Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends
Identifieur interne : 000156 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000155; suivant : 000157Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends
Auteurs : Karolina Dzi Bowska [Pologne] ; El Bieta Czaczyk [Pologne] ; Dawid Nidzworski [Pologne]Source :
- Biosensors [ 2079-6374 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
The basic affairs connected to the influenza virus were reviewed in the article, highlighting the newest trends in its diagnostic methods. Awareness of the threat of influenza arises from its ability to spread and cause a pandemic. The undiagnosed and untreated viral infection can have a fatal effect on humans. Thus, the early detection seems pivotal for an accurate treatment, when vaccines and other contemporary prevention methods are not faultless. Public health is being attacked with influenza containing new genes from a genetic assortment between animals and humankind. Unfortunately, the population does not have immunity for mutant genes and is attacked in every viral outbreak season. For these reasons, fast and accurate devices are in high demand. As currently used methods like Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests lack specificity, time and cost-savings, new methods are being developed. In the article, various novel detection methods, such as electrical and optical were compared. Different viral elements used as detection targets and analysis parameters, such as sensitivity and specificity, were presented and discussed.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/bios8040094
PubMed: 30340339
PubMed Central: 6315519
Affiliations:
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Czaczyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biosensors-08-00094">Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;<email>ela@etongroup.eu</email> (E.C.);<email>dawid@etongroup.eu</email> (D.N.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-biosensors-08-00094">SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02-676 Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nidzworski, Dawid" sort="Nidzworski, Dawid" uniqKey="Nidzworski D" first="Dawid" last="Nidzworski">Dawid Nidzworski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biosensors-08-00094">Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;<email>ela@etongroup.eu</email> (E.C.);<email>dawid@etongroup.eu</email> (D.N.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff 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wicri:step="Checkpoint">000156</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends</title><author><name sortKey="Dzi Bowska, Karolina" sort="Dzi Bowska, Karolina" uniqKey="Dzi Bowska K" first="Karolina" last="Dzi Bowska">Karolina Dzi Bowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biosensors-08-00094">Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;<email>ela@etongroup.eu</email> (E.C.);<email>dawid@etongroup.eu</email> (D.N.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-biosensors-08-00094">SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02-676 Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Czaczyk, El Bieta" sort="Czaczyk, El Bieta" uniqKey="Czaczyk E" first="El Bieta" last="Czaczyk">El Bieta Czaczyk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biosensors-08-00094">Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;<email>ela@etongroup.eu</email> (E.C.);<email>dawid@etongroup.eu</email> (D.N.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-biosensors-08-00094">SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02-676 Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nidzworski, Dawid" sort="Nidzworski, Dawid" uniqKey="Nidzworski D" first="Dawid" last="Nidzworski">Dawid Nidzworski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-biosensors-08-00094">Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;<email>ela@etongroup.eu</email> (E.C.);<email>dawid@etongroup.eu</email> (D.N.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-biosensors-08-00094">SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02-676 Warsaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biosensors</title><idno type="eISSN">2079-6374</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The basic affairs connected to the influenza virus were reviewed in the article, highlighting the newest trends in its diagnostic methods. Awareness of the threat of influenza arises from its ability to spread and cause a pandemic. The undiagnosed and untreated viral infection can have a fatal effect on humans. Thus, the early detection seems pivotal for an accurate treatment, when vaccines and other contemporary prevention methods are not faultless. Public health is being attacked with influenza containing new genes from a genetic assortment between animals and humankind. Unfortunately, the population does not have immunity for mutant genes and is attacked in every viral outbreak season. For these reasons, fast and accurate devices are in high demand. As currently used methods like Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests lack specificity, time and cost-savings, new methods are being developed. In the article, various novel detection methods, such as electrical and optical were compared. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biosensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biosensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">biosensors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Biosensors</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2079-6374</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30340339</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6315519</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/bios8040094</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">biosensors-08-00094</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0226-3635</contrib-id><name><surname>Dziąbowska</surname><given-names>Karolina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-biosensors-08-00094">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-biosensors-08-00094">2</xref><xref rid="c1-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-0651</contrib-id><name><surname>Czaczyk</surname><given-names>Elżbieta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-biosensors-08-00094">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-biosensors-08-00094">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nidzworski</surname><given-names>Dawid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-biosensors-08-00094">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-biosensors-08-00094">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-biosensors-08-00094"><label>1</label>Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 3 Trzy Lipy St., 80-172 Gdansk, Poland;<email>ela@etongroup.eu</email> (E.C.);<email>dawid@etongroup.eu</email> (D.N.)</aff><aff id="af2-biosensors-08-00094"><label>2</label>SensDx SA, 14b Postepu St., 02-676 Warsaw, Poland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-biosensors-08-00094"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>karolina.dziabowska@etongroup.eu</email>; Tel.: +48-792-008-201</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>94</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2018 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The basic affairs connected to the influenza virus were reviewed in the article, highlighting the newest trends in its diagnostic methods. Awareness of the threat of influenza arises from its ability to spread and cause a pandemic. The undiagnosed and untreated viral infection can have a fatal effect on humans. Thus, the early detection seems pivotal for an accurate treatment, when vaccines and other contemporary prevention methods are not faultless. Public health is being attacked with influenza containing new genes from a genetic assortment between animals and humankind. Unfortunately, the population does not have immunity for mutant genes and is attacked in every viral outbreak season. For these reasons, fast and accurate devices are in high demand. As currently used methods like Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests lack specificity, time and cost-savings, new methods are being developed. In the article, various novel detection methods, such as electrical and optical were compared. Different viral elements used as detection targets and analysis parameters, such as sensitivity and specificity, were presented and discussed.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests RIDTs</kwd><kwd>electrochemical detection</kwd><kwd>optical detection</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="biosensors-08-00094-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>RIDT mode of action: (<bold>a</bold>) Bounding dye-labeled antibodies specific for target antigen onto the nitrocellulose strip; (<bold>b</bold>) Addition of respiratory specimen with buffer to the strip; (<bold>c</bold>) Trapping antibodies on the test line if target antigen is presented. Reproduced with permission from WHO on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Use of Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Tests; published by WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 2010.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="biosensors-08-00094-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="biosensors-08-00094-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Different approaches for influenza virus detection: (<bold>a</bold>) Reuse of known devices like glucometers; (<bold>b</bold>) Electrical detection system; (<bold>c</bold>) Strip-based sensor/ ELISA modifications; (<bold>d</bold>) Optical approaches using nanoparticles.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="biosensors-08-00094-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="biosensors-08-00094-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>An example of electrode surface modification. Boron-doped diamond electrode modified via click reaction for infectious flacherie virus (IFV) electrochemical detection. Reproduced with permission from Matsubara et al., PNAS; published by PNAS, 2016.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="biosensors-08-00094-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="biosensors-08-00094-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Novel Isoprene Sensor readout with Bluetooth mode. Reproduced with permission from Gouma et al., Sensors; published by MPDI, 2017.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="biosensors-08-00094-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="biosensors-08-00094-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biosensors-08-00094-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Conventional methods of influenza virus detection.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rapid Diagnostic Tests</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunofluores-Cence Assays</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serological Assays</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell Culture Based Detection</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nucleic Acid-Based Tests</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Next-Generation Sequencing Based Methods</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alere <sup>TM</sup> and Influenza A&B</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">direct fluorescent antibody staining</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hemagglutina-tion inhibition</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunofluores-cence microscopy</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">reverse transcriptase-PCR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanger method</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BD Veritor <sup>TM</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">indirect fluorescent antibody staining</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">virus neutralization</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">antibody staining</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">sequencing-based tests like NGS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Illumina Platform</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sofia<sup>®</sup> Influenza A + B</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">single radial hemolysis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">erythrocytes hemadsorption</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ligase chain reaction</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roche 454 Life Sciences</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">the cobas<sup>®</sup> Liat<sup>®</sup> Influenza A/B</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">complement fixation</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA microarray tests</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pacific Bioscience</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BUDDI<sup>TM</sup> Influenza</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ELISA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAMBA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ion Proton</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quick Navi-Flu<sup>TM</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western blotting</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NASBA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complete Genomics</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LAMP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luminex</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="biosensors-08-00094-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">biosensors-08-00094-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of novel detection methods of influenza virus.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Detection Method</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Molecule</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LOD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linear Range</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Detection Time</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Microchip approaches</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">microfluidic RT-PCR + DEP chip</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36 × 10<sup>3</sup> copies/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36 × 10<sup>3</sup>–5.36 × 10<sup>5</sup> copies/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Reuse of known devices</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">smartphone-based fluorescence</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 PFU/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 × 10<sup>0</sup>–4.8 × 10<sup>2</sup> PFU/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Electrical-based detections</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EIS</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 fg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–100 fg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dielectrophoresis</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25 pg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:100 000 dilution factor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 s</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LSV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6 ng/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–900 ng/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPV</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PB1-F2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42 nM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–300 nM; 0.5–1.5 mM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Optical-based detections</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">spectrophotometry</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 ng/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1–4.0 ng/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SERS + LFA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 × 10<sup>4</sup> PFU/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> PFU/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LRET</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 pM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 pM to 10 nM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NIR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 copy/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–14 copies/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Modification of standard methods</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-SIBA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 copies</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mRT-LAMP-CIRN</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>1</sup>/10<sup>2</sup> copies</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<sup>4</sup>–10<sup>0</sup> RNA copies/μL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~30 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><bold>Other novel ideas</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 ng/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–100 ng/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GMR</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 × 10<sup>2</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 × 10<sup>2</sup>–1.0 × 10<sup>5</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 min</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B134-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD-TIRS + TG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74 zM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74 zM–7.4 fM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 ms</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B137-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">conductance</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 pM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 pM–100 nM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B138-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HA-P</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 × 10<sup>2</sup> PFU/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 × 10<sup>2</sup>–2.7 × 10<sup>3</sup> PFU/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B140-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CFT + CL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RP</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 fg/mL</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25 fg/mL–25 ng/Ml</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CNTFET</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 pM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 pM–10 nM</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 h</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B142-biosensors-08-00094" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>VP—viral particles, NIR—near-infrared fluorescence, HA-P—hemagglutinin peptide, RP—recombinant protein, LSV linear sweep voltammetry, SERS + LFA-surface-enhanced Raman scattering—based lateral flow assay, RT-SIBA—reverse transcription strand invasion-based amplification, mRT-LAMP-CIRN—reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based assay coupled with cascade invasive reaction, CFT + CL—complement fixation test+ luminol chemiluminescence.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Pologne</li></country></list><tree><country name="Pologne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dzi Bowska, Karolina" sort="Dzi Bowska, Karolina" uniqKey="Dzi Bowska K" first="Karolina" last="Dzi Bowska">Karolina Dzi Bowska</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Czaczyk, El Bieta" sort="Czaczyk, El Bieta" uniqKey="Czaczyk E" first="El Bieta" last="Czaczyk">El Bieta Czaczyk</name><name sortKey="Nidzworski, Dawid" sort="Nidzworski, Dawid" uniqKey="Nidzworski D" first="Dawid" last="Nidzworski">Dawid Nidzworski</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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