The ghost of pandemics past: revisiting two centuries of influenza in Sweden
Identifieur interne : 000E08 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000E07; suivant : 000E09The ghost of pandemics past: revisiting two centuries of influenza in Sweden
Auteurs : Martin HolmbergSource :
- Medical Humanities [ 1468-215X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Previous influenza pandemics are usually invoked in pandemic preparedness planning without a thorough analysis of the events surrounding them, what has been called the ‘configuration’ of epidemics. Historic pandemics are instead used to contrast them to the novelty of the coming imagined plague or as fear of a ghost-like repetition of the past. This view of pandemics is guided by a biomedical framework that is ahistorical and reductionist. The meaning of ‘pandemic’ influenza is in fact highly ambiguous in its partitioning of pandemic and seasonal influenza. The past 200 years of influenza epidemics in Sweden are examined with a special focus on key social structures—households, schools, transportations and the military. These are shown to have influenced the progression of influenza pandemics. Prevailing beliefs around influenza pandemics have also profoundly influenced intervention strategies. Measuring long-term trends in pandemic severity is problematic because pandemics are non-linear events where the conditions surrounding them constantly change. However, in a linearised view, the Spanish flu can be seen to represent a historical turning point and the H1N1 2009 pandemic not as an outlier, but following a 100-year trend of decreasing severity. Integrating seasonal and pandemic influenza, and adopting an ecosocial stance can deepen our understanding and bring the ghost-like pandemic past to life.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2016-011023
PubMed: 28855380
PubMed Central: 5629937
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Previous influenza pandemics are usually invoked in pandemic preparedness planning without a thorough analysis of the events surrounding them, what has been called the ‘configuration’ of epidemics. Historic pandemics are instead used to contrast them to the novelty of the coming imagined plague or as fear of a ghost-like repetition of the past. This view of pandemics is guided by a biomedical framework that is ahistorical and reductionist. The meaning of ‘pandemic’ influenza is in fact highly ambiguous in its partitioning of pandemic and seasonal influenza. The past 200 years of influenza epidemics in Sweden are examined with a special focus on key social structures—households, schools, transportations and the military. These are shown to have influenced the progression of influenza pandemics. Prevailing beliefs around influenza pandemics have also profoundly influenced intervention strategies. Measuring long-term trends in pandemic severity is problematic because pandemics are non-linear events where the conditions surrounding them constantly change. However, in a linearised view, the Spanish flu can be seen to represent a historical turning point and the H1N1 2009 pandemic not as an outlier, but following a 100-year trend of decreasing severity. Integrating seasonal and pandemic influenza, and adopting an ecosocial stance can deepen our understanding and bring the ghost-like pandemic past to life.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Med Humanit</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Med Humanit</journal-id>
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/medhum-2016-011023</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>The ghost of pandemics past: revisiting two centuries of influenza in Sweden</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Holmberg</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
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<author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label>
Dr Martin Holmberg, Culture and Media Studies, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden; <email>mhmarhol@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>43</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>141</fpage>
<lpage>147</lpage>
<history><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>
</license-p>
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<abstract><p>Previous influenza pandemics are usually invoked in pandemic preparedness planning without a thorough analysis of the events surrounding them, what has been called the ‘configuration’ of epidemics. Historic pandemics are instead used to contrast them to the novelty of the coming imagined plague or as fear of a ghost-like repetition of the past. This view of pandemics is guided by a biomedical framework that is ahistorical and reductionist. The meaning of ‘pandemic’ influenza is in fact highly ambiguous in its partitioning of pandemic and seasonal influenza. The past 200 years of influenza epidemics in Sweden are examined with a special focus on key social structures—households, schools, transportations and the military. These are shown to have influenced the progression of influenza pandemics. Prevailing beliefs around influenza pandemics have also profoundly influenced intervention strategies. Measuring long-term trends in pandemic severity is problematic because pandemics are non-linear events where the conditions surrounding them constantly change. However, in a linearised view, the Spanish flu can be seen to represent a historical turning point and the H1N1 2009 pandemic not as an outlier, but following a 100-year trend of decreasing severity. Integrating seasonal and pandemic influenza, and adopting an ecosocial stance can deepen our understanding and bring the ghost-like pandemic past to life.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>History</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-feature</meta-name>
<meta-value>unlocked</meta-value>
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<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Holmberg, Martin" sort="Holmberg, Martin" uniqKey="Holmberg M" first="Martin" last="Holmberg">Martin Holmberg</name>
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