Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015–2016 human influenza season
Identifieur interne : 000D53 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000D52; suivant : 000D54Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015–2016 human influenza season
Auteurs : Xiaoxiao Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Qimei Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Wei Cheng [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhao Yu [République populaire de Chine] ; Feng Ling [République populaire de Chine] ; Haiyan Mao [République populaire de Chine] ; Enfu Chen [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs), being a potential source of avian influenza virus, require effective environmental surveillance management. In our study, a total of 2865 environmental samples were collected from 292 LBMs during the 2015–2016 human influenza season from 10 cities in Zhejiang province, China. The samples were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Field investigations were carried out to investigate probable risk factors. Of the environmental samples, 1519 (53.0%) were contaminated by A subtype. The highest prevalence of the H9 subtype was 30.2%, and the frequencies of the H5 and H7 subtype were 9.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Hangzhou and Jinhua cities were contaminated more seriously than the others. The prevalence of H5/H7/H9 in drinking water samples was highest, at 50.9%, and chopping board swabs ranked second, at 49.3%. Duration of sales per day, types of live poultry, LBM location and the number of live poultry were the main risk factors for environmental contamination, according to logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, LBMs in Zhejiang were contaminated by avian influenza. Our study has provided clues for avian influenza prevention and control during the human influenza season, especially in areas where LBMs are not closed.
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DOI: 10.1038/srep42722
PubMed: 28256584
PubMed Central: 5335333
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015–2016 human influenza season</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaoxiao" sort="Wang, Xiaoxiao" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaoxiao" last="Wang">Xiaoxiao Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Qimei" sort="Wang, Qimei" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qimei" last="Wang">Qimei Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Ningbo University</institution>, Ningbo,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Wei" sort="Cheng, Wei" uniqKey="Cheng W" first="Wei" last="Cheng">Wei Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Zhao" sort="Yu, Zhao" uniqKey="Yu Z" first="Zhao" last="Yu">Zhao Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Feng" sort="Ling, Feng" uniqKey="Ling F" first="Feng" last="Ling">Feng Ling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mao, Haiyan" sort="Mao, Haiyan" uniqKey="Mao H" first="Haiyan" last="Mao">Haiyan Mao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Enfu" sort="Chen, Enfu" uniqKey="Chen E" first="Enfu" last="Chen">Enfu Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28256584</idno><idno type="pmc">5335333</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5335333</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5335333</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep42722</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000107</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000107</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000107</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" 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sort="Wang, Qimei" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qimei" last="Wang">Qimei Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Ningbo University</institution>, Ningbo,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Wei" sort="Cheng, Wei" uniqKey="Cheng W" first="Wei" last="Cheng">Wei Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Zhao" sort="Yu, Zhao" uniqKey="Yu Z" first="Zhao" last="Yu">Zhao Yu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Feng" sort="Ling, Feng" uniqKey="Ling F" first="Feng" last="Ling">Feng Ling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mao, Haiyan" sort="Mao, Haiyan" uniqKey="Mao H" first="Haiyan" last="Mao">Haiyan Mao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Enfu" sort="Chen, Enfu" uniqKey="Chen E" first="Enfu" last="Chen">Enfu Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Live bird markets (LBMs), being a potential source of avian influenza virus, require effective environmental surveillance management. In our study, a total of 2865 environmental samples were collected from 292 LBMs during the 2015–2016 human influenza season from 10 cities in Zhejiang province, China. The samples were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Field investigations were carried out to investigate probable risk factors. Of the environmental samples, 1519 (53.0%) were contaminated by A subtype. The highest prevalence of the H9 subtype was 30.2%, and the frequencies of the H5 and H7 subtype were 9.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Hangzhou and Jinhua cities were contaminated more seriously than the others. The prevalence of H5/H7/H9 in drinking water samples was highest, at 50.9%, and chopping board swabs ranked second, at 49.3%. Duration of sales per day, types of live poultry, LBM location and the number of live poultry were the main risk factors for environmental contamination, according to logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, LBMs in Zhejiang were contaminated by avian influenza. Our study has provided clues for avian influenza prevention and control during the human influenza season, especially in areas where LBMs are not closed.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, K X" uniqKey="Tan K">K. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacob, S A" uniqKey="Jacob S">S. A. Jacob</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K G" uniqKey="Chan K">K. G. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, L H" uniqKey="Lee L">L. H. Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Le, T H" uniqKey="Le T">T. H. Le</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, N T" uniqKey="Nguyen N">N. T. Nguyen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schrauwen, E J" uniqKey="Schrauwen E">E. J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28256584</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5335333</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep42722</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep42722</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Risk factors for avian influenza virus contamination of live poultry markets in Zhejiang, China during the 2015–2016 human influenza season</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xiaoxiao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Qimei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>Wei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Zhao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ling</surname><given-names>Feng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mao</surname><given-names>Haiyan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Enfu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Hangzhou,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Ningbo University</institution>, Ningbo,<country>People’s Republic of China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>enfchen@cdc.zj.cn</email></corresp><fn id="n1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>42722</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Live bird markets (LBMs), being a potential source of avian influenza virus, require effective environmental surveillance management. In our study, a total of 2865 environmental samples were collected from 292 LBMs during the 2015–2016 human influenza season from 10 cities in Zhejiang province, China. The samples were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Field investigations were carried out to investigate probable risk factors. Of the environmental samples, 1519 (53.0%) were contaminated by A subtype. The highest prevalence of the H9 subtype was 30.2%, and the frequencies of the H5 and H7 subtype were 9.3% and 17.3%, respectively. Hangzhou and Jinhua cities were contaminated more seriously than the others. The prevalence of H5/H7/H9 in drinking water samples was highest, at 50.9%, and chopping board swabs ranked second, at 49.3%. Duration of sales per day, types of live poultry, LBM location and the number of live poultry were the main risk factors for environmental contamination, according to logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, LBMs in Zhejiang were contaminated by avian influenza. Our study has provided clues for avian influenza prevention and control during the human influenza season, especially in areas where LBMs are not closed.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Prevalence of avian influenza subtypes in environmental samples from 10 cities.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep42722-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Prevalence of H7 subtype in LBMs and the human cases of H7N9 in 10 cities.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep42722-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Prevalence of avian influenza subtypes in environmental samples during the 2015–2016 human influenza season.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep42722-f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Prevalence of avian influenza subtypes in 10 cities.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">District</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Test result</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H5</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H7</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H9</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>x</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Hangzhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0(0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">132(50.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">164(62.1)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">244.609</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">264(100.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">132(50.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100(37.9)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Ningbo</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">17(10.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3(1.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59(35.8)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">76.756</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">148(89.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">162(98.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">106(64.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Shaoxing</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8(3.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14(6.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">35(16.6)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.252</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">203(96.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">197(93.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">176(83.4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Huzhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">21(8.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">55(21.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">85(32.4)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">48.054</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">241(92.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">207(79.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">177(67.6)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiaxing</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6(1.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">65(18.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">74(21.0)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">65.411</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">347(98.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">288(81.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">279(79.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Jinhua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8(7.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29(28.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">37(35.9)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23.917</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">95(92.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">74(71.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">66(64.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yiwu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0(0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3(4.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">18(24.3)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29.348</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">74(100.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">71(95.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">56(75.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Quzhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">56(13.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">52(12.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">120(28.3)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46.684</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">368(86.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">372(87.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">304(71.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Taizhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14(7.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27(13.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31(15.8)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.502</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.023</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">182(92.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">169(86.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">165(84.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lishui</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">137(16.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">117(14.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">243(29.9)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">69.523</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">676(83.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">696(85.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">570(70.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">+</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">267(9.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">497(17.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">866(30.2)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">414.771</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2598(90.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2368(82.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1999(69.8)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Prevalence of avian influenza subtypes in different sample types.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Types</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sum</th><th colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Positive samples (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">A</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H5</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H7</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H9</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H5/H7/H9</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Fecal dropping swabs</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1225</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">541 (44.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">80 (6.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">159 (13.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">309 (25.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">395 (32.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Poultry cage swabs</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">615</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">321 (52.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36 (5.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">111 (18.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">190 (30.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">237 (38.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Drinking water samples</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">224</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">164 (73.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">39 (16.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">46 (20.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">89 (39.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">114 (50.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sewage samples</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">310</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">187 (60.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">51 (16.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">64 (20.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">94 (30.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145 (46.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chopping board swabs</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">406</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">255 (62.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">59 (14.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">90 (22.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145 (35.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">200 (49.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Others</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">51 (60.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4 (4.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">39 (45.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">47 (55.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>x</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">99.333</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">64.692</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">39.351</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">185.095</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">71.116</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2865</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1519 (53.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">267 (9.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">497 (17.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">866 (30.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1138 (39.7)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Univariate analysis of risk factors for contamination of LBMs.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Characteristic</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">A<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H5<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H7<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">H9<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean rank</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Z/x</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean rank</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Z/x</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean rank</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Z/x</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean rank</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Z/x</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Running days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 0–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">197</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">128.4</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.616</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.538</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">135.49</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−2.677</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.007</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">130.92</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.386</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">129.3</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.276</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.783</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 11–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">62</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">135.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">112.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">127.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">132.22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Duration of sales per day (h)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 0–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">102</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">132.13</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−2.075</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.038</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">140.44</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.057</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.298</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.194</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">141.14</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.746</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.456</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 8–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">189</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">153.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">149</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">148.62</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Market trading area (m<sup>3</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 0–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">81</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">129.78</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.553</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.279</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">123.72</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.983</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">137.52</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.811</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.667</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">131.04</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.08</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.353</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 25–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">130</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">141.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 100–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">159.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">137.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">141.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Number of live poultry</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 0–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">132.63</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.958</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.228</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">141.17</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.468</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.065</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.17</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.688</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.43</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138.53</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.055</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.358</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 30–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">122</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">137.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">149.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">141.43</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 100–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">153.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">159.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">135.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">155.66</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Types of live poultry</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">126.44</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.851</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.064</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">126.79</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−2.305</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.021</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">128.47</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.783</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.075</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">139.43</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.495</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.621</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 2–</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">227</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">148.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">148.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">148.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LBM location</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> urban</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">102</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">153.29</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.09</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.276</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.34</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.254</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.799</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">129.19</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−2.727</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.006</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.11</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.598</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> rural</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">189</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">155.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">148.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LBM structure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> enclosed</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">137</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">140.96</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.976</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.333</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.07</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.963</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.335</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.53</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.099</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.921</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.85</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.423</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.672</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> open</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">154</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">149.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">146.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.91</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sales region structure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Near other region</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">168</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">146.88</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.208</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.835</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">151.53</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.674</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.094</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.47</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.912</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.362</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.72</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.42</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.675</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Independent</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">123</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">144.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Rest days, disinfection and cleaning</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> no</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">90</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">136.08</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.768</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.442</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">125.08</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−2.963</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">130.73</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−1.66</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.097</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">138.72</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">−0.404</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.686</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">192</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">144.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">149.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">146.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">How live poultry were slaughtered</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Slaughtered</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.32</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.076</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.584</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.6</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.388</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.184</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">131.21</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.37</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.504</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.06</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.746</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.418</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Slaughtered in enclosed areas</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">131</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">137.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">135.81</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.74</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">136.88</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Slaughtered in open areas</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">114</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">146.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">151.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.43</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.36</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LBM sanitary conditions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> poor</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">159.96</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.448</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.024</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.17</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.034</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.983</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">158.57</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.139</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.046</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">152.16</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.368</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.186</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> average</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">201</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> well</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">113.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">118.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">122.65</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Live poultry source</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Local areas</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">196</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.33</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.437</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.804</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">146.19</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.16</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.2</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.24</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.538</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">143.02</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.444</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.108</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Other districts in Zhejiang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">90</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">149.73</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">151.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">154.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Other provinces</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">156.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">177.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">165.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">72.38</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Residual live poultry management</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Slaughtered</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">109.78</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.234</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.199</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.56</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.966</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">134.11</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.249</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.535</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">150.94</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.282</td><td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.869</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Stayed in LBMs</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">170</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">151.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">144.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">149.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">147.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Taken back and fed</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">111</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">139.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">145.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">140.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">142.39</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for contamination of LBMs.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Virus subtype</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Characteristic</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>β</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>S.E</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wald <italic>x</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>OR</italic> (95% <italic>CI</italic>)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">A</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Duration of sales per day</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.132</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.062</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.551</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.033</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.141 (1.011～1.288)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Types of live poultry</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 1</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.793</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.391</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.104</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.043</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.210 (1.026–4.758)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> 2–</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LBM location</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Urban</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.026</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.362</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.056</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.005</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.790 (1.374–5.667)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Rural</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">H7</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Duration of sales per day</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.143</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.050</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.055</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.005</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.153 (1.045–1.273)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Number of live poultry</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.665</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.031</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.002 (1.000–1.004)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">LBM location</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Urban</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.708</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.306</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.360</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.021</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.031 (1.115–3.699)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> Rural</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wang, Xiaoxiao" sort="Wang, Xiaoxiao" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xiaoxiao" last="Wang">Xiaoxiao Wang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chen, Enfu" sort="Chen, Enfu" uniqKey="Chen E" first="Enfu" last="Chen">Enfu Chen</name><name sortKey="Cheng, Wei" sort="Cheng, Wei" uniqKey="Cheng W" first="Wei" last="Cheng">Wei Cheng</name><name sortKey="Ling, Feng" sort="Ling, Feng" uniqKey="Ling F" first="Feng" last="Ling">Feng Ling</name><name sortKey="Mao, Haiyan" sort="Mao, Haiyan" uniqKey="Mao H" first="Haiyan" last="Mao">Haiyan Mao</name><name sortKey="Wang, Qimei" sort="Wang, Qimei" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qimei" last="Wang">Qimei Wang</name><name sortKey="Yu, Zhao" sort="Yu, Zhao" uniqKey="Yu Z" first="Zhao" last="Yu">Zhao Yu</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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