the complete sequence of the hemagglutinin
(HA) gene of the 1918 virus. Influenza RNA for the analysis was
isolated from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue sample
prepared during the autopsy of a victim of the influenza pandemic in
1918. Influenza RNA was also isolated from lung tissue samples from two
additional victims of the lethal 1918 influenza: one formalin-fixed,
paraffin-embedded sample and one frozen sample obtained by <italic>in
situ</italic>
biopsy of the lung of a victim buried in permafrost since
1918. The complete coding sequence of the A/South Carolina/1/18
HA gene was obtained. The HA1 domain sequence was confirmed by using
the two additional isolates (A/New York/1/18 and A/Brevig
Mission/1/18). The sequences show little variation. Phylogenetic
analyses suggest that the 1918 virus HA gene, although more closely
related to avian strains than any other mammalian sequence, is
mammalian and may have been adapting in humans before 1918.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id>
<journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>The National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">9990079</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">15547</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">4397</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus
hemagglutinin gene</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reid</surname>
<given-names>Ann H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN150">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fanning</surname>
<given-names>Thomas G.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hultin</surname>
<given-names>Johan V.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Taubenberger</surname>
<given-names>Jeffery K.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="N0x970ec60.0x9ba1b68">Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000</aff>
<author-notes><fn id="FN150"><label>*</label>
<p>To whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail:
<email>reid@afip.osd.mil</email>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn><p>Communicated by Edwin D. Kilbourne, New York Medical College,
Valhalla, NY</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>16</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>96</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>1651</fpage>
<lpage>1656</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>1998</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>1998</year>
</date>
</history>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 1999, The National Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>1999</copyright-year>
<abstract><p>The “Spanish” influenza pandemic killed over 20 million
people in 1918 and 1919, making it the worst infectious pandemic in
history. Here, we report the complete sequence of the hemagglutinin
(HA) gene of the 1918 virus. Influenza RNA for the analysis was
isolated from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue sample
prepared during the autopsy of a victim of the influenza pandemic in
1918. Influenza RNA was also isolated from lung tissue samples from two
additional victims of the lethal 1918 influenza: one formalin-fixed,
paraffin-embedded sample and one frozen sample obtained by <italic>in
situ</italic>
biopsy of the lung of a victim buried in permafrost since
1918. The complete coding sequence of the A/South Carolina/1/18
HA gene was obtained. The HA1 domain sequence was confirmed by using
the two additional isolates (A/New York/1/18 and A/Brevig
Mission/1/18). The sequences show little variation. Phylogenetic
analyses suggest that the 1918 virus HA gene, although more closely
related to avian strains than any other mammalian sequence, is
mammalian and may have been adapting in humans before 1918.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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