Serveur d'exploration H2N2

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Evolutionary Trends of A(H1N1) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Since 1918

Identifieur interne : 000A57 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000A56; suivant : 000A58

Evolutionary Trends of A(H1N1) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Since 1918

Auteurs : Jun Shen [États-Unis] ; Jianpeng Ma [États-Unis] ; Qinghua Wang [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:2773012

Abstract

The Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. Although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. As the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in A(H3N2) virus. However, whether and how the evolution of HA is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for A(H1N1). Here, by analyzing hundreds of A(H1N1) HA sequences since 1918, we show the first evidence that host selections are indeed present in A(H1N1) HAs. Among a subgroup of human A(H1N1) HAs between 1918∼2008, we found strong diversifying (positive) selection at HA1 156 and 190. We also analyzed the evolutionary trends at HA1 190 and 225 that are critical determinants for receptor-binding specificity of A(H1N1) HA. Different A(H1N1) viruses appeared to favor one of these two sites in host-driven antigenic drift: epidemic A(H1N1) HAs favor HA1 190 while the 1918 pandemic and swine HAs favor HA1 225. Thus, our results highlight the urgency to understand the interplay between antigenic drift and receptor binding in HA evolution, and provide molecular signatures for monitoring future antigenically drifted 2009 pandemic and seasonal A(H1N1) influenza viruses.


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007789
PubMed: 19924230
PubMed Central: 2773012


Affiliations:


Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)


Links to Exploration step

PMC:2773012

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Evolutionary Trends of A(H1N1) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Since 1918</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, Jun" sort="Shen, Jun" uniqKey="Shen J" first="Jun" last="Shen">Jun Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ma, Jianpeng" sort="Ma, Jianpeng" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jianpeng" last="Ma">Jianpeng Ma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Qinghua" sort="Wang, Qinghua" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qinghua" last="Wang">Qinghua Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">19924230</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2773012</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2773012</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2773012</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0007789</idno>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A94</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A94</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A94</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A94</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000A57</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000A57</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evolutionary Trends of A(H1N1) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Since 1918</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, Jun" sort="Shen, Jun" uniqKey="Shen J" first="Jun" last="Shen">Jun Shen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ma, Jianpeng" sort="Ma, Jianpeng" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jianpeng" last="Ma">Jianpeng Ma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Qinghua" sort="Wang, Qinghua" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qinghua" last="Wang">Qinghua Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>The Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. Although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. As the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in A(H3N2) virus. However, whether and how the evolution of HA is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for A(H1N1). Here, by analyzing hundreds of A(H1N1) HA sequences since 1918, we show the first evidence that host selections are indeed present in A(H1N1) HAs. Among a subgroup of human A(H1N1) HAs between 1918∼2008, we found strong diversifying (positive) selection at HA
<sub>1</sub>
156 and 190. We also analyzed the evolutionary trends at HA
<sub>1</sub>
190 and 225 that are critical determinants for receptor-binding specificity of A(H1N1) HA. Different A(H1N1) viruses appeared to favor one of these two sites in host-driven antigenic drift: epidemic A(H1N1) HAs favor HA
<sub>1</sub>
190 while the 1918 pandemic and swine HAs favor HA
<sub>1</sub>
225. Thus, our results highlight the urgency to understand the interplay between antigenic drift and receptor binding in HA evolution, and provide molecular signatures for monitoring future antigenically drifted 2009 pandemic and seasonal A(H1N1) influenza viruses.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
<listBibl>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Tt" uniqKey="Wang T">TT Wang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palese, P" uniqKey="Palese P">P Palese</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neumann, G" uniqKey="Neumann G">G Neumann</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Noda, T" uniqKey="Noda T">T Noda</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peiris, Js" uniqKey="Peiris J">JS Peiris</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poon, Ll" uniqKey="Poon L">LL Poon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y">Y Guan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dawood, Fs" uniqKey="Dawood F">FS Dawood</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jain, S" uniqKey="Jain S">S Jain</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Finelli, L" uniqKey="Finelli L">L Finelli</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shaw, Mw" uniqKey="Shaw M">MW Shaw</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lindstrom, S" uniqKey="Lindstrom S">S Lindstrom</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C Fraser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Donnelly, Ca" uniqKey="Donnelly C">CA Donnelly</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cauchemez, S" uniqKey="Cauchemez S">S Cauchemez</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hanage, Wp" uniqKey="Hanage W">WP Hanage</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Kerkhove, Md" uniqKey="Van Kerkhove M">MD Van Kerkhove</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Solovyov, A" uniqKey="Solovyov A">A Solovyov</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palacios, G" uniqKey="Palacios G">G Palacios</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Briese, T" uniqKey="Briese T">T Briese</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lipkin, Wi" uniqKey="Lipkin W">WI Lipkin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rabadan, R" uniqKey="Rabadan R">R Rabadan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smith, Gj" uniqKey="Smith G">GJ Smith</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vijaykrishna, D" uniqKey="Vijaykrishna D">D Vijaykrishna</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bahl, J" uniqKey="Bahl J">J Bahl</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lycett, Sj" uniqKey="Lycett S">SJ Lycett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Worobey, M" uniqKey="Worobey M">M Worobey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garten, Rj" uniqKey="Garten R">RJ Garten</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Davis, Ct" uniqKey="Davis C">CT Davis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Russell, Ca" uniqKey="Russell C">CA Russell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shu, B" uniqKey="Shu B">B Shu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lindstrom, S" uniqKey="Lindstrom S">S Lindstrom</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munster, Vj" uniqKey="Munster V">VJ Munster</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E de Wit</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Brand, Jm" uniqKey="Van Den Brand J">JM van den Brand</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Herfst, S" uniqKey="Herfst S">S Herfst</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schrauwen, Ej" uniqKey="Schrauwen E">EJ Schrauwen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maines, Tr" uniqKey="Maines T">TR Maines</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jayaraman, A" uniqKey="Jayaraman A">A Jayaraman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Belser, Ja" uniqKey="Belser J">JA Belser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wadford, Da" uniqKey="Wadford D">DA Wadford</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pappas, C" uniqKey="Pappas C">C Pappas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reid, Ah" uniqKey="Reid A">AH Reid</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Janczewski, Ta" uniqKey="Janczewski T">TA Janczewski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lourens, Rm" uniqKey="Lourens R">RM Lourens</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Elliot, Aj" uniqKey="Elliot A">AJ Elliot</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Daniels, Rs" uniqKey="Daniels R">RS Daniels</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Logan, Wp" uniqKey="Logan W">WP Logan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mac, Kd" uniqKey="Mac K">KD Mac</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collins, Sd" uniqKey="Collins S">SD Collins</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lehmann, J" uniqKey="Lehmann J">J Lehmann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rasmussen Af" uniqKey="Rasmussen Af">Rasmussen AF</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stokes, Jc" uniqKey="Stokes J">JC Stokes</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smadel, Je" uniqKey="Smadel J">JE Smadel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sartwell, Pe" uniqKey="Sartwell P">PE Sartwell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Long, Ap" uniqKey="Long A">AP Long</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Salk, Je" uniqKey="Salk J">JE Salk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suriano, Pc" uniqKey="Suriano P">PC Suriano</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kilbourne, Ed" uniqKey="Kilbourne E">ED Kilbourne</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smith, C" uniqKey="Smith C">C Smith</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brett, I" uniqKey="Brett I">I Brett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pokorny, Ba" uniqKey="Pokorny B">BA Pokorny</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Johansson, B" uniqKey="Johansson B">B Johansson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Isaacs, A" uniqKey="Isaacs A">A Isaacs</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gledhill, Aw" uniqKey="Gledhill A">AW Gledhill</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Andrewes, Ch" uniqKey="Andrewes C">CH Andrewes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tam, T" uniqKey="Tam T">T Tam</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fleming, D" uniqKey="Fleming D">D Fleming</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miller, Ma" uniqKey="Miller M">MA Miller</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simonsen, L" uniqKey="Simonsen L">L Simonsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tam, T" uniqKey="Tam T">T Tam</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fleming, D" uniqKey="Fleming D">D Fleming</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Handel, A" uniqKey="Handel A">A Handel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miller, Ma" uniqKey="Miller M">MA Miller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholtissek, C" uniqKey="Scholtissek C">C Scholtissek</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rohde, W" uniqKey="Rohde W">W Rohde</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Von Hoyningen, V" uniqKey="Von Hoyningen V">V Von Hoyningen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nakajima, K" uniqKey="Nakajima K">K Nakajima</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Desselberger, U" uniqKey="Desselberger U">U Desselberger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palese, P" uniqKey="Palese P">P Palese</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kendal, Ap" uniqKey="Kendal A">AP Kendal</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Noble, Gr" uniqKey="Noble G">GR Noble</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skehel, Jj" uniqKey="Skehel J">JJ Skehel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dowdle, Wr" uniqKey="Dowdle W">WR Dowdle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholtissek, C" uniqKey="Scholtissek C">C Scholtissek</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Von Hoyningen, V" uniqKey="Von Hoyningen V">V von Hoyningen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reid, Ah" uniqKey="Reid A">AH Reid</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Janczewski, Ta" uniqKey="Janczewski T">TA Janczewski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fanning, Tg" uniqKey="Fanning T">TG Fanning</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shope, Re" uniqKey="Shope R">RE Shope</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morens, Dm" uniqKey="Morens D">DM Morens</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fauci, As" uniqKey="Fauci A">AS Fauci</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, Ih" uniqKey="Brown I">IH Brown</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsen, Cw" uniqKey="Olsen C">CW Olsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pensaert, M" uniqKey="Pensaert M">M Pensaert</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ottis, K" uniqKey="Ottis K">K Ottis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vandeputte, J" uniqKey="Vandeputte J">J Vandeputte</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaplan, Mm" uniqKey="Kaplan M">MM Kaplan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bachmann, Pa" uniqKey="Bachmann P">PA Bachmann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, Ih" uniqKey="Brown I">IH Brown</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ludwig, S" uniqKey="Ludwig S">S Ludwig</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olsen, Cw" uniqKey="Olsen C">CW Olsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hannoun, C" uniqKey="Hannoun C">C Hannoun</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholtissek, C" uniqKey="Scholtissek C">C Scholtissek</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Donatelli, I" uniqKey="Donatelli I">I Donatelli</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Campitelli, L" uniqKey="Campitelli L">L Campitelli</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Castrucci, Mr" uniqKey="Castrucci M">MR Castrucci</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ruggieri, A" uniqKey="Ruggieri A">A Ruggieri</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sidoli, L" uniqKey="Sidoli L">L Sidoli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reid, Ah" uniqKey="Reid A">AH Reid</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fanning, Tg" uniqKey="Fanning T">TG Fanning</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Janczewski, Ta" uniqKey="Janczewski T">TA Janczewski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lourens, Rm" uniqKey="Lourens R">RM Lourens</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dunham, Ej" uniqKey="Dunham E">EJ Dunham</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dugan, Vg" uniqKey="Dugan V">VG Dugan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kaser, Ek" uniqKey="Kaser E">EK Kaser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perkins, Se" uniqKey="Perkins S">SE Perkins</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, Ih" uniqKey="Brown I">IH Brown</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, Ih" uniqKey="Brown I">IH Brown</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harris, Pa" uniqKey="Harris P">PA Harris</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccauley, Jw" uniqKey="Mccauley J">JW McCauley</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alexander, Dj" uniqKey="Alexander D">DJ Alexander</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Webby, Rj" uniqKey="Webby R">RJ Webby</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swenson, Sl" uniqKey="Swenson S">SL Swenson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Krauss, Sl" uniqKey="Krauss S">SL Krauss</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerrish, Pj" uniqKey="Gerrish P">PJ Gerrish</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goyal, Sm" uniqKey="Goyal S">SM Goyal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Newman, Ap" uniqKey="Newman A">AP Newman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reisdorf, E" uniqKey="Reisdorf E">E Reisdorf</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beinemann, J" uniqKey="Beinemann J">J Beinemann</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Uyeki, Tm" uniqKey="Uyeki T">TM Uyeki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Balish, A" uniqKey="Balish A">A Balish</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shinde, V" uniqKey="Shinde V">V Shinde</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bridges, Cb" uniqKey="Bridges C">CB Bridges</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Uyeki, Tm" uniqKey="Uyeki T">TM Uyeki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shu, B" uniqKey="Shu B">B Shu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Balish, A" uniqKey="Balish A">A Balish</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skehel, Jj" uniqKey="Skehel J">JJ Skehel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wiley, Dc" uniqKey="Wiley D">DC Wiley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tumpey, Tm" uniqKey="Tumpey T">TM Tumpey</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maines, Tr" uniqKey="Maines T">TR Maines</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Hoeven, N" uniqKey="Van Hoeven N">N Van Hoeven</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glaser, L" uniqKey="Glaser L">L Glaser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Solorzano, A" uniqKey="Solorzano A">A Solorzano</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Srinivasan, A" uniqKey="Srinivasan A">A Srinivasan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Viswanathan, K" uniqKey="Viswanathan K">K Viswanathan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raman, R" uniqKey="Raman R">R Raman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chandrasekaran, A" uniqKey="Chandrasekaran A">A Chandrasekaran</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raguram, S" uniqKey="Raguram S">S Raguram</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stevens, J" uniqKey="Stevens J">J Stevens</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blixt, O" uniqKey="Blixt O">O Blixt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glaser, L" uniqKey="Glaser L">L Glaser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palese, P" uniqKey="Palese P">P Palese</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bush, Rm" uniqKey="Bush R">RM Bush</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bender, Ca" uniqKey="Bender C">CA Bender</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Subbarao, K" uniqKey="Subbarao K">K Subbarao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cox, Nj" uniqKey="Cox N">NJ Cox</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fitch, Wm" uniqKey="Fitch W">WM Fitch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bush, Rm" uniqKey="Bush R">RM Bush</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fitch, Wm" uniqKey="Fitch W">WM Fitch</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bender, Ca" uniqKey="Bender C">CA Bender</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cox, Nj" uniqKey="Cox N">NJ Cox</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R Nielsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Delport, W" uniqKey="Delport W">W Delport</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scheffler, K" uniqKey="Scheffler K">K Scheffler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seoighe, C" uniqKey="Seoighe C">C Seoighe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seoighe, C" uniqKey="Seoighe C">C Seoighe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ketwaroo, F" uniqKey="Ketwaroo F">F Ketwaroo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pillay, V" uniqKey="Pillay V">V Pillay</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scheffler, K" uniqKey="Scheffler K">K Scheffler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wood, N" uniqKey="Wood N">N Wood</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kosakovsky Pond, Sl" uniqKey="Kosakovsky Pond S">SL Kosakovsky Pond</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poon, Af" uniqKey="Poon A">AF Poon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leigh Brown, Aj" uniqKey="Leigh Brown A">AJ Leigh Brown</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frost, Sd" uniqKey="Frost S">SD Frost</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Anisimova, M" uniqKey="Anisimova M">M Anisimova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kosiol, C" uniqKey="Kosiol C">C Kosiol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Delport, W" uniqKey="Delport W">W Delport</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scheffler, K" uniqKey="Scheffler K">K Scheffler</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seoighe, C" uniqKey="Seoighe C">C Seoighe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lemey, P" uniqKey="Lemey P">P Lemey</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="S, M" uniqKey="S M">M S</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vandamme, A" uniqKey="Vandamme A">A Vandamme</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R Nielsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goldman, N" uniqKey="Goldman N">N Goldman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pedersen, Am" uniqKey="Pedersen A">AM Pedersen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pond, Sl" uniqKey="Pond S">SL Pond</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frost, Sd" uniqKey="Frost S">SD Frost</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Muse, Sv" uniqKey="Muse S">SV Muse</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huelsenbeck, Jp" uniqKey="Huelsenbeck J">JP Huelsenbeck</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huelsenbeck, Jp" uniqKey="Huelsenbeck J">JP Huelsenbeck</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ronquist, F" uniqKey="Ronquist F">F Ronquist</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R Nielsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R Nielsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Robertson, Js" uniqKey="Robertson J">JS Robertson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bootman, Js" uniqKey="Bootman J">JS Bootman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Newman, R" uniqKey="Newman R">R Newman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Oxford, Js" uniqKey="Oxford J">JS Oxford</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Daniels, Rs" uniqKey="Daniels R">RS Daniels</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xu, X" uniqKey="Xu X">X Xu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rocha, Ep" uniqKey="Rocha E">EP Rocha</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Regenery, Hl" uniqKey="Regenery H">HL Regenery</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kendal, Ap" uniqKey="Kendal A">AP Kendal</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cox, Nj" uniqKey="Cox N">NJ Cox</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gambaryan, As" uniqKey="Gambaryan A">AS Gambaryan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Robertson, Js" uniqKey="Robertson J">JS Robertson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matrosovich, Mn" uniqKey="Matrosovich M">MN Matrosovich</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Anisimova, M" uniqKey="Anisimova M">M Anisimova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R Nielsen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heath, L" uniqKey="Heath L">L Heath</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Der Walt, E" uniqKey="Van Der Walt E">E van der Walt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Varsani, A" uniqKey="Varsani A">A Varsani</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, Dp" uniqKey="Martin D">DP Martin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nelson, Mi" uniqKey="Nelson M">MI Nelson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holmes, Ec" uniqKey="Holmes E">EC Holmes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Larkin, Ma" uniqKey="Larkin M">MA Larkin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blackshields, G" uniqKey="Blackshields G">G Blackshields</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brown, Np" uniqKey="Brown N">NP Brown</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chenna, R" uniqKey="Chenna R">R Chenna</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcgettigan, Pa" uniqKey="Mcgettigan P">PA McGettigan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Finkelman, Bs" uniqKey="Finkelman B">BS Finkelman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koelle, K" uniqKey="Koelle K">K Koelle</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ferrari, Mj" uniqKey="Ferrari M">MJ Ferrari</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bharti, N" uniqKey="Bharti N">N Bharti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wolf, Yi" uniqKey="Wolf Y">YI Wolf</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Viboud, C" uniqKey="Viboud C">C Viboud</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holmes, Ec" uniqKey="Holmes E">EC Holmes</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koonin, Ev" uniqKey="Koonin E">EV Koonin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lipman, Dj" uniqKey="Lipman D">DJ Lipman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wong, Ws" uniqKey="Wong W">WS Wong</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R Nielsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Caton, Aj" uniqKey="Caton A">AJ Caton</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brownlee, Gg" uniqKey="Brownlee G">GG Brownlee</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yewdell, Jw" uniqKey="Yewdell J">JW Yewdell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerhard, W" uniqKey="Gerhard W">W Gerhard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerhard, W" uniqKey="Gerhard W">W Gerhard</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yewdell, J" uniqKey="Yewdell J">J Yewdell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frankel, Me" uniqKey="Frankel M">ME Frankel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Webster, R" uniqKey="Webster R">R Webster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rogers, Gn" uniqKey="Rogers G">GN Rogers</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="D Souza, Bl" uniqKey="D Souza B">BL D'Souza</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matrosovich, Mn" uniqKey="Matrosovich M">MN Matrosovich</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gambaryan, As" uniqKey="Gambaryan A">AS Gambaryan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Teneberg, S" uniqKey="Teneberg S">S Teneberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Piskarev, Ve" uniqKey="Piskarev V">VE Piskarev</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yamnikova, Ss" uniqKey="Yamnikova S">SS Yamnikova</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nobusawa, E" uniqKey="Nobusawa E">E Nobusawa</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nakajima, K" uniqKey="Nakajima K">K Nakajima</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nakajima, S" uniqKey="Nakajima S">S Nakajima</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gamblin, Sj" uniqKey="Gamblin S">SJ Gamblin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haire, Lf" uniqKey="Haire L">LF Haire</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Russell, Rj" uniqKey="Russell R">RJ Russell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stevens, Dj" uniqKey="Stevens D">DJ Stevens</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xiao, B" uniqKey="Xiao B">B Xiao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gambaryan, As" uniqKey="Gambaryan A">AS Gambaryan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tuzikov, Ab" uniqKey="Tuzikov A">AB Tuzikov</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Piskarev, Ve" uniqKey="Piskarev V">VE Piskarev</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yamnikova, Ss" uniqKey="Yamnikova S">SS Yamnikova</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lvov, Dk" uniqKey="Lvov D">DK Lvov</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shen, J" uniqKey="Shen J">J Shen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kirk, Bd" uniqKey="Kirk B">BD Kirk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ma, J" uniqKey="Ma J">J Ma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Q" uniqKey="Wang Q">Q Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shi, W" uniqKey="Shi W">W Shi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gibbs, Mj" uniqKey="Gibbs M">MJ Gibbs</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y Zhang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhuang, D" uniqKey="Zhuang D">D Zhuang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dun, A" uniqKey="Dun A">A Dun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Daniels, Rs" uniqKey="Daniels R">RS Daniels</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Douglas, Ar" uniqKey="Douglas A">AR Douglas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skehel, Jj" uniqKey="Skehel J">JJ Skehel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wiley, Dc" uniqKey="Wiley D">DC Wiley</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Naeve, Cw" uniqKey="Naeve C">CW Naeve</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wiley, Dc" uniqKey="Wiley D">DC Wiley</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, Ia" uniqKey="Wilson I">IA Wilson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skehel, Jj" uniqKey="Skehel J">JJ Skehel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sheerar, Mg" uniqKey="Sheerar M">MG Sheerar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Easterday, Bc" uniqKey="Easterday B">BC Easterday</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hinshaw, Vs" uniqKey="Hinshaw V">VS Hinshaw</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z Yang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guindon, S" uniqKey="Guindon S">S Guindon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gascuel, O" uniqKey="Gascuel O">O Gascuel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Page, Rd" uniqKey="Page R">RD Page</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19924230</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2773012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">09-PONE-RA-12140R1</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0007789</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline">
<subject>Virology</subject>
<subject>Virology/Emerging Viral Diseases</subject>
<subject>Virology/Virus Evolution and Symbiosis</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evolutionary Trends of A(H1N1) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Since 1918</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Evolution of A(H1N1) HA</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shen</surname>
<given-names>Jun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Jianpeng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Qinghua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>Darren P.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:
<email>E-mail: qinghuaw@bcm.tmc.edu</email>
(QW);
<email>jpma@bcm.tmc.edu</email>
(JM)</corresp>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p>Conceived and designed the experiments: JM QW. Performed the experiments: JS QW. Analyzed the data: JM QW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JM QW. Wrote the paper: JS JM QW.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<elocation-id>e7789</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>7</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>15</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Shen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>The Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. Although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. As the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in A(H3N2) virus. However, whether and how the evolution of HA is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for A(H1N1). Here, by analyzing hundreds of A(H1N1) HA sequences since 1918, we show the first evidence that host selections are indeed present in A(H1N1) HAs. Among a subgroup of human A(H1N1) HAs between 1918∼2008, we found strong diversifying (positive) selection at HA
<sub>1</sub>
156 and 190. We also analyzed the evolutionary trends at HA
<sub>1</sub>
190 and 225 that are critical determinants for receptor-binding specificity of A(H1N1) HA. Different A(H1N1) viruses appeared to favor one of these two sites in host-driven antigenic drift: epidemic A(H1N1) HAs favor HA
<sub>1</sub>
190 while the 1918 pandemic and swine HAs favor HA
<sub>1</sub>
225. Thus, our results highlight the urgency to understand the interplay between antigenic drift and receptor binding in HA evolution, and provide molecular signatures for monitoring future antigenically drifted 2009 pandemic and seasonal A(H1N1) influenza viruses.</p>
</abstract>
<counts>
<page-count count="10"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Texas</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Texas">
<name sortKey="Shen, Jun" sort="Shen, Jun" uniqKey="Shen J" first="Jun" last="Shen">Jun Shen</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Ma, Jianpeng" sort="Ma, Jianpeng" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jianpeng" last="Ma">Jianpeng Ma</name>
<name sortKey="Ma, Jianpeng" sort="Ma, Jianpeng" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jianpeng" last="Ma">Jianpeng Ma</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, Qinghua" sort="Wang, Qinghua" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qinghua" last="Wang">Qinghua Wang</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/H2N2V1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000A57 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000A57 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Sante
   |area=    H2N2V1
   |flux=    Pmc
   |étape=   Checkpoint
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     PMC:2773012
   |texte=   Evolutionary Trends of A(H1N1) Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Since 1918
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:19924230" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a H2N2V1 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Tue Apr 14 19:59:40 2020. Site generation: Thu Mar 25 15:38:26 2021