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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Molecular Basis for the Generation in Pigs of Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ito, Toshihiro" sort="Ito, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Ito T" first="Toshihiro" last="Ito">Toshihiro Ito</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Couceiro, J Nelson S S" sort="Couceiro, J Nelson S S" uniqKey="Couceiro J" first="J. Nelson S. S." last="Couceiro">J. Nelson S. S. Couceiro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelm, S Rge" sort="Kelm, S Rge" uniqKey="Kelm S" first="S Rge" last="Kelm">S Rge Kelm</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baum, Linda G" sort="Baum, Linda G" uniqKey="Baum L" first="Linda G." last="Baum">Linda G. Baum</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krauss, Scott" sort="Krauss, Scott" uniqKey="Krauss S" first="Scott" last="Krauss">Scott Krauss</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Castrucci, Maria R" sort="Castrucci, Maria R" uniqKey="Castrucci M" first="Maria R." last="Castrucci">Maria R. Castrucci</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donatelli, Isabella" sort="Donatelli, Isabella" uniqKey="Donatelli I" first="Isabella" last="Donatelli">Isabella Donatelli</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kida, Hiroshi" sort="Kida, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Kida H" first="Hiroshi" last="Kida">Hiroshi Kida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paulson, James C" sort="Paulson, James C" uniqKey="Paulson J" first="James C." last="Paulson">James C. Paulson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G." last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">9696833</idno>
<idno type="pmc">109961</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC109961</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:109961</idno>
<date when="1998">1998</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000144</idno>
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</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular Basis for the Generation in Pigs of Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ito, Toshihiro" sort="Ito, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Ito T" first="Toshihiro" last="Ito">Toshihiro Ito</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Couceiro, J Nelson S S" sort="Couceiro, J Nelson S S" uniqKey="Couceiro J" first="J. Nelson S. S." last="Couceiro">J. Nelson S. S. Couceiro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelm, S Rge" sort="Kelm, S Rge" uniqKey="Kelm S" first="S Rge" last="Kelm">S Rge Kelm</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baum, Linda G" sort="Baum, Linda G" uniqKey="Baum L" first="Linda G." last="Baum">Linda G. Baum</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krauss, Scott" sort="Krauss, Scott" uniqKey="Krauss S" first="Scott" last="Krauss">Scott Krauss</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Castrucci, Maria R" sort="Castrucci, Maria R" uniqKey="Castrucci M" first="Maria R." last="Castrucci">Maria R. Castrucci</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donatelli, Isabella" sort="Donatelli, Isabella" uniqKey="Donatelli I" first="Isabella" last="Donatelli">Isabella Donatelli</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kida, Hiroshi" sort="Kida, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Kida H" first="Hiroshi" last="Kida">Hiroshi Kida</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paulson, James C" sort="Paulson, James C" uniqKey="Paulson J" first="James C." last="Paulson">James C. Paulson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webster, Robert G" sort="Webster, Robert G" uniqKey="Webster R" first="Robert G." last="Webster">Robert G. Webster</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" sort="Kawaoka, Yoshihiro" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y" first="Yoshihiro" last="Kawaoka">Yoshihiro Kawaoka</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"></nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Virology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno>
<imprint><date when="1998">1998</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Genetic and biologic observations suggest that pigs may serve as “mixing vessels” for the generation of human-avian influenza A virus reassortants, similar to those responsible for the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Here we demonstrate a structural basis for this hypothesis. Cell surface receptors for both human and avian influenza viruses were identified in the pig trachea, providing a milieu conducive to viral replication and genetic reassortment. Surprisingly, with continued replication, some avian-like swine viruses acquired the ability to recognize human virus receptors, raising the possibility of their direct transmission to human populations. These findings help to explain the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses and support the need for continued surveillance of swine for viruses carrying avian virus genes.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Virol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">J VIROL</journal-id>
<journal-title>Journal of Virology</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0022-538X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1098-5514</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>American Society for Microbiology</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">9696833</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">109961</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0417</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Animal Viruses</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Molecular Basis for the Generation in Pigs of Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ito</surname>
<given-names>Toshihiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN151">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Couceiro</surname>
<given-names>J. Nelson S. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kelm</surname>
<given-names>Sørge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baum</surname>
<given-names>Linda G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krauss</surname>
<given-names>Scott</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castrucci</surname>
<given-names>Maria R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Donatelli</surname>
<given-names>Isabella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kida</surname>
<given-names>Hiroshi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paulson</surname>
<given-names>James C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Webster</surname>
<given-names>Robert G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kawaoka</surname>
<given-names>Yoshihiro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58">8</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN150">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="N0x8b7bde0.0x993fe58"> Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan<sup>1</sup>
; Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil<sup>2</sup>
; Biochemisches Institut, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany<sup>3</sup>
; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024-1732<sup>4</sup>
; Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101<sup>5</sup>
; Department of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy<sup>6</sup>
; Cytel, Inc., and Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037<sup>7</sup>
; and Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163<sup>8</sup>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn id="FN150"><label>*</label>
<p>Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr. West, Madison, WI 53706. Phone: (608) 265-4925. Fax: (608) 265-5622. E-mail: <email>kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu</email>
.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="FN151"><label>†</label>
<p>Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month>
<year>1998</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>72</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>7367</fpage>
<lpage>7373</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>1998</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>1998</year>
</date>
</history>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>1998</copyright-year>
<abstract><p>Genetic and biologic observations suggest that pigs may serve as “mixing vessels” for the generation of human-avian influenza A virus reassortants, similar to those responsible for the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Here we demonstrate a structural basis for this hypothesis. Cell surface receptors for both human and avian influenza viruses were identified in the pig trachea, providing a milieu conducive to viral replication and genetic reassortment. Surprisingly, with continued replication, some avian-like swine viruses acquired the ability to recognize human virus receptors, raising the possibility of their direct transmission to human populations. These findings help to explain the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses and support the need for continued surveillance of swine for viruses carrying avian virus genes.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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