Non‐random reassortment in human influenza A viruses
Identifieur interne : 000B09 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000B08; suivant : 000B10Non‐random reassortment in human influenza A viruses
Auteurs : Raul Rabadan ; Arnold J. Levine ; Michael KrasnitzSource :
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses [ 1750-2640 ] ; 2008.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2007.00030.x
PubMed: 19453489
PubMed Central: 4634327
Affiliations:
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PMC:4634327Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Levine, Arnold J" sort="Levine, Arnold J" uniqKey="Levine A" first="Arnold J." last="Levine">Arnold J. Levine</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Non‐random reassortment in human influenza A viruses</title>
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<author><name sortKey="Levine, Arnold J" sort="Levine, Arnold J" uniqKey="Levine A" first="Arnold J." last="Levine">Arnold J. Levine</name>
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<series><title level="j">Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1750-2640</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1750-2659</idno>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background </bold>
The influenza A virus has two basic modes of evolution. Because of a high error rate in the process of replication by RNA polymerase, the viral genome drifts via accumulated mutations. The second mode of evolution is termed a shift, which results from the reassortment of the eight segments of this virus. When two different influenza viruses co‐infect the same host cell, new virions can be released that contain segments from both parental strains. This type of shift has been the source of at least two of the influenza pandemics in the 20th century (H2N2 in 1957 and H3N2 in 1968).</p>
<p><bold>Objectives </bold>
The methods to measure these genetic shifts have not yet provided a quantitative answer to questions such as: what is the rate of genetic reassortment during a local epidemic? Are all possible reassortments equally likely or are there preferred patterns?</p>
<p><bold>Methods </bold>
To answer these questions and provide a quantitative way to measure genetic shifts, a new method for detecting reassortments from nucleotide sequence data was created that does not rely upon phylogenetic analysis. Two different sequence databases were used: human H3N2 viruses isolated in New York State between 1995 and 2006, and human H3N2 viruses isolated in New Zealand between 2000 and 2005.</p>
<p><bold>Results </bold>
Using this new method, we were able to reproduce all the reassortments found in earlier works, as well as detect, with very high confidence, many reassortments that were not detected by previous authors. We obtain a lower bound on the reassortment rate of 2–3 events per year, and find a clear preference for reassortments involving only one segment, most often hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. At a lower frequency several segments appear to reassort <italic>in vivo</italic>
in defined groups as has been suggested previously <italic>in vitro</italic>
.</p>
<p><bold>Conclusions </bold>
Our results strongly suggest that the patterns of reassortment in the viral population are not random. Deciphering these patterns can be a useful tool in attempting to understand and predict possible influenza pandemics.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Influenza Other Respir Viruses</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Influenza Other Respir Viruses</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1111/(ISSN)1750-2659</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IRV</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="ppub">1750-2640</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1750-2659</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19453489</article-id>
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<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IRV030</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Non‐random reassortment in human influenza A viruses</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">Rabadan <italic>et al.</italic>
</alt-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head">Non‐random reassortment in human influenza A viruses</alt-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib id="cr1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rabadan</surname>
<given-names>Raul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="author-note" rid="fn1"><sup>a</sup>
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<contrib id="cr2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levine</surname>
<given-names>Arnold J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1-1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="cr3" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krasnitz</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="author-note" rid="fn1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
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<aff id="aff-1-1"><label><sup>1</sup>
</label>
Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Dr., Princeton, NJ, USA.</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo">Raul Rabadan, Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Dr., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA. Email: <email>rabadan@ias.edu</email>
, <email>krasnitz@ias.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="fn1"><label>a</label>
<p>These two authors have contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>1</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/irv.2008.2.issue-1</issue-id>
<fpage>9</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
<history><italic>Accepted 28 November 2007</italic>
.</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2008 The Authors</copyright-statement>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="file:IRV-2-09.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract abstract-type="main"><p><bold>Background </bold>
The influenza A virus has two basic modes of evolution. Because of a high error rate in the process of replication by RNA polymerase, the viral genome drifts via accumulated mutations. The second mode of evolution is termed a shift, which results from the reassortment of the eight segments of this virus. When two different influenza viruses co‐infect the same host cell, new virions can be released that contain segments from both parental strains. This type of shift has been the source of at least two of the influenza pandemics in the 20th century (H2N2 in 1957 and H3N2 in 1968).</p>
<p><bold>Objectives </bold>
The methods to measure these genetic shifts have not yet provided a quantitative answer to questions such as: what is the rate of genetic reassortment during a local epidemic? Are all possible reassortments equally likely or are there preferred patterns?</p>
<p><bold>Methods </bold>
To answer these questions and provide a quantitative way to measure genetic shifts, a new method for detecting reassortments from nucleotide sequence data was created that does not rely upon phylogenetic analysis. Two different sequence databases were used: human H3N2 viruses isolated in New York State between 1995 and 2006, and human H3N2 viruses isolated in New Zealand between 2000 and 2005.</p>
<p><bold>Results </bold>
Using this new method, we were able to reproduce all the reassortments found in earlier works, as well as detect, with very high confidence, many reassortments that were not detected by previous authors. We obtain a lower bound on the reassortment rate of 2–3 events per year, and find a clear preference for reassortments involving only one segment, most often hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. At a lower frequency several segments appear to reassort <italic>in vivo</italic>
in defined groups as has been suggested previously <italic>in vitro</italic>
.</p>
<p><bold>Conclusions </bold>
Our results strongly suggest that the patterns of reassortment in the viral population are not random. Deciphering these patterns can be a useful tool in attempting to understand and predict possible influenza pandemics.</p>
</abstract>
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