Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017
Identifieur interne : 001051 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001050; suivant : 001052Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017
Auteurs : Su Mon Kyaw Win [Birmanie] ; Reiko Saito [Birmanie, Japon] ; Nay Chi Win [Birmanie] ; Di Ja Lasham [Birmanie] ; Yadanar Kyaw [Birmanie] ; Nay Lin [Birmanie] ; Khin Nyo Thein [Birmanie] ; Irina Chon [Japon] ; Takashi Odagiri [Japon] ; Win Thein [Birmanie] ; Latt Latt Kyaw [Birmanie] ; Ommar Swe Tin [Birmanie] ; Akihiko Saitoh [Japon] ; Tsutomu Tamura [Japon] ; Chika Hirokawa [Japon] ; Yuko Uchida [Japon] ; Takehiko Saito [Japon] ; Shinji Watanabe [Japon] ; Takato Odagiri [Japon] ; Kazuhiro Kamata [Birmanie, Japon] ; Hidekazu Osada [Birmanie, Japon] ; Clyde Dapat [Japon] ; Hisami Watanabe [Birmanie, Japon] ; Htay Htay Tin [Birmanie]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
A community outbreak of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains was observed in Myanmar in 2017. We investigated the circulation patterns, antigenicity, and drug resistance of 2017 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from Myanmar and characterized the full genome of influenza virus strains in Myanmar from in-patients and out-patients to assess the pathogenicity of the viruses. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from out-patients and in-patients with acute respiratory tract infections in Yangon and Pyinmana City in Myanmar during January-December 2017. A total of 215 out-patients and 18 in-patients infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 were detected by virus isolation and real-time RT-PCR. Among the positive patients, 90.6% were less than 14 years old. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Myanmar were similar to the recommended Japanese influenza vaccine strain for 2017–2018 seasons (A/Singapore/GP1908/2015) and WHO recommended 2017 southern hemisphere vaccine component (A/Michigan/45/2015). Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin sequence showed that the Myanmar strains belonged to the genetic subclade 6B.1, possessing mutations of S162N and S164T at potential antigenic sites. However, the amino acid mutation at position 222, which may enhance the severity of disease and mortality, was not found. One case with no prior history of oseltamivir treatment possessed H275Y mutated virus in neuraminidase (NA), which confers resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir with elevated IC50 values. The full genome sequence of Myanmar strains showed no difference between samples from in-patients and out-patients, suggesting no additional viral mutations associated with patient severity. Several amino acid changes were observed in PB2, PB1, and M2 of Myanmar strains when compared to the vaccine strain and other Asian strains. However, no mutations associated with pathogenicity were found in the Myanmar strains, suggesting that viral factors cannot explain the underlying reasons of the massive outbreak in Myanmar. This study reported the first detection of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus in Myanmar, highlighting the importance of continuous antiviral monitoring and genetic characterization of the influenza virus in Myanmar.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229601
PubMed: 32130243
PubMed Central: 7055873
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Taw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thein, Khin Nyo" sort="Thein, Khin Nyo" uniqKey="Thein K" first="Khin Nyo" last="Thein">Khin Nyo Thein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Pediatric Ward 1, Yankin Children Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Ward 1, Yankin Children Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chon, Irina" sort="Chon, Irina" uniqKey="Chon I" first="Irina" last="Chon">Irina Chon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takashi" sort="Odagiri, Takashi" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takashi" last="Odagiri">Takashi Odagiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Iwate</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Morioka</settlement><region type="prefecture">Préfecture d'Iwate</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thein, Win" sort="Thein, Win" uniqKey="Thein W" first="Win" last="Thein">Win Thein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyaw, Latt Latt" sort="Kyaw, Latt Latt" uniqKey="Kyaw L" first="Latt Latt" last="Kyaw">Latt Latt Kyaw</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tin, Ommar Swe" sort="Tin, Ommar Swe" uniqKey="Tin O" first="Ommar Swe" last="Tin">Ommar Swe Tin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saitoh, Akihiko" sort="Saitoh, Akihiko" uniqKey="Saitoh A" first="Akihiko" last="Saitoh">Akihiko Saitoh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamura, Tsutomu" sort="Tamura, Tsutomu" uniqKey="Tamura T" first="Tsutomu" last="Tamura">Tsutomu Tamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirokawa, Chika" sort="Hirokawa, Chika" uniqKey="Hirokawa C" first="Chika" last="Hirokawa">Chika Hirokawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uchida, Yuko" sort="Uchida, Yuko" uniqKey="Uchida Y" first="Yuko" last="Uchida">Yuko Uchida</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ibaraki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, Takehiko" sort="Saito, Takehiko" uniqKey="Saito T" first="Takehiko" last="Saito">Takehiko Saito</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ibaraki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Shinji" sort="Watanabe, Shinji" uniqKey="Watanabe S" first="Shinji" last="Watanabe">Shinji Watanabe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takato" sort="Odagiri, Takato" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takato" last="Odagiri">Takato Odagiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamata, Kazuhiro" sort="Kamata, Kazuhiro" uniqKey="Kamata K" first="Kazuhiro" last="Kamata">Kazuhiro Kamata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osada, Hidekazu" sort="Osada, Hidekazu" uniqKey="Osada H" first="Hidekazu" last="Osada">Hidekazu Osada</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dapat, Clyde" sort="Dapat, Clyde" uniqKey="Dapat C" first="Clyde" last="Dapat">Clyde Dapat</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Miyagi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Hisami" sort="Watanabe, Hisami" uniqKey="Watanabe H" first="Hisami" last="Watanabe">Hisami Watanabe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tin, Htay Htay" sort="Tin, Htay Htay" uniqKey="Tin H" first="Htay Htay" last="Tin">Htay Htay Tin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32130243</idno><idno type="pmc">7055873</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7055873</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7055873</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A82</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A82</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A82</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000A82</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000009</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000009</idno><idno 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Win, Nay Chi" sort="Win, Nay Chi" uniqKey="Win N" first="Nay Chi" last="Win">Nay Chi Win</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lasham, Di Ja" sort="Lasham, Di Ja" uniqKey="Lasham D" first="Di Ja" last="Lasham">Di Ja Lasham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyaw, Yadanar" sort="Kyaw, Yadanar" uniqKey="Kyaw Y" first="Yadanar" last="Kyaw">Yadanar Kyaw</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Respiratory Medicine Department, Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Respiratory Medicine Department, Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Nay" sort="Lin, Nay" uniqKey="Lin N" first="Nay" last="Lin">Nay Lin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Section, Pyinmana General Hospital, Pyinmana Township, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Section, Pyinmana General Hospital, Pyinmana Township, Nay Pyi Taw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nay Pyi Taw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thein, Khin Nyo" sort="Thein, Khin Nyo" uniqKey="Thein K" first="Khin Nyo" last="Thein">Khin Nyo Thein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Pediatric Ward 1, Yankin Children Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pediatric Ward 1, Yankin Children Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chon, Irina" sort="Chon, Irina" uniqKey="Chon I" first="Irina" last="Chon">Irina Chon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takashi" sort="Odagiri, Takashi" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takashi" last="Odagiri">Takashi Odagiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Iwate</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Morioka</settlement><region type="prefecture">Préfecture d'Iwate</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thein, Win" sort="Thein, Win" uniqKey="Thein W" first="Win" last="Thein">Win Thein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kyaw, Latt Latt" sort="Kyaw, Latt Latt" uniqKey="Kyaw L" first="Latt Latt" last="Kyaw">Latt Latt Kyaw</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tin, Ommar Swe" sort="Tin, Ommar Swe" uniqKey="Tin O" first="Ommar Swe" last="Tin">Ommar Swe Tin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saitoh, Akihiko" sort="Saitoh, Akihiko" uniqKey="Saitoh A" first="Akihiko" last="Saitoh">Akihiko Saitoh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamura, Tsutomu" sort="Tamura, Tsutomu" uniqKey="Tamura T" first="Tsutomu" last="Tamura">Tsutomu Tamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirokawa, Chika" sort="Hirokawa, Chika" uniqKey="Hirokawa C" first="Chika" last="Hirokawa">Chika Hirokawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uchida, Yuko" sort="Uchida, Yuko" uniqKey="Uchida Y" first="Yuko" last="Uchida">Yuko Uchida</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ibaraki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saito, Takehiko" sort="Saito, Takehiko" uniqKey="Saito T" first="Takehiko" last="Saito">Takehiko Saito</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ibaraki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Shinji" sort="Watanabe, Shinji" uniqKey="Watanabe S" first="Shinji" last="Watanabe">Shinji Watanabe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takato" sort="Odagiri, Takato" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takato" last="Odagiri">Takato Odagiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamata, Kazuhiro" sort="Kamata, Kazuhiro" uniqKey="Kamata K" first="Kazuhiro" last="Kamata">Kazuhiro Kamata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osada, Hidekazu" sort="Osada, Hidekazu" uniqKey="Osada H" first="Hidekazu" last="Osada">Hidekazu Osada</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dapat, Clyde" sort="Dapat, Clyde" uniqKey="Dapat C" first="Clyde" last="Dapat">Clyde Dapat</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Miyagi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Hisami" sort="Watanabe, Hisami" uniqKey="Watanabe H" first="Hisami" last="Watanabe">Hisami Watanabe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Niigata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tin, Htay Htay" sort="Tin, Htay Htay" uniqKey="Tin H" first="Htay Htay" last="Tin">Htay Htay Tin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yangon Region</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A community outbreak of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains was observed in Myanmar in 2017. We investigated the circulation patterns, antigenicity, and drug resistance of 2017 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from Myanmar and characterized the full genome of influenza virus strains in Myanmar from in-patients and out-patients to assess the pathogenicity of the viruses. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from out-patients and in-patients with acute respiratory tract infections in Yangon and Pyinmana City in Myanmar during January-December 2017. A total of 215 out-patients and 18 in-patients infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 were detected by virus isolation and real-time RT-PCR. Among the positive patients, 90.6% were less than 14 years old. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Myanmar were similar to the recommended Japanese influenza vaccine strain for 2017–2018 seasons (A/Singapore/GP1908/2015) and WHO recommended 2017 southern hemisphere vaccine component (A/Michigan/45/2015). Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin sequence showed that the Myanmar strains belonged to the genetic subclade 6B.1, possessing mutations of S162N and S164T at potential antigenic sites. However, the amino acid mutation at position 222, which may enhance the severity of disease and mortality, was not found. One case with no prior history of oseltamivir treatment possessed H275Y mutated virus in neuraminidase (NA), which confers resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir with elevated IC<sub>50</sub> values. The full genome sequence of Myanmar strains showed no difference between samples from in-patients and out-patients, suggesting no additional viral mutations associated with patient severity. Several amino acid changes were observed in PB2, PB1, and M2 of Myanmar strains when compared to the vaccine strain and other Asian strains. However, no mutations associated with pathogenicity were found in the Myanmar strains, suggesting that viral factors cannot explain the underlying reasons of the massive outbreak in Myanmar. This study reported the first detection of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus in Myanmar, highlighting the importance of continuous antiviral monitoring and genetic characterization of the influenza virus in Myanmar.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shao, W" uniqKey="Shao W">W Shao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goraya, Mu" uniqKey="Goraya M">MU Goraya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, S" uniqKey="Wang S">S Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jl" uniqKey="Chen J">JL Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mills, Ce" uniqKey="Mills C">CE Mills</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robins, Jm" uniqKey="Robins J">JM Robins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipsitch, M" uniqKey="Lipsitch M">M 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32130243</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7055873</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-19-24652</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Orthomyxoviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Influenza Viruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Asia</subject><subj-group><subject>Myanmar</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Disease Control</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Virology</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Disease Control</subject><subj-group><subject>Vaccines</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject><subj-group><subject>Mutation</subject><subj-group><subject>Substitution Mutation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemical Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Amino Acids</subject><subj-group><subject>Amino Acid Substitution</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Amino Acids</subject><subj-group><subject>Amino Acid Substitution</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Proteins</subject><subj-group><subject>Amino Acids</subject><subj-group><subject>Amino Acid Substitution</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Control</subject><subj-group><subject>Antimicrobial Resistance</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subj-group><subject>Antimicrobial Resistance</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Myanmar</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3939-4185</contrib-id><name><surname>Kyaw Win</surname><given-names>Su Mon</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Software</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saito</surname><given-names>Reiko</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Software</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Win</surname><given-names>Nay Chi</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lasham</surname><given-names>Di Ja</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kyaw</surname><given-names>Yadanar</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Nay</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thein</surname><given-names>Khin Nyo</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chon</surname><given-names>Irina</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Software</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Odagiri</surname><given-names>Takashi</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Software</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thein</surname><given-names>Win</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kyaw</surname><given-names>Latt Latt</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tin</surname><given-names>Ommar Swe</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saitoh</surname><given-names>Akihiko</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tamura</surname><given-names>Tsutomu</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hirokawa</surname><given-names>Chika</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Methodology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Uchida</surname><given-names>Yuko</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Formal analysis</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saito</surname><given-names>Takehiko</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Watanabe</surname><given-names>Shinji</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Odagiri</surname><given-names>Takato</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Validation</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamata</surname><given-names>Kazuhiro</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Osada</surname><given-names>Hidekazu</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Data curation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Software</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Visualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – original draft</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-4680</contrib-id><name><surname>Dapat</surname><given-names>Clyde</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Watanabe</surname><given-names>Hisami</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Funding acquisition</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Writing – review & editing</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tin</surname><given-names>Htay Htay</given-names></name><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Conceptualization</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Investigation</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Project administration</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Resources</role><role content-type="http://credit.casrai.org/">Supervision</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar (IDRC), Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Respiratory Medicine Department, Thingangyun Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Clinical Laboratory, Microbiology Section, Pyinmana General Hospital, Pyinmana Township, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Pediatric Ward 1, Yankin Children Hospital, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff007"><label>7</label><addr-line>National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Yangon Region, Myanmar</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff008"><label>8</label><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff009"><label>9</label><addr-line>Division of Virology, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff010"><label>10</label><addr-line>Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff011"><label>11</label><addr-line>Laboratory of Influenza Virus Surveillance, Influenza Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Sinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff012"><label>12</label><addr-line>Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff013"><label>13</label><addr-line>Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Baochuan</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Defense Threat Reduction Agency, UNITED STATES</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>sumonkyawwin@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e0229601</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>9</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Kyaw Win et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Kyaw Win et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0229601.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>A community outbreak of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strains was observed in Myanmar in 2017. We investigated the circulation patterns, antigenicity, and drug resistance of 2017 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from Myanmar and characterized the full genome of influenza virus strains in Myanmar from in-patients and out-patients to assess the pathogenicity of the viruses. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from out-patients and in-patients with acute respiratory tract infections in Yangon and Pyinmana City in Myanmar during January-December 2017. A total of 215 out-patients and 18 in-patients infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 were detected by virus isolation and real-time RT-PCR. Among the positive patients, 90.6% were less than 14 years old. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Myanmar were similar to the recommended Japanese influenza vaccine strain for 2017–2018 seasons (A/Singapore/GP1908/2015) and WHO recommended 2017 southern hemisphere vaccine component (A/Michigan/45/2015). Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin sequence showed that the Myanmar strains belonged to the genetic subclade 6B.1, possessing mutations of S162N and S164T at potential antigenic sites. However, the amino acid mutation at position 222, which may enhance the severity of disease and mortality, was not found. One case with no prior history of oseltamivir treatment possessed H275Y mutated virus in neuraminidase (NA), which confers resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir with elevated IC<sub>50</sub> values. The full genome sequence of Myanmar strains showed no difference between samples from in-patients and out-patients, suggesting no additional viral mutations associated with patient severity. Several amino acid changes were observed in PB2, PB1, and M2 of Myanmar strains when compared to the vaccine strain and other Asian strains. However, no mutations associated with pathogenicity were found in the Myanmar strains, suggesting that viral factors cannot explain the underlying reasons of the massive outbreak in Myanmar. This study reported the first detection of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus in Myanmar, highlighting the importance of continuous antiviral monitoring and genetic characterization of the influenza virus in Myanmar.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>the International Development Strategy Program for Infectious Diseases Research (J-GRID) of AMED (Japan Medical Research and Development Organization) (15fm0108009h0001-19fm0108009h0005)</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="6"></table-count><page-count count="19"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front><sub-article id="pone.0229601.r001" article-type="aggregated-review-documents"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601.r001</article-id><title-group><article-title>Decision Letter 0</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Baochuan</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Baochuan Lin</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Baochuan Lin</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><related-article id="rel-obj001" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pone.0229601" related-article-type="reviewed-article"></related-article><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Submission Version</meta-name><meta-value>0</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></front-stub><body><p><named-content content-type="letter-date">22 Oct 2019</named-content></p><p>PONE-D-19-24652</p><p>Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and a first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017</p><p>PLOS ONE</p><p>Dear Dr. Kyaw Win,</p><p>Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.</p><p>I have received the reviews of your manuscript. While your paper addresses an interesting question, there are several issues raised by the reviewers that needs to be addressed. Please see reviewers' insightful comments for detail. On a personal level, I felt the paper is very descriptive and I agreed with the reviewers about the information for in-patients did not appear until "drug resistance testing", please provide more information regarding in-patients. Also, some details on the phylogenetic analysis on the whole genome will help strengthen the merit of the paper.</p><p>Specific comments:</p><p>1. Line 58, replace "HI" with "Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)"</p><p>2. Line 121, please provide more information regarding in-patients, how many samples? Are they similar to out-patients in characteristics, etc.</p><p>3. Line 184: replace "MUNANA" with "2′-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA)".</p><p>4. Line 192, please add (Niigata, Japan) after Niigata University.</p><p>5. Line 194 - 195, suggest removing "using Sanger Method" from the title</p><p>We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Dec 06 2019 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/">https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/</ext-link> and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.</p><p>If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.</p><p>To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols</ext-link></p><p>Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.</p></list-item><list-item><p>A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.</p></list-item><list-item><p>An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.</p><p>We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.</p><p>Kind regards,</p><p>Baochuan Lin, Ph.D.</p><p>Academic Editor</p><p>PLOS ONE</p><p>Journal Requirements:</p><p>1.</p><p>When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.</p><p>Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at</p><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf">http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf">http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf</ext-link></p><p>[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]</p><p>Reviewers' comments:</p><p>Reviewer's Responses to Questions</p><p><bold>Comments to the Author</bold></p><p>1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?</p><p>The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. </p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: Partly</p><p>**********</p><p>2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously? </p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: N/A</p><p>**********</p><p>3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?</p><p>The <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.plosone.org/static/policies.action#sharing">PLOS Data policy</ext-link> requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.</p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: No</p><p>**********</p><p>4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?</p><p>PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.</p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: No</p><p>**********</p><p>5. Review Comments to the Author</p><p>Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)</p><p>Reviewer #1: This is a descriptive study on H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from in-patients and out-patients (mostly less than 14 years old) in Myanmar in 2017. It was motivated following a community outbreak during this year and declaration a high level of alert.</p><p>The authors investigated the circulation patterns, distribution of influenza subtypes, antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors.</p><p>The virus circulating in Myanmar was found to have several HA mutations including S84N, S162N and I216T; and NA mutations including V13I, I34V and I314M substitutions which placed the circulating H1N1 virus in the 6.1B clade.</p><p>Minor concerns</p><p>1. The introduction is well written, encompasses some aspects of influenza virology relevant to surveillance and focused properly on the work done here.</p><p>2. In M& M, Neuraminidase assay section can be written better. It is somehow confusing. For instance in three sequential sentences “FOUR KINDS OF NAI” was repeated.</p><p>3. In line 196 (pdf version), “The HA and NA proteins of selected A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses” should be “The HA and NA genes of selected A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses”.</p><p>4. In results, some data presented in table 1 are repeated in the text unnecessarily, also, demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of A(H1N1)pdm09 patients are clearly explained in table 2 and no need for more explanation. Please present the data just one time; table or text.</p><p>5. In table 6, please refer to appropriate article when mention to play a role in viral oligomerization interfaces and binding of small ligands/ to be related to virulence when combined with V3 and N328K for an avian virus A/quail/Vietnam/36/04 (H5N1) and to be related to drug resistance to amantadine.(line 452 -455 pdf version)</p><p>6. Please explain why did you Sanger sequencing while you could obtain the same data from NGS.</p><p>Major concern:</p><p>How you can explain HI results? The isolated viruses reacted to antisera raised against vaccine strain even more than the vaccine strain virus!! It should be Vice Versa. Do you think the data presented in this part is reasonable? Please clearly argue about this issue in discussion.</p><p>Reviewer #2: MAJOR POINTS</p><p>1. Title. I would suggest changing the title to something like – influenza full-genome sequencing for surveillance of pathogenic markers and antiviral resistance during the 2017 season in Myanmar.</p><p>2. Abstract. There is no mention on the in-patients here</p><p>3. L121. Please specify location of the YKCH Hospital (Myanmar, I guess)</p><p>4. Besides, one of the problems with this paper is that in-patients were selected from a different center from that of out-patients. Why only 12? This limitation needs to be acknowledged in the discussion. Why did you not include as in-patients those patients who were finally admitted in the two surveillance hospitals? The comparison of mild/severe cases from different sites needs an explanation.</p><p>5. L164-165. Please provide a table with the sequences for the primers and probes, or an adequate reference for the work describing those.</p><p>6. L218. Please, specify details on the software: what is type of treatment to the NGS raw data? What is the output? Only consensus files? Coverage, and variant tables?</p><p>7. L231. The authors used MEGA for the phylogenetic analysis but, what was the evolutionary model best fitting the data (for every segment and for the whole genome)? Dis you consider that in the phylogenetic analysis?</p><p>8. L282. For the patients included, did you collect the previous vaccination status?</p><p>9. L415 segments, no proteins</p><p>10. L420. For the NGS whole-genome sequence there are no details on the results obtained (i.e. mean coverage per segment, depth per nucleotide, variants per segment (synonymous, non-synonymous, major and minor) etc.</p><p>11. Besides, the analyses performed on NGS data seem limited to the consensus sequences. The authors do not provide a (major and minor) variant analysis for the 8 genome segments, table S3 seems just a summary of alignments using consensus sequences. It would be interesting to see if minor variants were more/less abundant in patients with severe outcome.</p><p>12. Further, there is no phylogenetic analysis on the other segments different from HA or NA…nor using the complete genome, data that may be also useful to look for reassortment/recombination.</p><p>13. L434-436. I believe this last sentence may be not relevant for the reader.</p><p>14. L533. There were in fact some differences between strains from Myanmar and those from India, see table 6!</p><p>15. L559-577 these two paragraphs show information that can be parly included in the introduction and that can be significantly streamlined, avoiding some details that may not be interesting to the reader.</p><p>16. L581. Here the authors should acknowledge the limitations on patient inclusion raised on the points above.</p><p>17. L585. It would be interesting to see if you found any minor variants in NA at positions associated with NAI resistence, discuss here.</p><p>18. L591-593. This can be streamlined to something like -2017 season but failed to identify features in the viral genome responsible for the differential severity of influenza between in- and out-patients…</p><p>MINOR POINTS</p><p>19. L236. A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm09). Please specify genebank accession number.</p><p>20. L242. Change “alterations” for “implications”</p><p>21. L346. …resistance</p><p>22. L352 …region did not show the…</p><p>23. L388 T314I in HA?</p><p>24. L408. …was found in one ….</p><p>25. L411 …the D451G…</p><p>26. L423 …substitutions (as compared to A/Michigan…)</p><p>27. L426…which MAY play a role…</p><p>**********</p><p>6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process#loc-peer-review-history">what does this mean?</ext-link>). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.</p><p>If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.</p><p><bold>Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review?</bold> For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.plos.org/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</ext-link>.</p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes: first name: Fatemeh, last name: Fotouhi</p><p>Reviewer #2: No</p><p>[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]</p><p>While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/">https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/</ext-link>. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at <email>figures@plos.org</email>. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="pone.0229601.r002" article-type="author-comment"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601.r002</article-id><title-group><article-title>Author response to Decision Letter 0</article-title></title-group><related-article id="rel-obj002" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pone.0229601" related-article-type="editor-report"></related-article><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Submission Version</meta-name><meta-value>1</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></front-stub><body><p><named-content content-type="author-response-date">6 Dec 2019</named-content></p><p>Response to Academic Editor and Reviewers</p><p>Thank you for the letter and for the reviewers’ comments. We would like to report that our MS was revised as the requirements and comments from the academic editor and reviewers. We respond to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewers.</p><p>Journal Requirements:</p><p>1. When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.</p><p> Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at</p><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf">http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf">http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf</ext-link></p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Thank you for your suggestion. We have checked and corrected the manuscript according to PLOS ONE’s format.</p><p>We have done 3 major changes in the revised manuscript. One of the authors has changed from Nobuhiro Takemae to Yuko Uchida due to the mistake of a person who conducted the NGS. We elaborated the information for the in-patients and added the clinical characteristics of the in-patients. Additionally, we also added the internal genes sequence of the H275Y mutated virus analyzed by NGS. </p><p>Academic Editor’s Comments </p><p>1. Line 58, replace "HI" with "Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)"</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 56-59, page 3: We changed as “Hemagglutination inhibition (HI)” and modified the sentence. </p><p>2. Line 121, please provide more information regarding in-patients, how many samples? Are they similar to out-patients in characteristics, etc.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 131-132, 136-140, page 7: We provided more information regarding in-patients including sample collection site, patient symptoms with inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p><p>Line 272-306, page 13-15: We also revised and modified Table 1 and Table 2 providing more information of in-patients. </p><p>Line 558-563, page 28-29: We reported our study limitations about in-patients in the discussion part. </p><p>3. Line 184: replace "MUNANA" with "2′-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA)".</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 204-205, page 10: We replaced "2′-(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA)" instead of MUNANA.</p><p>4. Line 192, please add (Niigata, Japan) after Niigata University.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 213, page 10: We added “(Niigata, Japan)” after Niigata University.</p><p>5. Line 194 -195, suggest removing "using Sanger Method" from the title</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 235-238, page 11-12: We deleted the whole paragraph “Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase gene sequencing using Sanger Method” and incorporated into the paragraph “Phylogenetic analysis” to reflect the suggestion from reviewer 1, comment 6.</p><p>Reviewer #1:</p><p>Minor concerns</p><p>1. The introduction is well written, encompasses some aspects of influenza virology relevant to surveillance and focused properly on the work done here.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Thank you very much for your comment. </p><p>2. In M& M, Neuraminidase assay section can be written better. It is somehow confusing. For instance in three sequential sentences “FOUR KINDS OF NAI” was repeated.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 198-204, page 10: We changed repeated words “FOUR KINDS OF NAI” and made some changes on Neuraminidase assay section to be better and clear.</p><p>3. In line 196 (pdf version), “The HA and NA proteins of selected A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses” should be “The HA and NA genes of selected A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses”.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>The sentence was deleted during revision as per response to reviewer 1, comment 6.</p><p>4. In results, some data presented in table 1 are repeated in the text unnecessarily, also, demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of A(H1N1)pdm09 patients are clearly explained in table 2 and no need for more explanation. Please present the data just one time; table or text.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 272-306, page 13-15: We presented the data one time mainly in Tables (both Table 1 and 2) and removed duplicate data from text under result section in revised manuscript. </p><p>We modified Table 1 and 2 and provided more information about in-patients as suggested by academic editor and reviewer 2. </p><p>5. In table 6, please refer to appropriate article when mention to play a role in viral oligomerization interfaces and binding of small ligands/ to be related to virulence when combined with V3 and N328K for an avian virus A/quail/Vietnam/36/04 (H5N1) and to be related to drug resistance to amantadine.(line 452 -455 pdf version)</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>We deleted the irrelevant sentence and reference (line 434-436 of original version) as suggested by reviewer 2, comment 13. </p><p>Line 433, page 22: We added the appropriate article related to drug resistance to amantadine. </p><p>Line 421-435, page 21-22: We summarized the internal gene analysis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and added the result of oseltamivir-resistant Myanmar out-patient strain (A/Myanmar/17M307/2017) in Table 6 of revised manuscript.</p><p> 6. Please explain why did you Sanger sequencing while you could obtain the same data from NGS.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 235-238, page 11-12: In previous manuscript, we did not sequence the oseltamivir-resistant case in NGS but in Sanger method. In revised manuscript, we have done NGS to the oseltamivir-resistant case. As a consequence, the paragraph “Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase gene sequencing using Sanger Method” incorporated in the paragraph “Phylogenetic analysis” in the revised manuscript.</p><p>Major concern:</p><p> How you can explain HI results? The isolated viruses reacted to antisera raised against vaccine strain even more than the vaccine strain virus!! It should be Vice Versa. Do you think the data presented in this part is reasonable? Please clearly argue about this issue in discussion.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 469-475, page 25: We added the explanation about this in discussion. </p><p>Reviewer #2: </p><p>Major points</p><p>1. Title. I would suggest changing the title to something like – influenza full-genome sequencing for surveillance of pathogenic markers and antiviral resistance during the 2017 season in Myanmar.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Thank you so much for your kind suggestion to change the title. However, we would like to highlight the outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during the 2017 season in Myanmar and focus the first case of antiviral resistance not only full-genome sequencing analysis in our MS. We kindly request you to accept the MS title to remain as before; “Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and a first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017”.</p><p>2. Abstract. There is no mention on the in-patients here</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Lines 52-54, page 3: The information is added in the abstract.</p><p>3. L121. Please specify location of the YKCH Hospital (Myanmar, I guess)</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 132, page 7: We specified the location of YKCH hospital in revised text.</p><p>4. Besides, one of the problems with this paper is that in-patients were selected from a different center from that of out-patients. Why only 12? This limitation needs to be acknowledged in the discussion. Why did you not include as in-patients those patients who were finally admitted in the two surveillance hospitals? The comparison of mild/severe cases from different sites needs an explanation.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 382-383, page 20: We inserted the reason for the numbers of the in-patients sequenced.</p><p>Line 558-563, page 28-29: We added and explained these limitations in discussion. </p><p>5. L164-165. Please provide a table with the sequences for the primers and probes, or an adequate reference for the work describing those.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 189, page 9: We previously described the appropriate reference number 12 in the original version.</p><p>6. L218. Please, specify details on the software: what is type of treatment to the NGS raw data? What is the output? Only consensus files? Coverage, and variant tables?</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 222-231, page 11 and line 351-354, page 18: In this time, the variant rate of oseltamivir resistant amino acid substitution at position 275 in NA was provided but the variant table for other positions was not provided. </p><p>Line 566-570, page 29: We also added these limitations in discussion of revised manuscript.</p><p>7. L231. The authors used MEGA for the phylogenetic analysis but, what was the evolutionary model best fitting the data (for every segment and for the whole genome)? Dis you consider that in the phylogenetic analysis?</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 247-251, page 12: We clarified the best fitting model in the revised manuscript. </p><p>8. L282. For the patients included, did you collect the previous vaccination status?</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 297-298, page 14: We collected the previous influenza vaccination status and added it in revised text. </p><p>9. L415 segments, no proteins</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 414, page 21: We changed as segments as you suggested.</p><p>10. L420. For the NGS whole-genome sequence there are no details on the results obtained (i.e. mean coverage per segment, depth per nucleotide, variants per segment (synonymous, non-synonymous, major and minor) etc.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 566-570, page 29: The further analysis of the six internal genes and details of the NGS whole-genome sequencing results obtained will be reported in the next paper. </p><p>11. Besides, the analyses performed on NGS data seem limited to the consensus sequences. The authors do not provide a (major and minor) variant analysis for the 8 genome segments, table S3 seems just a summary of alignments using consensus sequences. It would be interesting to see if minor variants were more/less abundant in patients with severe outcome.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 566-570, page 29, line 351-354, page 18, Table 6 and S3 Table: In the revised manuscript, we did not describe the minor variants analysis because much detail analysis on epidemiological findings was needed. In addition, we added the variant rate of oseltamivir-resistance tyrosine amino acid substitution at position 275 in NA gene of one oseltamivir- resistant Myanmar strain in “Drug resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus” under results section. We added the internal genes of oseltamivir-resistant H275Y mutated virus. </p><p>12. Further, there is no phylogenetic analysis on the other segments different from HA or NA…nor using the complete genome, data that may be also useful to look for reassortment/recombination.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 566-570, page 29: We added the limitations in discussion as per response to comment 10 and 11.</p><p>13. L434-436. I believe this last sentence may be not relevant for the reader.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>We deleted the irrelevant sentence as your comment.</p><p>14. L533. There were in fact some differences between strains from Myanmar and those from India, see table 6!</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 430-435, page 22, line 521-527, page 27: We explained and inserted the additional information and also added the related reference number 25.</p><p>15. L559-577 these two paragraphs show information that can be parly included in the introduction and that can be significantly streamlined, avoiding some details that may not be interesting to the reader.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 96-103, page 5, line 116-119, page 6: We moved some information from here to introduction section and deleted some details.</p><p>16. L581. Here the authors should acknowledge the limitations on patient inclusion raised on the points above.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 558-563, page 28-29: We added the limitations on patient inclusion.</p><p>17. L585. It would be interesting to see if you found any minor variants in NA at positions associated with NAI resistence, discuss here.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 351-354, page 18: We added the result as per response. </p><p>18. L591-593. This can be streamlined to something like -2017 season but failed to identify features in the viral genome responsible for the differential severity of influenza between in- and out-patients…</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 576-578, page 29: We were unable to identify viral genome features to differentiate the severity and described it in conclusion section of revised manuscript.</p><p>Minor points</p><p>19. L236. A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm09). Please specify genebank accession number.</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 254, page 12: We specified GISAID accession number. </p><p>20. L242. Change “alterations” for “implications”</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 260, page 12: We changed “alterations” for “implications” as you suggested. </p><p>21. L346. …resistance</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 346, page 17: We changed as resistance.</p><p>22. L352 …region did not show the…</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 354, page 18: We changed it according to your suggestion. </p><p>23. L388 T314I in HA?</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p> Line 387, page 20: We described it in revised manuscript.</p><p>24. L408. …was found in one ….</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 407, page 21: We changed as you suggested. </p><p>25. L411 …the D451G…</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 410, page 21: We added article “the” D451G. </p><p>26. L423 …substitutions (as compared to A/Michigan…)</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Line 422, page 21: We added as you suggested and summarized the internal gene analysis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in revised manuscript. </p><p>27. L426…which MAY play a role…</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>The sentence was deleted during revision as we summarized the internal gene analysis in revised manuscript.</p><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0229601.s005"><label>Attachment</label><caption><p>Submitted filename: <named-content content-type="submitted-filename">Response to Reviewers.docx</named-content></p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0229601.s005.docx"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></body></sub-article><sub-article id="pone.0229601.r003" article-type="aggregated-review-documents"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601.r003</article-id><title-group><article-title>Decision Letter 1</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Baochuan</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Baochuan Lin</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Baochuan Lin</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><related-article id="rel-obj003" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pone.0229601" related-article-type="reviewed-article"></related-article><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Submission Version</meta-name><meta-value>1</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></front-stub><body><p><named-content content-type="letter-date">7 Jan 2020</named-content></p><p>PONE-D-19-24652R1</p><p>Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and a first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017</p><p>PLOS ONE</p><p>Dear Dr. Kyaw Win,</p><p>Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.</p><p>Both reviewers agreed that the revised manuscript showed significant improvement, however, there are some issues that need to be addressed. Also, please have a fluent, preferably native, English-language speaker thoroughly copyedit your manuscript for language usage, spelling, and grammar since PLoS ONE does not perform copyediting of manuscripts at any later stage in the publication process.</p><p>We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Feb 21 2020 11:59PM. 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This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.</p><p>We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.</p><p>Kind regards,</p><p>Baochuan Lin, Ph.D.</p><p>Academic Editor</p><p>PLOS ONE</p><p>[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]</p><p>Reviewers' comments:</p><p>Reviewer's Responses to Questions</p><p><bold>Comments to the Author</bold></p><p>1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.</p><p>Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed</p><p>Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed</p><p>**********</p><p>2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?</p><p>The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented. </p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: Yes</p><p>**********</p><p>3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously? </p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: Yes</p><p>**********</p><p>4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?</p><p>The <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.plosone.org/static/policies.action#sharing">PLOS Data policy</ext-link> requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.</p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: (No Response)</p><p>**********</p><p>5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?</p><p>PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.</p><p>Reviewer #1: Yes</p><p>Reviewer #2: No</p><p>**********</p><p>6. Review Comments to the Author</p><p>Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)</p><p>Reviewer #1: (No Response)</p><p>Reviewer #2: In point 10 of the answer to reviewer comments, you argue that further analysis and details of the NGS genome sequencing results will be reoprted "in the next paper"...and added that comment in the text (P29, L566-570). Please change that for a more adequate statement, such as "analysis of NGS data is still ongoing and the results will be published elsewhere"</p><p>**********</p><p>7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process#loc-peer-review-history">what does this mean?</ext-link>). 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Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="pone.0229601.r004" article-type="author-comment"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601.r004</article-id><title-group><article-title>Author response to Decision Letter 1</article-title></title-group><related-article id="rel-obj004" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pone.0229601" related-article-type="editor-report"></related-article><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Submission Version</meta-name><meta-value>2</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></front-stub><body><p><named-content content-type="author-response-date">6 Feb 2020</named-content></p><p>Response to Academic Editor and Reviewers</p><p>Thank you for the letter and for the reviewer’s comment. We would like to report that our MS was revised to meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria. We respond to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewers during the review process. To comply with your suggestions, we requested a professional English language editing company, Editage, to copyedit thoroughly our manuscript for language usage, clarification on technical expression, spelling, and grammar and any typographical or grammatical errors are corrected at revision to help the readability of the paper. </p><p>Reviewer #2: </p><p>1. In point 10 of the answer to reviewer comments, you argue that further analysis and details of the NGS genome sequencing results will be reported "in the next paper"...and added that comment in the text (P29, L566-570). Please change that for a more adequate statement, such as "analysis of NGS data is still ongoing and the results will be published elsewhere"</p><p>Response to comment:</p><p>Lines 567-568, page 29: We changed the sentence to be a more adequate statement as you suggested.</p><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0229601.s006"><label>Attachment</label><caption><p>Submitted filename: <named-content content-type="submitted-filename">Response to Reviewers.doc</named-content></p></caption><media xlink:href="pone.0229601.s006.doc"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></body></sub-article><sub-article id="pone.0229601.r005" article-type="editor-report"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601.r005</article-id><title-group><article-title>Decision Letter 2</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Baochuan</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Baochuan Lin</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Baochuan Lin</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><related-article id="rel-obj005" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pone.0229601" related-article-type="reviewed-article"></related-article><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Submission Version</meta-name><meta-value>2</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></front-stub><body><p><named-content content-type="letter-date">11 Feb 2020</named-content></p><p>Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017</p><p>PONE-D-19-24652R2</p><p>Dear Dr. Kyaw Win,</p><p>We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.</p><p>Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. 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For more information, please contact <email>onepress@plos.org</email>.</p><p>With kind regards,</p><p>Baochuan Lin, Ph.D.</p><p>Academic Editor</p><p>PLOS ONE</p><p>Additional Editor Comments (optional):</p><p>Reviewers' comments:</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="pone.0229601.r006" article-type="editor-report"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0229601.r006</article-id><title-group><article-title>Acceptance letter</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Baochuan</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Baochuan Lin</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Baochuan Lin</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><related-article id="rel-obj006" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1371/journal.pone.0229601" related-article-type="reviewed-article"></related-article></front-stub><body><p><named-content content-type="letter-date">19 Feb 2020</named-content></p><p>PONE-D-19-24652R2 </p><p>Epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 analyzed by full genome sequences and the first case of oseltamivir-resistant strain in Myanmar 2017 </p><p>Dear Dr. Kyaw Win:</p><p>I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department. </p><p>If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact <email>onepress@plos.org</email>.</p><p>For any other questions or concerns, please email <email>plosone@plos.org</email>. </p><p>Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.</p><p>With kind regards,</p><p>PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff</p><p>on behalf of</p><p>Dr. Baochuan Lin </p><p>Academic Editor</p><p>PLOS ONE</p></body></sub-article></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Birmanie</li><li>Japon</li></country><region><li>Préfecture d'Iwate</li><li>Région de Kantō</li></region><settlement><li>Morioka</li><li>Tokyo</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de médecine d'Iwate</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Birmanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kyaw Win, Su Mon" sort="Kyaw Win, Su Mon" uniqKey="Kyaw Win S" first="Su Mon" last="Kyaw Win">Su Mon Kyaw Win</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kamata, Kazuhiro" sort="Kamata, Kazuhiro" uniqKey="Kamata K" first="Kazuhiro" last="Kamata">Kazuhiro Kamata</name><name sortKey="Kyaw, Latt Latt" sort="Kyaw, Latt Latt" uniqKey="Kyaw L" first="Latt Latt" last="Kyaw">Latt Latt Kyaw</name><name sortKey="Kyaw, Yadanar" sort="Kyaw, Yadanar" uniqKey="Kyaw Y" first="Yadanar" last="Kyaw">Yadanar Kyaw</name><name sortKey="Lasham, Di Ja" sort="Lasham, Di Ja" uniqKey="Lasham D" first="Di Ja" last="Lasham">Di Ja Lasham</name><name sortKey="Lin, Nay" sort="Lin, Nay" uniqKey="Lin N" first="Nay" last="Lin">Nay Lin</name><name sortKey="Osada, Hidekazu" sort="Osada, Hidekazu" uniqKey="Osada H" first="Hidekazu" last="Osada">Hidekazu Osada</name><name sortKey="Saito, Reiko" sort="Saito, Reiko" uniqKey="Saito R" first="Reiko" last="Saito">Reiko Saito</name><name sortKey="Thein, Khin Nyo" sort="Thein, Khin Nyo" uniqKey="Thein K" first="Khin Nyo" last="Thein">Khin Nyo Thein</name><name sortKey="Thein, Win" sort="Thein, Win" uniqKey="Thein W" first="Win" last="Thein">Win Thein</name><name sortKey="Tin, Htay Htay" sort="Tin, Htay Htay" uniqKey="Tin H" first="Htay Htay" last="Tin">Htay Htay Tin</name><name sortKey="Tin, Ommar Swe" sort="Tin, Ommar Swe" uniqKey="Tin O" first="Ommar Swe" last="Tin">Ommar Swe Tin</name><name sortKey="Watanabe, Hisami" sort="Watanabe, Hisami" uniqKey="Watanabe H" first="Hisami" last="Watanabe">Hisami Watanabe</name><name sortKey="Win, Nay Chi" sort="Win, Nay Chi" uniqKey="Win N" first="Nay Chi" last="Win">Nay Chi Win</name></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Saito, Reiko" sort="Saito, Reiko" uniqKey="Saito R" first="Reiko" last="Saito">Reiko Saito</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chon, Irina" sort="Chon, Irina" uniqKey="Chon I" first="Irina" last="Chon">Irina Chon</name><name sortKey="Dapat, Clyde" sort="Dapat, Clyde" uniqKey="Dapat C" first="Clyde" last="Dapat">Clyde Dapat</name><name sortKey="Hirokawa, Chika" sort="Hirokawa, Chika" uniqKey="Hirokawa C" first="Chika" last="Hirokawa">Chika Hirokawa</name><name sortKey="Kamata, Kazuhiro" sort="Kamata, Kazuhiro" uniqKey="Kamata K" first="Kazuhiro" last="Kamata">Kazuhiro Kamata</name><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takashi" sort="Odagiri, Takashi" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takashi" last="Odagiri">Takashi Odagiri</name><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takato" sort="Odagiri, Takato" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takato" last="Odagiri">Takato Odagiri</name><name sortKey="Osada, Hidekazu" sort="Osada, Hidekazu" uniqKey="Osada H" first="Hidekazu" last="Osada">Hidekazu Osada</name><name sortKey="Saito, Takehiko" sort="Saito, Takehiko" uniqKey="Saito T" first="Takehiko" last="Saito">Takehiko Saito</name><name sortKey="Saitoh, Akihiko" sort="Saitoh, Akihiko" uniqKey="Saitoh A" first="Akihiko" last="Saitoh">Akihiko Saitoh</name><name sortKey="Tamura, Tsutomu" sort="Tamura, Tsutomu" uniqKey="Tamura T" first="Tsutomu" last="Tamura">Tsutomu Tamura</name><name sortKey="Uchida, Yuko" sort="Uchida, Yuko" uniqKey="Uchida Y" first="Yuko" last="Uchida">Yuko Uchida</name><name sortKey="Watanabe, Hisami" sort="Watanabe, Hisami" uniqKey="Watanabe H" first="Hisami" last="Watanabe">Hisami Watanabe</name><name sortKey="Watanabe, Shinji" sort="Watanabe, Shinji" uniqKey="Watanabe S" first="Shinji" last="Watanabe">Shinji Watanabe</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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