Virus persistence in pig herds led to successive reassortment events between swine and human influenza A viruses, resulting in the emergence of a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza virus
Identifieur interne : 001015 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001014; suivant : 001016Virus persistence in pig herds led to successive reassortment events between swine and human influenza A viruses, resulting in the emergence of a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza virus
Auteurs : Amélie Chastagner [France] ; Emilie Bonin [France] ; Christelle Fablet [France] ; Stéphane Quéguiner [France] ; Edouard Hirchaud [France] ; Pierrick Lucas [France] ; Stéphane Gorin [France] ; Nicolas Barbier [France] ; Véronique Béven [France] ; Emmanuel Garin [France] ; Yannick Blanchard [France] ; Nicolas Rose [France] ; Séverine Hervé [France] ; Gaëlle Simon [France]Source :
- Veterinary Research [ 0928-4249 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
This report describes the detection of a triple reassortant swine influenza A virus of H1avN2 subtype. It evolved from an avian-like swine H1avN1 that first acquired the N2 segment from a seasonal H3N2, then the M segment from a 2009 pandemic H1N1, in two reassortments estimated to have occurred 10 years apart. This study illustrates how recurrent influenza infections increase the co-infection risk and facilitate evolutionary jumps by successive gene exchanges. It recalls the importance of appropriate biosecurity measures inside holdings to limit virus persistence and interspecies transmissions, which both contribute to the emergence of new potentially zoonotic viruses.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0699-y
PubMed: 31590684
PubMed Central: 6781375
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PMC:6781375Le document en format XML
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonin, Emilie" sort="Bonin, Emilie" uniqKey="Bonin E" first="Emilie" last="Bonin">Emilie Bonin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2169 1988</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414548.8</institution-id>
<institution>Present Address: INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
24 chemin de borde rouge - Auzeville, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>24 chemin de borde rouge - Auzeville, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region>
<settlement type="city">Castanet-Tolosan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fablet, Christelle" sort="Fablet, Christelle" uniqKey="Fablet C" first="Christelle" last="Fablet">Christelle Fablet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
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</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Queguiner, Stephane" sort="Queguiner, Stephane" uniqKey="Queguiner S" first="Stéphane" last="Quéguiner">Stéphane Quéguiner</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hirchaud, Edouard" sort="Hirchaud, Edouard" uniqKey="Hirchaud E" first="Edouard" last="Hirchaud">Edouard Hirchaud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Viral Genetic and Biosecurity Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lucas, Pierrick" sort="Lucas, Pierrick" uniqKey="Lucas P" first="Pierrick" last="Lucas">Pierrick Lucas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Viral Genetic and Biosecurity Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gorin, Stephane" sort="Gorin, Stephane" uniqKey="Gorin S" first="Stéphane" last="Gorin">Stéphane Gorin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
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</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barbier, Nicolas" sort="Barbier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Barbier N" first="Nicolas" last="Barbier">Nicolas Barbier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beven, Veronique" sort="Beven, Veronique" uniqKey="Beven V" first="Véronique" last="Béven">Véronique Béven</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Viral Genetic and Biosecurity Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garin, Emmanuel" sort="Garin, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Garin E" first="Emmanuel" last="Garin">Emmanuel Garin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Animal Health Service, Coop de France, 43 Rue Sedaine, 75538 Paris cedex 11, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Animal Health Service, Coop de France, 43 Rue Sedaine, 75538 Paris cedex 11</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Operational Team, ESA Platform, 31 Avenue Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Operational Team, ESA Platform, 31 Avenue Garnier, 69007 Lyon</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region>
<settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Present Address: GDS-France, 37 Rue de Lyon, 75012 Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Present Address: GDS-France, 37 Rue de Lyon, 75012 Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blanchard, Yannick" sort="Blanchard, Yannick" uniqKey="Blanchard Y" first="Yannick" last="Blanchard">Yannick Blanchard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
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</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rose, Nicolas" sort="Rose, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rose N" first="Nicolas" last="Rose">Nicolas Rose</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herve, Severine" sort="Herve, Severine" uniqKey="Herve S" first="Séverine" last="Hervé">Séverine Hervé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simon, Gaelle" sort="Simon, Gaelle" uniqKey="Simon G" first="Gaëlle" last="Simon">Gaëlle Simon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>BP53, 22440 Ploufragan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Ploufragan</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Bretagne</region>
<settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Veterinary Research</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0928-4249</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1297-9716</idno>
<imprint><date when="2019">2019</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">This report describes the detection of a triple reassortant swine influenza A virus of H1<sub>av</sub>
N2 subtype. It evolved from an avian-like swine H1<sub>av</sub>
N1 that first acquired the N2 segment from a seasonal H3N2, then the M segment from a 2009 pandemic H1N1, in two reassortments estimated to have occurred 10 years apart. This study illustrates how recurrent influenza infections increase the co-infection risk and facilitate evolutionary jumps by successive gene exchanges. It recalls the importance of appropriate biosecurity measures inside holdings to limit virus persistence and interspecies transmissions, which both contribute to the emergence of new potentially zoonotic viruses.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kash, Jc" uniqKey="Kash J">JC Kash</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ma, W" uniqKey="Ma W">W Ma</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kahn, Re" uniqKey="Kahn R">RE Kahn</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Richt, Ja" uniqKey="Richt J">JA Richt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simon, G" uniqKey="Simon G">G Simon</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Markowska Daniel, I" uniqKey="Markowska Daniel I">I Markowska-Daniel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reid, Sm" uniqKey="Reid S">SM Reid</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Dan, A" uniqKey="Dan A">A Dan</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Maldonado, J" uniqKey="Maldonado J">J Maldonado</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kyriakis, Cs" uniqKey="Kyriakis C">CS Kyriakis</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Brown, Ih" uniqKey="Brown I">IH Brown</name>
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</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Watson, Sj" uniqKey="Watson S">SJ Watson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langat, P" uniqKey="Langat P">P Langat</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reid, Sm" uniqKey="Reid S">SM Reid</name>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Vet Res</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Vet. Res</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Veterinary Research</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="ppub">0928-4249</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1297-9716</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31590684</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6781375</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13567-019-0699-y</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Short Report</subject>
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</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Virus persistence in pig herds led to successive reassortment events between swine and human influenza A viruses, resulting in the emergence of a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza virus</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chastagner</surname>
<given-names>Amélie</given-names>
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<address><email>amelie.chastagner@anses.fr</email>
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<given-names>Christelle</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>christelle.fablet@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quéguiner</surname>
<given-names>Stéphane</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>stephane.queguiner@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hirchaud</surname>
<given-names>Edouard</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>edouard.hirchaud@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lucas</surname>
<given-names>Pierrick</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>pierrick.lucas@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gorin</surname>
<given-names>Stéphane</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>stephane.gorin@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barbier</surname>
<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>nicolas.barbier@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Béven</surname>
<given-names>Véronique</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>veronique.beven@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garin</surname>
<given-names>Emmanuel</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>emmanuel.garin.gdsf@reseaugds.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blanchard</surname>
<given-names>Yannick</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>yannick.blanchard@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rose</surname>
<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>nicolas.rose@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hervé</surname>
<given-names>Séverine</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>severine.herve@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1099-5075</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Simon</surname>
<given-names>Gaëlle</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>gaelle.simon@anses.fr</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0584 7022</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15540.35</institution-id>
<institution>Viral Genetic and Biosecurity Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory,</institution>
<institution>ANSES,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>
Bretagne Loire University, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>
Animal Health Service, Coop de France, 43 Rue Sedaine, 75538 Paris cedex 11, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>
Operational Team, ESA Platform, 31 Avenue Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2169 1988</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414548.8</institution-id>
<institution>Present Address: INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
24 chemin de borde rouge - Auzeville, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label>
Present Address: GDS-France, 37 Rue de Lyon, 75012 Paris, France</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>7</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<elocation-id>77</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2019</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">This report describes the detection of a triple reassortant swine influenza A virus of H1<sub>av</sub>
N2 subtype. It evolved from an avian-like swine H1<sub>av</sub>
N1 that first acquired the N2 segment from a seasonal H3N2, then the M segment from a 2009 pandemic H1N1, in two reassortments estimated to have occurred 10 years apart. This study illustrates how recurrent influenza infections increase the co-infection risk and facilitate evolutionary jumps by successive gene exchanges. It recalls the importance of appropriate biosecurity measures inside holdings to limit virus persistence and interspecies transmissions, which both contribute to the emergence of new potentially zoonotic viruses.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>FP7 Coordinated Action</institution>
</funding-source>
<award-id>259949</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>CoVetLab joint research project 2016</institution>
</funding-source>
<award-id>CF0010</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>European Union’s Horizon 2020 program</institution>
</funding-source>
<award-id>643476</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2019</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
</country>
<region><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li>
<li>Midi-Pyrénées</li>
<li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li>
<li>Rhône-Alpes</li>
<li>Région Bretagne</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Castanet-Tolosan</li>
<li>Lyon</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Ploufragan</li>
<li>Rennes</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="France"><region name="Région Bretagne"><name sortKey="Chastagner, Amelie" sort="Chastagner, Amelie" uniqKey="Chastagner A" first="Amélie" last="Chastagner">Amélie Chastagner</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Barbier, Nicolas" sort="Barbier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Barbier N" first="Nicolas" last="Barbier">Nicolas Barbier</name>
<name sortKey="Barbier, Nicolas" sort="Barbier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Barbier N" first="Nicolas" last="Barbier">Nicolas Barbier</name>
<name sortKey="Beven, Veronique" sort="Beven, Veronique" uniqKey="Beven V" first="Véronique" last="Béven">Véronique Béven</name>
<name sortKey="Beven, Veronique" sort="Beven, Veronique" uniqKey="Beven V" first="Véronique" last="Béven">Véronique Béven</name>
<name sortKey="Blanchard, Yannick" sort="Blanchard, Yannick" uniqKey="Blanchard Y" first="Yannick" last="Blanchard">Yannick Blanchard</name>
<name sortKey="Blanchard, Yannick" sort="Blanchard, Yannick" uniqKey="Blanchard Y" first="Yannick" last="Blanchard">Yannick Blanchard</name>
<name sortKey="Bonin, Emilie" sort="Bonin, Emilie" uniqKey="Bonin E" first="Emilie" last="Bonin">Emilie Bonin</name>
<name sortKey="Bonin, Emilie" sort="Bonin, Emilie" uniqKey="Bonin E" first="Emilie" last="Bonin">Emilie Bonin</name>
<name sortKey="Bonin, Emilie" sort="Bonin, Emilie" uniqKey="Bonin E" first="Emilie" last="Bonin">Emilie Bonin</name>
<name sortKey="Chastagner, Amelie" sort="Chastagner, Amelie" uniqKey="Chastagner A" first="Amélie" last="Chastagner">Amélie Chastagner</name>
<name sortKey="Fablet, Christelle" sort="Fablet, Christelle" uniqKey="Fablet C" first="Christelle" last="Fablet">Christelle Fablet</name>
<name sortKey="Fablet, Christelle" sort="Fablet, Christelle" uniqKey="Fablet C" first="Christelle" last="Fablet">Christelle Fablet</name>
<name sortKey="Garin, Emmanuel" sort="Garin, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Garin E" first="Emmanuel" last="Garin">Emmanuel Garin</name>
<name sortKey="Garin, Emmanuel" sort="Garin, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Garin E" first="Emmanuel" last="Garin">Emmanuel Garin</name>
<name sortKey="Garin, Emmanuel" sort="Garin, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Garin E" first="Emmanuel" last="Garin">Emmanuel Garin</name>
<name sortKey="Gorin, Stephane" sort="Gorin, Stephane" uniqKey="Gorin S" first="Stéphane" last="Gorin">Stéphane Gorin</name>
<name sortKey="Gorin, Stephane" sort="Gorin, Stephane" uniqKey="Gorin S" first="Stéphane" last="Gorin">Stéphane Gorin</name>
<name sortKey="Herve, Severine" sort="Herve, Severine" uniqKey="Herve S" first="Séverine" last="Hervé">Séverine Hervé</name>
<name sortKey="Herve, Severine" sort="Herve, Severine" uniqKey="Herve S" first="Séverine" last="Hervé">Séverine Hervé</name>
<name sortKey="Hirchaud, Edouard" sort="Hirchaud, Edouard" uniqKey="Hirchaud E" first="Edouard" last="Hirchaud">Edouard Hirchaud</name>
<name sortKey="Hirchaud, Edouard" sort="Hirchaud, Edouard" uniqKey="Hirchaud E" first="Edouard" last="Hirchaud">Edouard Hirchaud</name>
<name sortKey="Lucas, Pierrick" sort="Lucas, Pierrick" uniqKey="Lucas P" first="Pierrick" last="Lucas">Pierrick Lucas</name>
<name sortKey="Lucas, Pierrick" sort="Lucas, Pierrick" uniqKey="Lucas P" first="Pierrick" last="Lucas">Pierrick Lucas</name>
<name sortKey="Queguiner, Stephane" sort="Queguiner, Stephane" uniqKey="Queguiner S" first="Stéphane" last="Quéguiner">Stéphane Quéguiner</name>
<name sortKey="Queguiner, Stephane" sort="Queguiner, Stephane" uniqKey="Queguiner S" first="Stéphane" last="Quéguiner">Stéphane Quéguiner</name>
<name sortKey="Rose, Nicolas" sort="Rose, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rose N" first="Nicolas" last="Rose">Nicolas Rose</name>
<name sortKey="Rose, Nicolas" sort="Rose, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rose N" first="Nicolas" last="Rose">Nicolas Rose</name>
<name sortKey="Simon, Gaelle" sort="Simon, Gaelle" uniqKey="Simon G" first="Gaëlle" last="Simon">Gaëlle Simon</name>
<name sortKey="Simon, Gaelle" sort="Simon, Gaelle" uniqKey="Simon G" first="Gaëlle" last="Simon">Gaëlle Simon</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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