Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium
Identifieur interne : 000925 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000924; suivant : 000926Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium
Auteurs : Eva Böttcher-Friebertsh User [Allemagne] ; Hans-Dieter Klenk [Allemagne] ; Wolfgang Garten [Allemagne]Source :
- Pathogens and Disease [ 2049-632X ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Influenza is an acute infection of the respiratory tract, which affects each year millions of people. Influenza virus infection is initiated by the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) through receptor binding and fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. HA is synthesized as a precursor protein and requires cleavage by host cell proteases to gain its fusion capacity. Although cleavage of HA is crucial for virus infectivity, little was known about relevant proteases in the human airways for a long time. Recent progress in the identification and characterization of HA-activating host cell proteases has been considerable however and supports the idea of targeting HA cleavage as a novel approach for influenza treatment. Interestingly, certain bacteria have been demonstrated to support HA activation either by secreting proteases that cleave HA or due to activation of cellular proteases and thereby may contribute to virus spread and enhanced pathogenicity. In this review, we give an overview on activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria with the main focus on recent progress on HA cleavage by proteases HAT and TMPRSS2 in the human airway epithelium. In addition, we outline investigations of HA-activating proteases as potential drug targets for influenza treatment.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/2049-632X.12053
PubMed: 23821437
PubMed Central: 7108517
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000E06
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000E06
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000653
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7108517Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium</title><author><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, Eva" sort="Bottcher Friebertsh User, Eva" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E" first="Eva" last="Böttcher-Friebertsh User">Eva Böttcher-Friebertsh User</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hans Dieter" sort="Klenk, Hans Dieter" uniqKey="Klenk H" first="Hans-Dieter" last="Klenk">Hans-Dieter Klenk</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, Wolfgang" sort="Garten, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Garten W" first="Wolfgang" last="Garten">Wolfgang Garten</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23821437</idno><idno type="pmc">7108517</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108517</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7108517</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/2049-632X.12053</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E06</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E06</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E06</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000E06</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000653</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000653</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000925</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium</title><author><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, Eva" sort="Bottcher Friebertsh User, Eva" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E" first="Eva" last="Böttcher-Friebertsh User">Eva Böttcher-Friebertsh User</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hans Dieter" sort="Klenk, Hans Dieter" uniqKey="Klenk H" first="Hans-Dieter" last="Klenk">Hans-Dieter Klenk</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, Wolfgang" sort="Garten, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Garten W" first="Wolfgang" last="Garten">Wolfgang Garten</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pathogens and Disease</title><idno type="eISSN">2049-632X</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>Influenza is an acute infection of the respiratory tract, which affects each year millions of people. Influenza virus infection is initiated by the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) through receptor binding and fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. HA is synthesized as a precursor protein and requires cleavage by host cell proteases to gain its fusion capacity. Although cleavage of HA is crucial for virus infectivity, little was known about relevant proteases in the human airways for a long time. Recent progress in the identification and characterization of HA-activating host cell proteases has been considerable however and supports the idea of targeting HA cleavage as a novel approach for influenza treatment. Interestingly, certain bacteria have been demonstrated to support HA activation either by secreting proteases that cleave HA or due to activation of cellular proteases and thereby may contribute to virus spread and enhanced pathogenicity. In this review, we give an overview on activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria with the main focus on recent progress on HA cleavage by proteases HAT and TMPRSS2 in the human airway epithelium. In addition, we outline investigations of HA-activating proteases as potential drug targets for influenza treatment.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Afar, De" uniqKey="Afar D">DE Afar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vivanco, I" uniqKey="Vivanco I">I Vivanco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubert, Rs" uniqKey="Hubert R">RS Hubert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuo, J" uniqKey="Kuo J">J Kuo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, E" uniqKey="Chen E">E Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saffran, Dc" uniqKey="Saffran D">DC Saffran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raitano, Ab" uniqKey="Raitano A">AB Raitano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jakobovits, A" uniqKey="Jakobovits A">A Jakobovits</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baron, J" uniqKey="Baron J">J Baron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tarnow, C" uniqKey="Tarnow C">C Tarnow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayoli Nussle, D" uniqKey="Mayoli Nussle D">D Mayoli-Nüssle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Becker, Gl" uniqKey="Becker G">GL Becker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sielaff, F" uniqKey="Sielaff F">F Sielaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Than, Me" uniqKey="Than M">ME Than</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindberg, I" uniqKey="Lindberg I">I Lindberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Routhier, S" uniqKey="Routhier S">S Routhier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, R" uniqKey="Day R">R Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Y" uniqKey="Lu Y">Y Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetzer, T" uniqKey="Steinmetzer T">T Steinmetzer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bertram, S" uniqKey="Bertram S">S Bertram</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glowacka, I" uniqKey="Glowacka I">I Glowacka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blazejewska, P" uniqKey="Blazejewska P">P Blazejewska</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bertram, S" uniqKey="Bertram S">S Bertram</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heurich, A" uniqKey="Heurich A">A Heurich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lavender, H" uniqKey="Lavender H">H Lavender</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gierer, S" uniqKey="Gierer S">S Gierer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danisch, S" uniqKey="Danisch S">S Danisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perin, P" uniqKey="Perin P">P Perin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucas, Jm" uniqKey="Lucas J">JM Lucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Ps" uniqKey="Nelson P">PS Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pohlmann, S" uniqKey="Pohlmann S">S Pöhlmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soilleux, Ej" uniqKey="Soilleux E">EJ Soilleux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bottcher, E" uniqKey="Bottcher E">E Böttcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matrosovich, T" uniqKey="Matrosovich T">T Matrosovich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beyerle, M" uniqKey="Beyerle M">M Beyerle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matrosovich, M" uniqKey="Matrosovich M">M Matrosovich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bottcher, E" uniqKey="Bottcher E">E Böttcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freuer, C" uniqKey="Freuer C">C Freuer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetzer, T" uniqKey="Steinmetzer T">T Steinmetzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, E" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E">E Böttcher-Friebertshäuser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freuer, C" uniqKey="Freuer C">C Freuer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sielaff, F" uniqKey="Sielaff F">F Sielaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, S" uniqKey="Schmidt S">S Schmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eickmann, M" uniqKey="Eickmann M">M Eickmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uhlendorff, J" uniqKey="Uhlendorff J">J Uhlendorff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetzer, T" uniqKey="Steinmetzer T">T Steinmetzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, E" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E">E Böttcher-Friebertshäuser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Da" uniqKey="Stein D">DA Stein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, E" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E">E Böttcher-Friebertshäuser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Y" uniqKey="Lu Y">Y Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, D" uniqKey="Meyer D">D Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sielaff, F" uniqKey="Sielaff F">F Sielaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetzer, T" uniqKey="Steinmetzer T">T Steinmetzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boycott, R" uniqKey="Boycott R">R Boycott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohuchi, M" uniqKey="Ohuchi M">M Ohuchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Callan, Rj" uniqKey="Callan R">RJ Callan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Fa" uniqKey="Hartmann F">FA Hartmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Se" uniqKey="West S">SE West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinshaw, Vs" uniqKey="Hinshaw V">VS Hinshaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chaipan, C" uniqKey="Chaipan C">C Chaipan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kobasa, D" uniqKey="Kobasa D">D Kobasa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertram, S" uniqKey="Bertram S">S Bertram</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Kh" uniqKey="Lee K">KH Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinhauer, Da" uniqKey="Steinhauer D">DA Steinhauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Dj" uniqKey="Stevens D">DJ Stevens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Skehel, Jj" uniqKey="Skehel J">JJ Skehel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiley, Dc" uniqKey="Wiley D">DC Wiley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chokki, M" uniqKey="Chokki M">M Chokki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamura, S" uniqKey="Yamamura S">S Yamamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eguchi, H" uniqKey="Eguchi H">H Eguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masegi, T" uniqKey="Masegi T">T Masegi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horiuchi, H" uniqKey="Horiuchi H">H Horiuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanabe, H" uniqKey="Tanabe H">H Tanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamimura, T" uniqKey="Kamimura T">T Kamimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuoka, S" uniqKey="Yasuoka S">S Yasuoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, Sh" uniqKey="Donaldson S">SH Donaldson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsh, A" uniqKey="Hirsh A">A Hirsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Dc" uniqKey="Li D">DC Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holloway, G" uniqKey="Holloway G">G Holloway</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chao, J" uniqKey="Chao J">J Chao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boucher, Rc" uniqKey="Boucher R">RC Boucher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gabriel, Se" uniqKey="Gabriel S">SE Gabriel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feldmann, A" uniqKey="Feldmann A">A Feldmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Mk" uniqKey="Sch Fer M">MK Schäfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stieneke, A" uniqKey="Stieneke A">A Stieneke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, E" uniqKey="Shaw E">E Shaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wikstrom, P" uniqKey="Wikstrom P">P Wikstrom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gohrbandt, S" uniqKey="Gohrbandt S">S Gohrbandt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veits, J" uniqKey="Veits J">J Veits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Breithaupt, A" uniqKey="Breithaupt A">A Breithaupt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hundt, J" uniqKey="Hundt J">J Hundt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teifke, Jp" uniqKey="Teifke J">JP Teifke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stech, O" uniqKey="Stech O">O Stech</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mettenleiter, Tc" uniqKey="Mettenleiter T">TC Mettenleiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stech, J" uniqKey="Stech J">J Stech</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goto, H" uniqKey="Goto H">H Goto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gotoh, B" uniqKey="Gotoh B">B Gotoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogasawara, T" uniqKey="Ogasawara T">T Ogasawara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toyoda, T" uniqKey="Toyoda T">T Toyoda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inocencio, Nm" uniqKey="Inocencio N">NM Inocencio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamaguchi, M" uniqKey="Hamaguchi M">M Hamaguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagai, Y" uniqKey="Nagai Y">Y Nagai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horimoto, T" uniqKey="Horimoto T">T Horimoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakayama, K" uniqKey="Nakayama K">K Nakayama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smeekens, Sp" uniqKey="Smeekens S">SP Smeekens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huber, Vc" uniqKey="Huber V">VC Huber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peltola, V" uniqKey="Peltola V">V Peltola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iverson, Ar" uniqKey="Iverson A">AR Iverson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccullers, Ja" uniqKey="Mccullers J">JA McCullers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jagger, Bw" uniqKey="Jagger B">BW Jagger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, Hm" uniqKey="Wise H">HM Wise</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kash, Jc" uniqKey="Kash J">JC Kash</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naeve, Cw" uniqKey="Naeve C">CW Naeve</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, Rg" uniqKey="Webster R">RG Webster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kesic, Mj" uniqKey="Kesic M">MJ Kesic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, M" uniqKey="Meyer M">M Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, R" uniqKey="Bauer R">R Bauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaspers, I" uniqKey="Jaspers I">I Jaspers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kido, H" uniqKey="Kido H">H Kido</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yokogoshi, Y" uniqKey="Yokogoshi Y">Y Yokogoshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakai, K" uniqKey="Sakai K">K Sakai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tashiro, M" uniqKey="Tashiro M">M Tashiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kishino, Y" uniqKey="Kishino Y">Y Kishino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukutomi, A" uniqKey="Fukutomi A">A Fukutomi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katunuma, N" uniqKey="Katunuma N">N Katunuma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kido, H" uniqKey="Kido H">H Kido</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okumura, Y" uniqKey="Okumura Y">Y Okumura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamada, H" uniqKey="Yamada H">H Yamada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le, Tq" uniqKey="Le T">TQ Le</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yano, M" uniqKey="Yano M">M Yano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ts" uniqKey="Kim T">TS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heinlein, C" uniqKey="Heinlein C">C Heinlein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hackman, Rc" uniqKey="Hackman R">RC Hackman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Ps" uniqKey="Nelson P">PS Nelson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="King, Md" uniqKey="King M">MD King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guentzel, Mn" uniqKey="Guentzel M">MN Guentzel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arulanandam, Bp" uniqKey="Arulanandam B">BP Arulanandam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lupiani, B" uniqKey="Lupiani B">B Lupiani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, Jp" uniqKey="Chambers J">JP Chambers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orlich, M" uniqKey="Orlich M">M Orlich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blodorn, J" uniqKey="Blodorn J">J Blödorn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lazarowitz, Sg" uniqKey="Lazarowitz S">SG Lazarowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choppin, Pw" uniqKey="Choppin P">PW Choppin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lucas, Jm" uniqKey="Lucas J">JM Lucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="True, L" uniqKey="True L">L True</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hawley, S" uniqKey="Hawley S">S Hawley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumura, M" uniqKey="Matsumura M">M Matsumura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrissey, C" uniqKey="Morrissey C">C Morrissey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vessella, R" uniqKey="Vessella R">R Vessella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Ps" uniqKey="Nelson P">PS Nelson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsushima, R" uniqKey="Matsushima R">R Matsushima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, A" uniqKey="Takahashi A">A Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakaya, Y" uniqKey="Nakaya Y">Y Nakaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maezawa, H" uniqKey="Maezawa H">H Maezawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miki, M" uniqKey="Miki M">M Miki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Y" uniqKey="Nakamura Y">Y Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohgushi, F" uniqKey="Ohgushi F">F Ohgushi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuoka, S" uniqKey="Yasuoka S">S Yasuoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsuyama, S" uniqKey="Matsuyama S">S Matsuyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagata, N" uniqKey="Nagata N">N Nagata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shirato, K" uniqKey="Shirato K">K Shirato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawase, M" uniqKey="Kawase M">M Kawase</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takeda, M" uniqKey="Takeda M">M Takeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taguchi, F" uniqKey="Taguchi F">F Taguchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullers, Ja" uniqKey="Mccullers J">JA McCullers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullers, Ja" uniqKey="Mccullers J">JA McCullers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccullers, Ja" uniqKey="Mccullers J">JA McCullers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rehg, Je" uniqKey="Rehg J">JE Rehg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Metersky, Ml" uniqKey="Metersky M">ML Metersky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masterton, Rg" uniqKey="Masterton R">RG Masterton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lode, H" uniqKey="Lode H">H Lode</name></author><author><name sortKey="File, Tm" uniqKey="File T">TM File</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babinchak, T" uniqKey="Babinchak T">T Babinchak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morens, Dm" uniqKey="Morens D">DM Morens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taubenberger, Jk" uniqKey="Taubenberger J">JK Taubenberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fauci, As" uniqKey="Fauci A">AS Fauci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murakami, M" uniqKey="Murakami M">M Murakami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Towatari, T" uniqKey="Towatari T">T Towatari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohuchi, M" uniqKey="Ohuchi M">M Ohuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shiota, M" uniqKey="Shiota M">M Shiota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akao, M" uniqKey="Akao M">M Akao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okumura, Y" uniqKey="Okumura Y">Y Okumura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parry, Ma" uniqKey="Parry M">MA Parry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kido, H" uniqKey="Kido H">H Kido</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muramoto, Y" uniqKey="Muramoto Y">Y Muramoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noda, T" uniqKey="Noda T">T Noda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawakami, E" uniqKey="Kawakami E">E Kawakami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akkina, R" uniqKey="Akkina R">R Akkina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaoka, Y" uniqKey="Kawaoka Y">Y Kawaoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberst, Md" uniqKey="Oberst M">MD Oberst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, B" uniqKey="Singh B">B Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozdemirli, M" uniqKey="Ozdemirli M">M Ozdemirli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dickson, Rb" uniqKey="Dickson R">RB Dickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Md" uniqKey="Johnson M">MD Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Cy" uniqKey="Lin C">CY Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ohuchi, M" uniqKey="Ohuchi M">M Ohuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orlich, M" uniqKey="Orlich M">M Orlich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohuchi, R" uniqKey="Ohuchi R">R Ohuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, Be" uniqKey="Simpson B">BE Simpson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Okumura, Y" uniqKey="Okumura Y">Y Okumura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, E" uniqKey="Takahashi E">E Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yano, M" uniqKey="Yano M">M Yano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohuchi, M" uniqKey="Ohuchi M">M Ohuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daidoji, T" uniqKey="Daidoji T">T Daidoji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakaya, T" uniqKey="Nakaya T">T Nakaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bottcher, E" uniqKey="Bottcher E">E Böttcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kido, H" uniqKey="Kido H">H Kido</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peltola, Vt" uniqKey="Peltola V">VT Peltola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murti, Kg" uniqKey="Murti K">KG Murti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccullers, Ja" uniqKey="Mccullers J">JA McCullers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sales, Ku" uniqKey="Sales K">KU Sales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hobson, Jp" uniqKey="Hobson J">JP Hobson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagenaar Miller, R" uniqKey="Wagenaar Miller R">R Wagenaar-Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szabo, R" uniqKey="Szabo R">R Szabo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Al" uniqKey="Rasmussen A">AL Rasmussen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bey, A" uniqKey="Bey A">A Bey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Mf" uniqKey="Shah M">MF Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molinolo, Aa" uniqKey="Molinolo A">AA Molinolo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bugge, Th" uniqKey="Bugge T">TH Bugge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sato, M" uniqKey="Sato M">M Sato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshida, S" uniqKey="Yoshida S">S Yoshida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iida, K" uniqKey="Iida K">K Iida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomozawa, T" uniqKey="Tomozawa T">T Tomozawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kido, H" uniqKey="Kido H">H Kido</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamashita, M" uniqKey="Yamashita M">M Yamashita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, W" uniqKey="Sch Fer W">W Schäfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stroh, A" uniqKey="Stroh A">A Stroh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berghofer, S" uniqKey="Berghofer S">S Berghöfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seiler, J" uniqKey="Seiler J">J Seiler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vey, M" uniqKey="Vey M">M Vey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruse, Ml" uniqKey="Kruse M">ML Kruse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kern, Hf" uniqKey="Kern H">HF Kern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scheiblauer, H" uniqKey="Scheiblauer H">H Scheiblauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reinacher, M" uniqKey="Reinacher M">M Reinacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tashiro, M" uniqKey="Tashiro M">M Tashiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schrauwen, Ej" uniqKey="Schrauwen E">EJ Schrauwen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bestebroer, Tm" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">TM Bestebroer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, Vj" uniqKey="Munster V">VJ Munster</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E de Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herfst, S" uniqKey="Herfst S">S Herfst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rimmelzwaan, Gf" uniqKey="Rimmelzwaan G">GF Rimmelzwaan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, Ad" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">AD Osterhaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, Ra" uniqKey="Fouchier R">RA Fouchier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seidah, Ng" uniqKey="Seidah N">NG Seidah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayer, G" uniqKey="Mayer G">G Mayer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zaid, A" uniqKey="Zaid A">A Zaid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rousselet, E" uniqKey="Rousselet E">E Rousselet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nassoury, N" uniqKey="Nassoury N">N Nassoury</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poirier, S" uniqKey="Poirier S">S Poirier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Essalmani, R" uniqKey="Essalmani R">R Essalmani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prat, A" uniqKey="Prat A">A Prat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shirogane, Y" uniqKey="Shirogane Y">Y Shirogane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takeda, M" uniqKey="Takeda M">M Takeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iwasaki, M" uniqKey="Iwasaki M">M Iwasaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ishiguro, N" uniqKey="Ishiguro N">N Ishiguro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takeuchi, H" uniqKey="Takeuchi H">H Takeuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakatsu, Y" uniqKey="Nakatsu Y">Y Nakatsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tahara, M" uniqKey="Tahara M">M Tahara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kikuta, H" uniqKey="Kikuta H">H Kikuta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yanagi, Y" uniqKey="Yanagi Y">Y Yanagi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shulla, A" uniqKey="Shulla A">A Shulla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heald Sargent, T" uniqKey="Heald Sargent T">T Heald-Sargent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subramanya, G" uniqKey="Subramanya G">G Subramanya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallagher, T" uniqKey="Gallagher T">T Gallagher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sielaff, F" uniqKey="Sielaff F">F Sielaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, E" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E">E Böttcher-Friebertshäuser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, D" uniqKey="Meyer D">D Meyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saupe, Sm" uniqKey="Saupe S">SM Saupe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volk, Im" uniqKey="Volk I">IM Volk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetzer, T" uniqKey="Steinmetzer T">T Steinmetzer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soda, K" uniqKey="Soda K">K Soda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asakura, S" uniqKey="Asakura S">S Asakura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okamatsu, M" uniqKey="Okamatsu M">M Okamatsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakoda, Y" uniqKey="Sakoda Y">Y Sakoda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kida, H" uniqKey="Kida H">H Kida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stech, O" uniqKey="Stech O">O Stech</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veits, J" uniqKey="Veits J">J Veits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, S" uniqKey="Weber S">S Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deckers, D" uniqKey="Deckers D">D Deckers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schroer, D" uniqKey="Schroer D">D Schröer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vahlenkamp, Tw" uniqKey="Vahlenkamp T">TW Vahlenkamp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Breithaupt, A" uniqKey="Breithaupt A">A Breithaupt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teifke, J" uniqKey="Teifke J">J Teifke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mettenleiter, Tc" uniqKey="Mettenleiter T">TC Mettenleiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stech, J" uniqKey="Stech J">J Stech</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Steinhauer, Da" uniqKey="Steinhauer D">DA Steinhauer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stieneke Grober, A" uniqKey="Stieneke Grober A">A Stieneke-Gröber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vey, M" uniqKey="Vey M">M Vey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angliker, H" uniqKey="Angliker H">H Angliker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, E" uniqKey="Shaw E">E Shaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, G" uniqKey="Thomas G">G Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, C" uniqKey="Roberts C">C Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, X" uniqKey="Sun X">X Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tse, Lv" uniqKey="Tse L">LV Tse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Ad" uniqKey="Ferguson A">AD Ferguson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whittaker, Gr" uniqKey="Whittaker G">GR Whittaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szabo, R" uniqKey="Szabo R">R Szabo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bugge, Th" uniqKey="Bugge T">TH Bugge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, M" uniqKey="Takahashi M">M Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sano, T" uniqKey="Sano T">T Sano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaoka, K" uniqKey="Yamaoka K">K Yamaoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamimura, T" uniqKey="Kamimura T">T Kamimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umemoto, N" uniqKey="Umemoto N">N Umemoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishitani, H" uniqKey="Nishitani H">H Nishitani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuoka, S" uniqKey="Yasuoka S">S Yasuoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tashiro, M" uniqKey="Tashiro M">M Tashiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciborowski, P" uniqKey="Ciborowski P">P Ciborowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pulverer, G" uniqKey="Pulverer G">G Pulverer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tashiro, M" uniqKey="Tashiro M">M Tashiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciborowski, P" uniqKey="Ciborowski P">P Ciborowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reinacher, M" uniqKey="Reinacher M">M Reinacher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pulverer, G" uniqKey="Pulverer G">G Pulverer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tashiro, M" uniqKey="Tashiro M">M Tashiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, G" uniqKey="Thomas G">G Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tomlins, Sa" uniqKey="Tomlins S">SA Tomlins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bjartell, A" uniqKey="Bjartell A">A Bjartell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinnaiyan, Am" uniqKey="Chinnaiyan A">AM Chinnaiyan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jenster, G" uniqKey="Jenster G">G Jenster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nam, Rk" uniqKey="Nam R">RK Nam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubin, Ma" uniqKey="Rubin M">MA Rubin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schalken, Ja" uniqKey="Schalken J">JA Schalken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tong, S" uniqKey="Tong S">S Tong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rivailler, P" uniqKey="Rivailler P">P Rivailler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tse, Lv" uniqKey="Tse L">LV Tse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcano, Vc" uniqKey="Marcano V">VC Marcano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, W" uniqKey="Huang W">W Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pocwierz, Ms" uniqKey="Pocwierz M">MS Pocwierz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whittaker, Gr" uniqKey="Whittaker G">GR Whittaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaarala, Mh" uniqKey="Vaarala M">MH Vaarala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porvari, Ks" uniqKey="Porvari K">KS Porvari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kellokumpu, S" uniqKey="Kellokumpu S">S Kellokumpu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kyllonen, Ap" uniqKey="Kyllonen A">AP Kyllönen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vihko, Pt" uniqKey="Vihko P">PT Vihko</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Veits, J" uniqKey="Veits J">J Veits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, S" uniqKey="Weber S">S Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stech, O" uniqKey="Stech O">O Stech</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vey, M" uniqKey="Vey M">M Vey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orlich, M" uniqKey="Orlich M">M Orlich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adler, S" uniqKey="Adler S">S Adler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rott, R" uniqKey="Rott R">R Rott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garten, W" uniqKey="Garten W">W Garten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yasuoka, S" uniqKey="Yasuoka S">S Yasuoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohnishi, T" uniqKey="Ohnishi T">T Ohnishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawano, S" uniqKey="Kawano S">S Kawano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsuchihashi, S" uniqKey="Tsuchihashi S">S Tsuchihashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawara, M" uniqKey="Ogawara M">M Ogawara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masuda, K" uniqKey="Masuda K">K Masuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaoka, K" uniqKey="Yamaoka K">K Yamaoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, M" uniqKey="Takahashi M">M Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sano, T" uniqKey="Sano T">T Sano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yoshinaga, S" uniqKey="Yoshinaga S">S Yoshinaga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakahori, Y" uniqKey="Nakahori Y">Y Nakahori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuoka, S" uniqKey="Yasuoka S">S Yasuoka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhirnov, Op" uniqKey="Zhirnov O">OP Zhirnov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ovcharenko, Av" uniqKey="Ovcharenko A">AV Ovcharenko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bukrinskaya, Ag" uniqKey="Bukrinskaya A">AG Bukrinskaya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhirnov, Op" uniqKey="Zhirnov O">OP Zhirnov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikizler, Mr" uniqKey="Ikizler M">MR Ikizler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Pf" uniqKey="Wright P">PF Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhirnov, Op" uniqKey="Zhirnov O">OP Zhirnov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vorobjeva, Iv" uniqKey="Vorobjeva I">IV Vorobjeva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ovcharenko, Av" uniqKey="Ovcharenko A">AV Ovcharenko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhirnov, Op" uniqKey="Zhirnov O">OP Zhirnov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, Hd" uniqKey="Klenk H">HD Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Pf" uniqKey="Wright P">PF Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pathog Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pathog Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">femspd</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">femspd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Pathogens and Disease</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2049-632X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23821437</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7108517</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/2049-632X.12053</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>MiniReviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Böttcher-Friebertshäuser</surname><given-names>Eva</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="fim12053-aff-0001"></xref><pmc-comment>friebertshaeuser@staff.uni-marburg.de </pmc-comment>
</contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klenk</surname><given-names>Hans-Dieter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="fim12053-aff-0001"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garten</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="fim12053-aff-0001"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="fim12053-aff-0001">Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Correspondence</bold>Eva Böttcher-Friebertshäuser, Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany. Tel.:
<phone>0049 6421 2866019</phone>fax:
<fax>0049 6421 2868962</fax>e-mail:
<email>friebertshaeuser@staff.uni-marburg.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>69</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Coinfections Issue Editors: Hans-Dieter Klenk, Eliora Ron, Philippe Sansonetti, Tone Tønjum</issue-title><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>03</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Federation of European Microbiological Societies</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="69-2-87.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><title>Abstract</title><p>Influenza is an acute infection of the respiratory tract, which affects each year millions of people. Influenza virus infection is initiated by the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) through receptor binding and fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. HA is synthesized as a precursor protein and requires cleavage by host cell proteases to gain its fusion capacity. Although cleavage of HA is crucial for virus infectivity, little was known about relevant proteases in the human airways for a long time. Recent progress in the identification and characterization of HA-activating host cell proteases has been considerable however and supports the idea of targeting HA cleavage as a novel approach for influenza treatment. Interestingly, certain bacteria have been demonstrated to support HA activation either by secreting proteases that cleave HA or due to activation of cellular proteases and thereby may contribute to virus spread and enhanced pathogenicity. In this review, we give an overview on activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria with the main focus on recent progress on HA cleavage by proteases HAT and TMPRSS2 in the human airway epithelium. In addition, we outline investigations of HA-activating proteases as potential drug targets for influenza treatment.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="teaser"><p>The authors, who are leading experts in this field, present a timely, authoritative review on the proteolytic cleavage of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA), an activation mechanism that is essential for the infectivity of influenza viruses, including the recently emerged H7N9. They also address the potential of host proteases as targets for developing new influenza drugs. This review will be of considerable interest to virologists, microbiologists and pharmaceutical companies alike.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>influenza virus hemagglutinin</kwd><kwd>proteolytic cleavage</kwd><kwd>viral-bacterial pneumonia</kwd><kwd>influenza treatment by protease inhibitors</kwd><kwd>TMPRSS2</kwd><kwd>HAT</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="14"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country><region><li>District de Giessen</li><li>Hesse (Land)</li></region><settlement><li>Marbourg</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Hesse (Land)"><name sortKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User, Eva" sort="Bottcher Friebertsh User, Eva" uniqKey="Bottcher Friebertsh User E" first="Eva" last="Böttcher-Friebertsh User">Eva Böttcher-Friebertsh User</name></region><name sortKey="Garten, Wolfgang" sort="Garten, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Garten W" first="Wolfgang" last="Garten">Wolfgang Garten</name><name sortKey="Klenk, Hans Dieter" sort="Klenk, Hans Dieter" uniqKey="Klenk H" first="Hans-Dieter" last="Klenk">Hans-Dieter Klenk</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/H2N2V1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000925 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 000925 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= H2N2V1
|flux= Ncbi
|étape= Merge
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7108517
|texte= Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:23821437" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a H2N2V1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |