Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2014-2015.
Identifieur interne : 000113 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 000112; suivant : 000114Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2014-2015.
Auteurs : Danuta M. Skowronski [Canada] ; Catharine Chambers [Canada] ; Gaston De Serres [Canada] ; Suzana Sabaiduc [Canada] ; Anne-Luise Winter [Canada] ; James A. Dickinson [Canada] ; Jonathan B. Gubbay [Canada] ; Kevin Fonseca [Canada] ; Steven J. Drews [Canada] ; Hugues Charest ; Christine Martineau ; Mel Krajden [Canada] ; Martin Petric [Canada] ; Nathalie Bastien ; Yan Li ; Derek J. Smith [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- The Journal of infectious diseases [ 1537-6613 ] ; 2017.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Canada (épidémiologie), Enfant (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Grippe humaine (prévention et contrôle), Grippe humaine (épidémiologie), Humains (MeSH), Jeune adulte (MeSH), Modèles logistiques (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Saisons (MeSH), Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A (MeSH), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Surveillance sentinelle (MeSH), Tests d'inhibition de l'hémagglutination (MeSH), Vaccination (statistiques et données numériques), Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie), Vaccins antigrippaux (usage thérapeutique), Épidémies (prévention et contrôle), Études cas-témoins (MeSH).
- MESH :
- immunologie : Vaccins antigrippaux.
- prévention et contrôle : Grippe humaine, Épidémies.
- statistiques et données numériques : Vaccination.
- usage thérapeutique : Vaccins antigrippaux.
- épidémiologie : Canada, Grippe humaine.
- Adolescent, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Enfant, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Modèles logistiques, Mâle, Saisons, Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A, Sujet âgé, Surveillance sentinelle, Tests d'inhibition de l'hémagglutination, Études cas-témoins.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Canada (epidemiology), Case-Control Studies (MeSH), Child (MeSH), Epidemics (prevention & control), Female (MeSH), Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype (MeSH), Influenza Vaccines (immunology), Influenza Vaccines (therapeutic use), Influenza, Human (epidemiology), Influenza, Human (prevention & control), Logistic Models (MeSH), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Seasons (MeSH), Sentinel Surveillance (MeSH), Vaccination (statistics & numerical data), Young Adult (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , immunology : Influenza Vaccines.
- epidemiology : Canada, Influenza, Human.
- prevention & control : Epidemics, Influenza, Human.
- statistics & numerical data : Vaccination.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Influenza Vaccines.
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Child, Female, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Seasons, Sentinel Surveillance, Young Adult.
Abstract
Background
The antigenic distance hypothesis (ADH) predicts that negative interference from prior season's influenza vaccine (v1) on the current season's vaccine (v2) protection may occur when the antigenic distance is small between v1 and v2 (v1 ≈ v2) but large between v1 and the current epidemic (e) strain (v1 ≠ e).
Methods
Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) illness was estimated by test-negative design during 3 A(H3N2) epidemics (2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015) in Canada. Vaccine effectiveness was derived with covariate adjustment across v2 and/or v1 categories relative to no vaccine receipt among outpatients aged ≥9 years. Prior vaccination effects were interpreted within the ADH framework.
Results
Prior vaccination effects varied significantly by season, consistent with the ADH. There was no interference by v1 in 2010-2011 when v1 ≠ v2 and v1 ≠ e, with comparable VE for v2 alone or v2 + v1: 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -51% to 71%) versus 34% (95% CI = -5% to 58%). Negative interference by v1 was suggested in 2012-2013 with nonsignificant reduction in VE when v1 ≈ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 49% (95% CI = -47% to 83%) versus 28% (95% CI = -12% to 54%). Negative effects of prior vaccination were pronounced and statistically significant in 2014-2015 when v1 ≡ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 65% (95% CI = 25% to 83%) versus -33% (95% CI = -78% to 1%).
Conclusions
Effects of repeat influenza vaccination were consistent with the ADH and may have contributed to findings of low VE across recent A(H3N2) epidemics since 2010 in Canada.
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix074
PubMed: 28180277
PubMed Central: PMC5853783
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Gaston De Serres<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Direction of Biological and Occupational Risks, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec.</nlm:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université Laval</orgName><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Québec (ville)</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Département de microbiologie, d'infectiologie et d'immunologie, l'Université de Montréal.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">l'Université de Montréal</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Département de microbiologie, d'infectiologie et d'immunologie, l'Université de Montréal.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">l'Université de Montréal</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Canada; and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Canada; and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Skowronski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, Catharine" sort="Chambers, Catharine" uniqKey="Chambers C" first="Catharine" last="Chambers">Catharine Chambers</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Serres, Gaston" sort="De Serres, Gaston" uniqKey="De Serres G" first="Gaston" last="De Serres">Gaston De Serres</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Direction of Biological and Occupational Risks, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec.</nlm:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université Laval</orgName><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Québec (ville)</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabaiduc, Suzana" sort="Sabaiduc, Suzana" uniqKey="Sabaiduc S" first="Suzana" last="Sabaiduc">Suzana Sabaiduc</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Anne Luise" sort="Winter, Anne Luise" uniqKey="Winter A" first="Anne-Luise" last="Winter">Anne-Luise Winter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario, Toronto.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dickinson, James A" sort="Dickinson, James A" uniqKey="Dickinson J" first="James A" last="Dickinson">James A. Dickinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gubbay, Jonathan B" sort="Gubbay, Jonathan B" uniqKey="Gubbay J" first="Jonathan B" last="Gubbay">Jonathan B. Gubbay</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Paediatrics, University of Toronto.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonseca, Kevin" sort="Fonseca, Kevin" uniqKey="Fonseca K" first="Kevin" last="Fonseca">Kevin Fonseca</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Calgary.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drews, Steven J" sort="Drews, Steven J" uniqKey="Drews S" first="Steven J" last="Drews">Steven J. Drews</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Edmonton.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Edmonton</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Edmonton</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charest, Hugues" sort="Charest, Hugues" uniqKey="Charest H" first="Hugues" last="Charest">Hugues Charest</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Département de microbiologie, d'infectiologie et d'immunologie, l'Université de Montréal.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">l'Université de Montréal</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martineau, Christine" sort="Martineau, Christine" uniqKey="Martineau C" first="Christine" last="Martineau">Christine Martineau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krajden, Mel" sort="Krajden, Mel" uniqKey="Krajden M" first="Mel" last="Krajden">Mel Krajden</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petric, Martin" sort="Petric, Martin" uniqKey="Petric M" first="Martin" last="Petric">Martin Petric</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastien, Nathalie" sort="Bastien, Nathalie" uniqKey="Bastien N" first="Nathalie" last="Bastien">Nathalie Bastien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Canada; and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yan" sort="Li, Yan" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yan" last="Li">Yan Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Canada; and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Derek J" sort="Smith, Derek J" uniqKey="Smith D" first="Derek J" last="Smith">Derek J. Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England.</nlm:affiliation><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><region type="country">Angleterre</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28180277</idno><idno type="pmid">28180277</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/infdis/jix074</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC5853783</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000113</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000113</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000113</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000113</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2014-2015.</title><author><name sortKey="Skowronski, Danuta M" sort="Skowronski, Danuta M" uniqKey="Skowronski D" first="Danuta M" last="Skowronski">Danuta M. Skowronski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, Catharine" sort="Chambers, Catharine" uniqKey="Chambers C" first="Catharine" last="Chambers">Catharine Chambers</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Serres, Gaston" sort="De Serres, Gaston" uniqKey="De Serres G" first="Gaston" last="De Serres">Gaston De Serres</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Direction of Biological and Occupational Risks, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec.</nlm:affiliation><orgName type="university">Université Laval</orgName><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Québec (ville)</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infection and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabaiduc, Suzana" sort="Sabaiduc, Suzana" uniqKey="Sabaiduc S" first="Suzana" last="Sabaiduc">Suzana Sabaiduc</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Anne Luise" sort="Winter, Anne Luise" uniqKey="Winter A" first="Anne-Luise" last="Winter">Anne-Luise Winter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario, Toronto.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dickinson, James A" sort="Dickinson, James A" uniqKey="Dickinson J" first="James A" last="Dickinson">James A. Dickinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gubbay, Jonathan B" sort="Gubbay, Jonathan B" uniqKey="Gubbay J" first="Jonathan B" last="Gubbay">Jonathan B. Gubbay</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Paediatrics, University of Toronto.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fonseca, Kevin" sort="Fonseca, Kevin" uniqKey="Fonseca K" first="Kevin" last="Fonseca">Kevin Fonseca</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Calgary.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drews, Steven J" sort="Drews, Steven J" uniqKey="Drews S" first="Steven J" last="Drews">Steven J. Drews</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Edmonton.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Edmonton</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Edmonton</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charest, Hugues" sort="Charest, Hugues" uniqKey="Charest H" first="Hugues" last="Charest">Hugues Charest</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Département de microbiologie, d'infectiologie et d'immunologie, l'Université de Montréal.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">l'Université de Montréal</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martineau, Christine" sort="Martineau, Christine" uniqKey="Martineau C" first="Christine" last="Martineau">Christine Martineau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Institut national de santé publique du Québec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krajden, Mel" sort="Krajden, Mel" uniqKey="Krajden M" first="Mel" last="Krajden">Mel Krajden</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory</wicri:orgArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petric, Martin" sort="Petric, Martin" uniqKey="Petric M" first="Martin" last="Petric">Martin Petric</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vancouver</settlement><region type="state">Colombie-Britannique</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastien, Nathalie" sort="Bastien, Nathalie" uniqKey="Bastien N" first="Nathalie" last="Bastien">Nathalie Bastien</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Canada; and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yan" sort="Li, Yan" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yan" last="Li">Yan Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Canada; and</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Derek J" sort="Smith, Derek J" uniqKey="Smith D" first="Derek J" last="Smith">Derek J. Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England.</nlm:affiliation><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><region type="country">Angleterre</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of infectious diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1537-6613</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Canada (epidemiology)</term><term>Case-Control Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Child (MeSH)</term><term>Epidemics (prevention & control)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype (MeSH)</term><term>Influenza Vaccines (immunology)</term><term>Influenza Vaccines (therapeutic use)</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (prevention & control)</term><term>Logistic Models (MeSH)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Seasons (MeSH)</term><term>Sentinel Surveillance (MeSH)</term><term>Vaccination (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Young Adult (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Canada (épidémiologie)</term><term>Enfant (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Grippe humaine (prévention et contrôle)</term><term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Jeune adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Modèles logistiques (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Saisons (MeSH)</term><term>Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Surveillance sentinelle (MeSH)</term><term>Tests d'inhibition de l'hémagglutination (MeSH)</term><term>Vaccination (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Vaccins antigrippaux (immunologie)</term><term>Vaccins antigrippaux (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Épidémies (prévention et contrôle)</term><term>Études cas-témoins (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Canada</term><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Epidemics</term><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prévention et contrôle" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Épidémies</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Vaccination</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccination</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Vaccines</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccins antigrippaux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Canada</term><term>Grippe humaine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Case-Control Studies</term><term>Child</term><term>Female</term><term>Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype</term><term>Logistic Models</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Seasons</term><term>Sentinel Surveillance</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Modèles logistiques</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Surveillance sentinelle</term><term>Tests d'inhibition de l'hémagglutination</term><term>Études cas-témoins</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Background</b></p><p>The antigenic distance hypothesis (ADH) predicts that negative interference from prior season's influenza vaccine (v1) on the current season's vaccine (v2) protection may occur when the antigenic distance is small between v1 and v2 (v1 ≈ v2) but large between v1 and the current epidemic (e) strain (v1 ≠ e).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Methods</b></p><p>Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) illness was estimated by test-negative design during 3 A(H3N2) epidemics (2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015) in Canada. Vaccine effectiveness was derived with covariate adjustment across v2 and/or v1 categories relative to no vaccine receipt among outpatients aged ≥9 years. Prior vaccination effects were interpreted within the ADH framework.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Results</b></p><p>Prior vaccination effects varied significantly by season, consistent with the ADH. There was no interference by v1 in 2010-2011 when v1 ≠ v2 and v1 ≠ e, with comparable VE for v2 alone or v2 + v1: 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -51% to 71%) versus 34% (95% CI = -5% to 58%). Negative interference by v1 was suggested in 2012-2013 with nonsignificant reduction in VE when v1 ≈ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 49% (95% CI = -47% to 83%) versus 28% (95% CI = -12% to 54%). Negative effects of prior vaccination were pronounced and statistically significant in 2014-2015 when v1 ≡ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 65% (95% CI = 25% to 83%) versus -33% (95% CI = -78% to 1%).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Conclusions</b></p><p>Effects of repeat influenza vaccination were consistent with the ADH and may have contributed to findings of low VE across recent A(H3N2) epidemics since 2010 in Canada.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">28180277</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>12</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1537-6613</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>215</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2017</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Journal of infectious diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J. Infect. Dis.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Serial Vaccination and the Antigenic Distance Hypothesis: Effects on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During A(H3N2) Epidemics in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2014-2015.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1059-1099</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/infdis/jix074</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="Background">The antigenic distance hypothesis (ADH) predicts that negative interference from prior season's influenza vaccine (v1) on the current season's vaccine (v2) protection may occur when the antigenic distance is small between v1 and v2 (v1 ≈ v2) but large between v1 and the current epidemic (e) strain (v1 ≠ e).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Methods">Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) illness was estimated by test-negative design during 3 A(H3N2) epidemics (2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015) in Canada. Vaccine effectiveness was derived with covariate adjustment across v2 and/or v1 categories relative to no vaccine receipt among outpatients aged ≥9 years. Prior vaccination effects were interpreted within the ADH framework.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Results">Prior vaccination effects varied significantly by season, consistent with the ADH. There was no interference by v1 in 2010-2011 when v1 ≠ v2 and v1 ≠ e, with comparable VE for v2 alone or v2 + v1: 34% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -51% to 71%) versus 34% (95% CI = -5% to 58%). Negative interference by v1 was suggested in 2012-2013 with nonsignificant reduction in VE when v1 ≈ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 49% (95% CI = -47% to 83%) versus 28% (95% CI = -12% to 54%). Negative effects of prior vaccination were pronounced and statistically significant in 2014-2015 when v1 ≡ v2 and v1 ≠ e: 65% (95% CI = 25% to 83%) versus -33% (95% CI = -78% to 1%).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="Conclusions">Effects of repeat influenza vaccination were consistent with the ADH and may have contributed to findings of low VE across recent A(H3N2) epidemics since 2010 in Canada.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Skowronski</LastName><ForeName>Danuta M</ForeName><Initials>DM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chambers</LastName><ForeName>Catharine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Serres</LastName><ForeName>Gaston</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Direction of Biological and Occupational Risks, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infection and Immunity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sabaiduc</LastName><ForeName>Suzana</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Winter</LastName><ForeName>Anne-Luise</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Ontario, Toronto.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dickinson</LastName><ForeName>James A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gubbay</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan B</ForeName><Initials>JB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Paediatrics, University of Toronto.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fonseca</LastName><ForeName>Kevin</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Calgary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Drews</LastName><ForeName>Steven J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Diagnostic Virology, Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Edmonton.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Charest</LastName><ForeName>Hugues</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Département de microbiologie, d'infectiologie et d'immunologie, l'Université de Montréal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martineau</LastName><ForeName>Christine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krajden</LastName><ForeName>Mel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Petric</LastName><ForeName>Martin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bastien</LastName><ForeName>Nathalie</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Yan</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; and.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Derek J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, England.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Infect Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0413675</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0022-1899</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007252">Influenza Vaccines</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>J Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 1;215(7):1017-1019</RefSource><PMID Version="1">28180278</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>J Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 15;216(2):285-287</RefSource><PMID Version="1">28633301</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="CommentIn"><RefSource>J Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 15;216(2):284-285</RefSource><PMID Version="1">28633308</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000293" MajorTopicYN="N">Adolescent</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002170" MajorTopicYN="N">Canada</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016022" MajorTopicYN="N">Case-Control Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002648" MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058872" MajorTopicYN="N">Epidemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006385" MajorTopicYN="N">Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053122" MajorTopicYN="Y">Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007252" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza Vaccines</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000276" MajorTopicYN="N">immunology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="Y">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007251" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza, Human</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016015" MajorTopicYN="N">Logistic Models</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012621" MajorTopicYN="N">Seasons</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018571" MajorTopicYN="N">Sentinel Surveillance</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014611" MajorTopicYN="N">Vaccination</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055815" MajorTopicYN="N">Young Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">antigenic distance hypothesis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">antigenic site.</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">genomic sequencing</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">hemagglutination inhibition</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">influenza</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">influenza A(H3N2) subtype</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">influenza vaccine</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">negative interference</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">repeat vaccination</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">vaccine effectiveness</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">28180277</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">2979766</ArticleId><ArticleId 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