Nocardia polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: A prospective pilot study.
Identifieur interne : 000002 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000001; suivant : 000003Nocardia polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: A prospective pilot study.
Auteurs : Julien Coussement [Belgique] ; David Lebeaux [France] ; Najla El Bizri [Belgique] ; Vincent Claes [Belgique] ; Michel Kohnen [Belgique] ; Deborah Steensels [Belgique] ; Isabelle Étienne [Belgique] ; Hélène Salord [France] ; Emmanuelle Bergeron [France] ; Veronica Rodriguez-Nava [France]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- ARN ribosomique 16S (génétique), ARN viral (génétique), Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Belgique, Femelle, Humains, Infections opportunistes (microbiologie), Infections à Nocardia (diagnostic), Liquide de lavage bronchoalvéolaire (microbiologie), Nocardia (génétique), Nocardia (isolement et purification), Projets pilotes, Réaction de polymérisation en chaîne, Sensibilité et spécificité, Sujet âgé, Transplantation pulmonaire (effets indésirables), Études prospectives.
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Infections à Nocardia.
- effets indésirables : Transplantation pulmonaire.
- génétique : ARN ribosomique 16S, ARN viral, Nocardia.
- isolement et purification : Nocardia.
- microbiologie : Infections opportunistes, Liquide de lavage bronchoalvéolaire.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Belgique, Femelle, Humains, Projets pilotes, Réaction de polymérisation en chaîne, Sensibilité et spécificité, Sujet âgé, Études prospectives.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Belgique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult, Aged, Belgium, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (microbiology), Female, Humans, Lung Transplantation (adverse effects), Middle Aged, Nocardia (genetics), Nocardia (isolation & purification), Nocardia Infections (diagnosis), Opportunistic Infections (microbiology), Pilot Projects, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prospective Studies, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S (genetics), RNA, Viral (genetics), Sensitivity and Specificity.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, RNA, Viral.
- geographic : Belgium.
- adverse effects : Lung Transplantation.
- diagnosis : Nocardia Infections.
- genetics : Nocardia.
- isolation & purification : Nocardia.
- microbiology : Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Opportunistic Infections.
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Transplant recipients are at risk of pulmonary nocardiosis, a life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by Nocardia species. Given the limitations of conventional diagnostic techniques (i.e., microscopy and culture), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed to detect Nocardia spp. on clinical samples. While this test is increasingly being used by transplant physicians, its performance characteristics are not well documented. We evaluated the performance characteristics of this test on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from lung transplant recipients (LTRs).
METHODS
We prospectively included all BAL samples from LTRs undergoing bronchoscopy at our institution between December 2016 and June 2017 (either surveillance or clinically-indicated bronchoscopies). Presence of microbial pathogens was assessed using techniques available locally (including microscopy and 10-day culture for Nocardia). BAL samples were also sent to the French Nocardiosis Observatory (Lyon, France) for the Nocardia PCR-based assay. Transplant physicians and patients were blinded to the Nocardia PCR results.
RESULTS
We included 29 BAL samples from 21 patients (18 surveillance and 11 clinically-indicated bronchoscopies). Nocardiosis was not diagnosed in any of these patients by conventional techniques. However, Nocardia PCR was positive in five BAL samples from five of the patients (24%, 95% confidence interval: 11-45%); four were asymptomatic and undergoing surveillance bronchoscopy, and one was symptomatic and was later diagnosed with influenza virus infection. None of the five PCR-positive patients died or were diagnosed with nocardiosis during the median follow-up of 21 months after the index bronchoscopy (range: 20-23 months).
CONCLUSIONS
In this prospective study, Nocardia PCR was positive on BAL fluid from one fourth of the LTRs. Nocardia PCR-based assays should be used with caution on respiratory samples from LTRs because of the possible detection of airway colonization using this technique. Larger studies are required to determine the usefulness of the Nocardia PCR-based assay in transplant recipients.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211989
PubMed: 30802260
Affiliations:
- Belgique, France
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Rhône-Alpes, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Île-de-France
- Bruxelles, Lyon, Paris
- Université Paris-Descartes, Université libre de Bruxelles
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Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steensels, Deborah" sort="Steensels, Deborah" uniqKey="Steensels D" first="Deborah" last="Steensels">Deborah Steensels</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de 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Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergeron, Emmanuelle" sort="Bergeron, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Bergeron E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Bergeron">Emmanuelle Bergeron</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 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on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: A prospective pilot study.</title><author><name sortKey="Coussement, Julien" sort="Coussement, Julien" uniqKey="Coussement J" first="Julien" last="Coussement">Julien Coussement</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lebeaux, David" sort="Lebeaux, David" uniqKey="Lebeaux D" first="David" last="Lebeaux">David Lebeaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Bizri, Najla" sort="El Bizri, Najla" uniqKey="El Bizri N" first="Najla" last="El Bizri">Najla El Bizri</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Claes, Vincent" sort="Claes, Vincent" uniqKey="Claes V" first="Vincent" last="Claes">Vincent Claes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohnen, Michel" sort="Kohnen, Michel" uniqKey="Kohnen M" first="Michel" last="Kohnen">Michel Kohnen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steensels, Deborah" sort="Steensels, Deborah" uniqKey="Steensels D" first="Deborah" last="Steensels">Deborah Steensels</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Etienne, Isabelle" sort="Etienne, Isabelle" uniqKey="Etienne I" first="Isabelle" last="Étienne">Isabelle Étienne</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Lung Transplantation Unit, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Lung Transplantation Unit, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement><region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salord, Helene" sort="Salord, Helene" uniqKey="Salord H" first="Hélène" last="Salord">Hélène Salord</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergeron, Emmanuelle" sort="Bergeron, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Bergeron E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Bergeron">Emmanuelle Bergeron</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Nava, Veronica" sort="Rodriguez Nava, Veronica" uniqKey="Rodriguez Nava V" first="Veronica" last="Rodriguez-Nava">Veronica Rodriguez-Nava</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Belgium</term><term>Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (microbiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Lung Transplantation (adverse effects)</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Nocardia (genetics)</term><term>Nocardia (isolation & purification)</term><term>Nocardia Infections (diagnosis)</term><term>Opportunistic Infections (microbiology)</term><term>Pilot Projects</term><term>Polymerase Chain Reaction</term><term>Prospective Studies</term><term>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Viral (genetics)</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN ribosomique 16S (génétique)</term><term>ARN viral (génétique)</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Belgique</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Infections opportunistes (microbiologie)</term><term>Infections à Nocardia (diagnostic)</term><term>Liquide de lavage bronchoalvéolaire (microbiologie)</term><term>Nocardia (génétique)</term><term>Nocardia (isolement et purification)</term><term>Projets pilotes</term><term>Réaction de polymérisation en chaîne</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Transplantation pulmonaire (effets indésirables)</term><term>Études prospectives</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</term><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Belgium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Lung Transplantation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Nocardia Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à Nocardia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Transplantation pulmonaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Nocardia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN ribosomique 16S</term><term>ARN viral</term><term>Nocardia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Nocardia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Nocardia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections opportunistes</term><term>Liquide de lavage bronchoalvéolaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid</term><term>Opportunistic Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pilot Projects</term><term>Polymerase Chain Reaction</term><term>Prospective Studies</term><term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Belgique</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Projets pilotes</term><term>Réaction de polymérisation en chaîne</term><term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Études prospectives</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Belgique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Transplant recipients are at risk of pulmonary nocardiosis, a life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by Nocardia species. Given the limitations of conventional diagnostic techniques (i.e., microscopy and culture), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed to detect Nocardia spp. on clinical samples. While this test is increasingly being used by transplant physicians, its performance characteristics are not well documented. We evaluated the performance characteristics of this test on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from lung transplant recipients (LTRs).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We prospectively included all BAL samples from LTRs undergoing bronchoscopy at our institution between December 2016 and June 2017 (either surveillance or clinically-indicated bronchoscopies). Presence of microbial pathogens was assessed using techniques available locally (including microscopy and 10-day culture for Nocardia). BAL samples were also sent to the French Nocardiosis Observatory (Lyon, France) for the Nocardia PCR-based assay. Transplant physicians and patients were blinded to the Nocardia PCR results.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>We included 29 BAL samples from 21 patients (18 surveillance and 11 clinically-indicated bronchoscopies). Nocardiosis was not diagnosed in any of these patients by conventional techniques. However, Nocardia PCR was positive in five BAL samples from five of the patients (24%, 95% confidence interval: 11-45%); four were asymptomatic and undergoing surveillance bronchoscopy, and one was symptomatic and was later diagnosed with influenza virus infection. None of the five PCR-positive patients died or were diagnosed with nocardiosis during the median follow-up of 21 months after the index bronchoscopy (range: 20-23 months).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>In this prospective study, Nocardia PCR was positive on BAL fluid from one fourth of the LTRs. Nocardia PCR-based assays should be used with caution on respiratory samples from LTRs because of the possible detection of airway colonization using this technique. Larger studies are required to determine the usefulness of the Nocardia PCR-based assay in transplant recipients.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30802260</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>09</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS ONE</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Nocardia polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: A prospective pilot study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0211989</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0211989</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Transplant recipients are at risk of pulmonary nocardiosis, a life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by Nocardia species. Given the limitations of conventional diagnostic techniques (i.e., microscopy and culture), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed to detect Nocardia spp. on clinical samples. While this test is increasingly being used by transplant physicians, its performance characteristics are not well documented. We evaluated the performance characteristics of this test on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples from lung transplant recipients (LTRs).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">We prospectively included all BAL samples from LTRs undergoing bronchoscopy at our institution between December 2016 and June 2017 (either surveillance or clinically-indicated bronchoscopies). Presence of microbial pathogens was assessed using techniques available locally (including microscopy and 10-day culture for Nocardia). BAL samples were also sent to the French Nocardiosis Observatory (Lyon, France) for the Nocardia PCR-based assay. Transplant physicians and patients were blinded to the Nocardia PCR results.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">We included 29 BAL samples from 21 patients (18 surveillance and 11 clinically-indicated bronchoscopies). Nocardiosis was not diagnosed in any of these patients by conventional techniques. However, Nocardia PCR was positive in five BAL samples from five of the patients (24%, 95% confidence interval: 11-45%); four were asymptomatic and undergoing surveillance bronchoscopy, and one was symptomatic and was later diagnosed with influenza virus infection. None of the five PCR-positive patients died or were diagnosed with nocardiosis during the median follow-up of 21 months after the index bronchoscopy (range: 20-23 months).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">In this prospective study, Nocardia PCR was positive on BAL fluid from one fourth of the LTRs. Nocardia PCR-based assays should be used with caution on respiratory samples from LTRs because of the possible detection of airway colonization using this technique. Larger studies are required to determine the usefulness of the Nocardia PCR-based assay in transplant recipients.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coussement</LastName><ForeName>Julien</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4302-6599</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lebeaux</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>El Bizri</LastName><ForeName>Najla</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Claes</LastName><ForeName>Vincent</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kohnen</LastName><ForeName>Michel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Steensels</LastName><ForeName>Deborah</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Étienne</LastName><ForeName>Isabelle</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lung Transplantation Unit, CUB-Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salord</LastName><ForeName>Hélène</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bergeron</LastName><ForeName>Emmanuelle</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rodriguez-Nava</LastName><ForeName>Veronica</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR CNRS5557, INRA1418 Écologie Microbienne, Observatoire Français des Nocardioses, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France, Université de Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>25</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012336">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012367">RNA, Viral</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001530" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Belgium</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001992" MajorTopicYN="N">Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016040" MajorTopicYN="N">Lung Transplantation</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="Y">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009615" MajorTopicYN="N">Nocardia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="Y">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009617" MajorTopicYN="N">Nocardia Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="Y">diagnosis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009894" MajorTopicYN="N">Opportunistic Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010865" MajorTopicYN="N">Pilot Projects</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016133" MajorTopicYN="N">Polymerase Chain Reaction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011446" MajorTopicYN="N">Prospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012336" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA, Ribosomal, 16S</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012367" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012680" MajorTopicYN="N">Sensitivity and Specificity</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>26</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2019</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2019</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2019</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30802260</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0211989</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">PONE-D-18-33836</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC6388935</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>J Clin Microbiol. 2005 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last="Claes">Vincent Claes</name><name sortKey="Coussement, Julien" sort="Coussement, Julien" uniqKey="Coussement J" first="Julien" last="Coussement">Julien Coussement</name><name sortKey="El Bizri, Najla" sort="El Bizri, Najla" uniqKey="El Bizri N" first="Najla" last="El Bizri">Najla El Bizri</name><name sortKey="Etienne, Isabelle" sort="Etienne, Isabelle" uniqKey="Etienne I" first="Isabelle" last="Étienne">Isabelle Étienne</name><name sortKey="Kohnen, Michel" sort="Kohnen, Michel" uniqKey="Kohnen M" first="Michel" last="Kohnen">Michel Kohnen</name><name sortKey="Steensels, Deborah" sort="Steensels, Deborah" uniqKey="Steensels D" first="Deborah" last="Steensels">Deborah Steensels</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Lebeaux, David" sort="Lebeaux, David" uniqKey="Lebeaux D" first="David" last="Lebeaux">David Lebeaux</name></region><name sortKey="Bergeron, Emmanuelle" sort="Bergeron, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Bergeron E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Bergeron">Emmanuelle Bergeron</name><name sortKey="Rodriguez Nava, Veronica" sort="Rodriguez Nava, Veronica" uniqKey="Rodriguez Nava V" first="Veronica" last="Rodriguez-Nava">Veronica Rodriguez-Nava</name><name sortKey="Salord, Helene" sort="Salord, Helene" uniqKey="Salord H" first="Hélène" last="Salord">Hélène Salord</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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