Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission
Identifieur interne : 000290 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000289; suivant : 000291Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission
Auteurs : Patrick R. Saunders-Hastings ; Daniel KrewskiSource :
- Pathogens [ 2076-0817 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040066
PubMed: 27929449
PubMed Central: 5198166
Affiliations:
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pathogens</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pathogens</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pathogens</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Pathogens</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2076-0817</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27929449</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5198166</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/pathogens5040066</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pathogens-05-00066</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saunders-Hastings</surname>
<given-names>Patrick R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="c1-pathogens-05-00066" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krewski</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>Lawrence S.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-pathogens-05-00066">McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada;<email>dkrewski@uottawa.ca</email>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-pathogens-05-00066"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>psaun076@uottawa.ca</email>
; Tel.: +1-613-866-5801</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>66</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>pandemic</kwd>
<kwd>influenza</kwd>
<kwd>globalization</kwd>
<kwd>intervention</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><table-wrap id="pathogens-05-00066-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">pathogens-05-00066-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Summary of the key characteristics of influenza pandemics from the past one hundred years.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pandemic Name</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strain</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suspected Origin of Outbreak</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approximate Number of Deaths</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spanish flu</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1918–1920</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–50 million</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asian flu</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1957–1958</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H2N2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–2 million</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong flu</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1968–1970</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H3N2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500,000–2 million</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swine flu</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009–2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H1N1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 575,000</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list></list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Krewski, Daniel" sort="Krewski, Daniel" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="Daniel" last="Krewski">Daniel Krewski</name>
<name sortKey="Saunders Hastings, Patrick R" sort="Saunders Hastings, Patrick R" uniqKey="Saunders Hastings P" first="Patrick R." last="Saunders-Hastings">Patrick R. Saunders-Hastings</name>
</noCountry>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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