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Soluble Host Defense Lectins in Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus

Identifieur interne : 000769 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000768; suivant : 000770

Soluble Host Defense Lectins in Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus

Auteurs : Wy Ching Ng [Australie] ; Michelle D. Tate [Australie] ; Andrew G. Brooks [Australie] ; Patrick C. Reading [Australie]

Source :

RBID : PMC:3362216

Abstract

Host defenses against viral infections depend on a complex interplay of innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) components. In the early stages of infection, innate mechanisms represent the main line of host defense, acting to limit the spread of virus in host tissues prior to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Serum and lung fluids contain a range of lectins capable of recognizing and destroying influenza A viruses (IAV). Herein, we review the mechanisms by which soluble endogenous lectins mediate anti-IAV activity, including their role in modulating IAV-induced inflammation and disease and their potential as prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments during severe IAV-induced disease.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2012/732191
PubMed: 22665991
PubMed Central: 3362216

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PMC:3362216

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Hartshorn, Kl" uniqKey="Hartshorn K">KL Hartshorn</name>
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</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Biomed Biotechnol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Biomed. Biotechnol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JBB</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1110-7243</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1110-7251</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22665991</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3362216</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/732191</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Soluble Host Defense Lectins in Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ng</surname>
<given-names>Wy Ching</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tate</surname>
<given-names>Michelle D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brooks</surname>
<given-names>Andrew G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Reading</surname>
<given-names>Patrick C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia</aff>
<aff id="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Patrick C. Reading:
<email>preading@unimelb.edu.au</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Nobutaka Wakamiya</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2012</volume>
<elocation-id>732191</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>20</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>21</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Wy Ching Ng et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Host defenses against viral infections depend on a complex interplay of innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) components. In the early stages of infection, innate mechanisms represent the main line of host defense, acting to limit the spread of virus in host tissues prior to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Serum and lung fluids contain a range of lectins capable of recognizing and destroying influenza A viruses (IAV). Herein, we review the mechanisms by which soluble endogenous lectins mediate anti-IAV activity, including their role in modulating IAV-induced inflammation and disease and their potential as prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments during severe IAV-induced disease.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Subunit organization and assembly of mammalian lectins with antiviral activity against IAV. (a) Soluble C-type lectins of the collectin superfamily. Collectin subunits are comprised of 3 identical or similar polypeptide chains associated together to form triple helices. Each polypeptide chain bears a C-terminal CRD attached to a short “neck” region, a longer collagenous domain, and a noncollagenous N-terminal domain. CL-43 exists as a trimer whereas other collectins associate together to form multimers with characteristic “cruciform-like” (e.g., SP-D or conglutinin) or “bouquet-like” structures (e.g., MBL, SP-A) or higher-order oligomers (e.g., SP-D). (b) S-type lectins or galectins are a family of  
<italic>β</italic>
-galactosidase-binding lectins containing homologous CRDs. Galectin-1 consists of a single CRD and a short N-terminal sequence and can form noncovalent dimers. (c) Pentraxin subunits are characterized by an 8 amino acid pentraxin signature (H-x-C-x-S/T-W-x-S/T, where x is any amino acid). Subunits assemble into multimers, usually noncovalently associated pentameric or decameric structures.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="JBB2012-732191.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Comparison of monosaccharide specificity of animal lectins with anti-IAV activity.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lectin
<sup>a</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monosaccharide preferences
<sup>b</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Binding to IAV</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hSP-D</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L-Fuc > Mann > Gluc > Gal > GlcNAc [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hMBL</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GlcNAc > L-Fuc, Mann > ManNAc > Gluc > GalNAc [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hCL-L1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mann = L-Fuc = Gal > GlcNAc > GalNAc [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hCL-K1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L-Fuc > Mann > ManNAc > GlcNAc > Gal [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bConglutinin</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GlcNAc > Mann, L-Fuc > Gluc > ManNAc > GalNAc [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bCL-43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mann > ManNAc > L-Fuc > GlcNAc > Gluc > GalNAc [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> bCL-46</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> GlcNAc > ManNAc > Mann, Gluc, L-Fuc > Gal [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hGalectin-1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S-type</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gal > GalNAc > GlcNAc, Mann [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hSAP</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pentraxin</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mann > GlcNAc > L-Fuc, Gal, GalNAc [
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>a</sup>
Data reported for human (h) or bovine (b) lectins as indicated.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>b</sup>
Abbreviation of monosaccharides: L-Fuc: L-fucose; Mann: D-mannose; Gal: D-galactose; ManNAc: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine; GlcNAc: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; GalNAc: N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>—: not reported to date.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Summary of antiviral activities mediated by animal lectins against IAV.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Lectin
<sup>a</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HI</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA inhibition</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neutralization</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aggregation</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Neutrophil</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selected references</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) ↑ uptake</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ii) ↑ H
<sub>2</sub>
O
<sub>2</sub>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hSP-D</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hMBL</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hCL-K1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bConglutinin</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bCL-43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bCL-46
<sup>c</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hGalectin-1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hSAP</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>a</sup>
Data reported for human (h) or bovine (b) lectins as indicated.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>b</sup>
Reported using recombinant chimeric protein containing the N-terminus and collagen domain of rat SP-D expressed with the neck and CRD of conglutinin.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>c</sup>
Reported using CL-46 NCRDs.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>—: not reported to date.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Virulence of different IAVs in mice genetically deficient in particular animal lectins.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice deficient in</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IAV strain
<sup>a</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptibility to IAV infection</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus growth in lungs</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comments</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SP-D</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phil/82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ lung inflammation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phil/82Δ167</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lacking Asn
<sub>165</sub>
= less sensitive to SP-D</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mem71</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strain less sensitive to SP-D than Phil/82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MBL-A/C</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phil/82</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ inflammation and lung injury</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cal/09</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ inflammation and lung injury</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H9N2/G1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ inflammation and lung injury</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Galectin-1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WSN/33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HI and neutralization against IAV
<italic>in vitro </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAP</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PR8, WS/33, Shg/24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HI and neutralization against IAV
<italic>in vitro </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>a</sup>
IAV strains used: A/Philippines/82 (Phil/82, H3N2); A/Mem71
<sub>H</sub>
-Bel
<sub>N</sub>
(Mem/71, H3N1); A/WSN/33 (WSN/33, H1N1); A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1), A/WS/33 (WS/33, H1N1), A/California/04/09 (Cal/09, H1N1 pdm), A/Shanghai/24/90 (Shg/24, H3N2), A/Quail/Hong Kong/61/97 (H9N2/G1).</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>↑, ↓, or ND: increased, decreased, or not different to wild-type mice, respectively.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>—: not reported to date.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Australie</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Victoria (État)</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Melbourne</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université de Melbourne</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="Australie">
<region name="Victoria (État)">
<name sortKey="Ng, Wy Ching" sort="Ng, Wy Ching" uniqKey="Ng W" first="Wy Ching" last="Ng">Wy Ching Ng</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Brooks, Andrew G" sort="Brooks, Andrew G" uniqKey="Brooks A" first="Andrew G." last="Brooks">Andrew G. Brooks</name>
<name sortKey="Reading, Patrick C" sort="Reading, Patrick C" uniqKey="Reading P" first="Patrick C." last="Reading">Patrick C. Reading</name>
<name sortKey="Reading, Patrick C" sort="Reading, Patrick C" uniqKey="Reading P" first="Patrick C." last="Reading">Patrick C. Reading</name>
<name sortKey="Tate, Michelle D" sort="Tate, Michelle D" uniqKey="Tate M" first="Michelle D." last="Tate">Michelle D. Tate</name>
<name sortKey="Tate, Michelle D" sort="Tate, Michelle D" uniqKey="Tate M" first="Michelle D." last="Tate">Michelle D. Tate</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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