Effects of Tooth Loss and the Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Allele on Mild Memory Impairment in the Fujiwara-kyo Study of Japan: A Nested Case-Control Study
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Auteurs : Nozomi Okamoto [Japon] ; Masayuki Morikawa [Japon] ; Nobuko Amano [Japon] ; Motokazu Yanagi [Japon] ; Shin Takasawa [Japon] ; Norio Kurumatani [Japon]Source :
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease [ 1387-2877 ] ; ????.
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DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160638
PubMed: 27716671
PubMed Central: 5147497
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of Tooth Loss and the <italic>Apolipoprotein E ɛ4</italic> Allele on Mild Memory Impairment in the Fujiwara-kyo Study of Japan: A Nested Case-Control Study</title><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, Nozomi" sort="Okamoto, Nozomi" uniqKey="Okamoto N" first="Nozomi" last="Okamoto">Nozomi Okamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Community Health and Epidemiology,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morikawa, Masayuki" sort="Morikawa, Masayuki" uniqKey="Morikawa M" first="Masayuki" last="Morikawa">Masayuki Morikawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Mie Prefectural Mental Medical Center</institution>, Mie,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychiatry,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amano, Nobuko" sort="Amano, Nobuko" uniqKey="Amano N" first="Nobuko" last="Amano">Nobuko Amano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Konan Women’s University</institution>, Hyogo,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanagi, Motokazu" sort="Yanagi, Motokazu" uniqKey="Yanagi M" first="Motokazu" last="Yanagi">Motokazu Yanagi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Food and Nutrition,<institution>Tezukayama University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takasawa, Shin" sort="Takasawa, Shin" uniqKey="Takasawa S" first="Shin" last="Takasawa">Shin Takasawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Biochemistry,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurumatani, Norio" sort="Kurumatani, Norio" uniqKey="Kurumatani N" first="Norio" last="Kurumatani">Norio Kurumatani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Community Health and Epidemiology,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27716671</idno><idno type="pmc">5147497</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5147497</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5147497</idno><idno type="doi">10.3233/JAD-160638</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002F55</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002F55</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002F55</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002F55</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of Tooth Loss and the <italic>Apolipoprotein E ɛ4</italic> Allele on Mild Memory Impairment in the Fujiwara-kyo Study of Japan: A Nested Case-Control Study</title><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, Nozomi" sort="Okamoto, Nozomi" uniqKey="Okamoto N" first="Nozomi" last="Okamoto">Nozomi Okamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Community Health and Epidemiology,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morikawa, Masayuki" sort="Morikawa, Masayuki" uniqKey="Morikawa M" first="Masayuki" last="Morikawa">Masayuki Morikawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Mie Prefectural Mental Medical Center</institution>, Mie,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Psychiatry,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amano, Nobuko" sort="Amano, Nobuko" uniqKey="Amano N" first="Nobuko" last="Amano">Nobuko Amano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Konan Women’s University</institution>, Hyogo,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanagi, Motokazu" sort="Yanagi, Motokazu" uniqKey="Yanagi M" first="Motokazu" last="Yanagi">Motokazu Yanagi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Food and Nutrition,<institution>Tezukayama University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takasawa, Shin" sort="Takasawa, Shin" uniqKey="Takasawa S" first="Shin" last="Takasawa">Shin Takasawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Biochemistry,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurumatani, Norio" sort="Kurumatani, Norio" uniqKey="Kurumatani N" first="Norio" last="Kurumatani">Norio Kurumatani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Community Health and Epidemiology,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</title><idno type="ISSN">1387-2877</idno><idno type="eISSN">1875-8908</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Several studies have suggested that periodontal disease can exacerbate the pro-inflammatory status of the brain. Tooth loss is one of the alternative evaluation indices of periodontal disease. There are few data on the relationship between tooth loss and memory impairment, depending on the apolipoprotein E (<italic>APOE</italic>) <italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> genotype.</p><p><bold>Objective:</bold> To determine if tooth loss is associated with mild memory impairment (MMI) and if this association is modified by the presence of the <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic>4 allele.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> A nested case-control study was conducted from 2007 to 2012 in Japan. Five hundred and thirty-seven Japanese subjects aged 65 years and over who were cognitively intact at baseline were analyzed. MMI at follow-up was evaluated.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> The median number of teeth at baseline was significantly lower in MMI participants (<italic>n</italic> = 179) than in controls (<italic>n</italic> = 358) (MMI: median 21.0, interquartile range 10.0–25.0 versus controls: 24.0, 14.0–27.0). After adjustment for demographics, vascular risk factors, and <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) of ≤8 teeth was 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–3.44) compared to 25–32 teeth. Participants with both the presence of at least 1 <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele and ≤8 teeth had a higher risk of MMI compared with those with neither (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.15–6.91). Those with either risk factor alone did not have a higher risk of MMI.</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> A lower number of teeth is related to risk of MMI. This may be primarily true for those individuals with an <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Alzheimers Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Alzheimers Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1387-2877</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1875-8908</issn><issn-l>1387-2877</issn-l><publisher><publisher-name>IOS Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam, The Netherlands</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27716671</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5147497</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JAD160638</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3233/JAD-160638</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of Tooth Loss and the <italic>Apolipoprotein E ɛ4</italic> Allele on Mild Memory Impairment in the Fujiwara-kyo Study of Japan: A Nested Case-Control Study</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">N. Okamoto et al.</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head">Tooth Loss and Memory Decline</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okamoto</surname><given-names>Nozomi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morikawa</surname><given-names>Masayuki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amano</surname><given-names>Nobuko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yanagi</surname><given-names>Motokazu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Takasawa</surname><given-names>Shin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kurumatani</surname><given-names>Norio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">a</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Department of Community Health and Epidemiology,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label><institution>Mie Prefectural Mental Medical Center</institution>, Mie,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>Department of Psychiatry,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label><institution>Konan Women’s University</institution>, Hyogo,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label>Department of Food and Nutrition,<institution>Tezukayama University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label>Department of Biochemistry,<institution>Nara Medical University</institution>, Nara,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Correspondence to: Nozomi Okamoto, DDS, PhD, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara city, Nara 6348521, Japan. Tel.: +81 744 29 8841; Fax: +81 744 0673; E-mail: <email>onozomi@naramed-u.ac.jp</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="preprint" publication-format="electronic"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>55</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>575</fpage><lpage>583</lpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><bold>Background:</bold> Several studies have suggested that periodontal disease can exacerbate the pro-inflammatory status of the brain. Tooth loss is one of the alternative evaluation indices of periodontal disease. There are few data on the relationship between tooth loss and memory impairment, depending on the apolipoprotein E (<italic>APOE</italic>) <italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> genotype.</p><p><bold>Objective:</bold> To determine if tooth loss is associated with mild memory impairment (MMI) and if this association is modified by the presence of the <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic>4 allele.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> A nested case-control study was conducted from 2007 to 2012 in Japan. Five hundred and thirty-seven Japanese subjects aged 65 years and over who were cognitively intact at baseline were analyzed. MMI at follow-up was evaluated.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> The median number of teeth at baseline was significantly lower in MMI participants (<italic>n</italic> = 179) than in controls (<italic>n</italic> = 358) (MMI: median 21.0, interquartile range 10.0–25.0 versus controls: 24.0, 14.0–27.0). After adjustment for demographics, vascular risk factors, and <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele, the multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) of ≤8 teeth was 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–3.44) compared to 25–32 teeth. Participants with both the presence of at least 1 <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele and ≤8 teeth had a higher risk of MMI compared with those with neither (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.15–6.91). Those with either risk factor alone did not have a higher risk of MMI.</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> A lower number of teeth is related to risk of MMI. This may be primarily true for those individuals with an <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele.</p></abstract><kwd-group><label>Keywords</label><kwd><italic>APOE ɛ4</italic> allele</kwd><kwd>community-based</kwd><kwd>memory decline</kwd><kwd>nested case-control study</kwd><kwd>tooth loss</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="jad-55-jad160638-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Baseline characteristic of the 537 subjects</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cases (<italic>n</italic> = 179)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 358)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age, median (IQR), years</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.0 (69.0–76.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.0 (69.0–76.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.985</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (32.4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">116 (32.4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education ≤ junior high school</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (22.9%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (15.1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.031</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MMSE total score, median (IQR)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.0 (26.0–29.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0 (27.0–30.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recall score 3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (54.7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">283 (79.1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDS score ≥ 6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (2.2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.508</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current smoker</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (8.4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (11.2%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.366</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive history of diseases</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cerebrovascular disease</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (4.5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (5.3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.835</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Myocardial infarction</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (2.8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.110</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hypertension</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">133 (74.3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">246 (68.7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.193</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Diabetes mellitus</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (15.1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (11.7%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.277</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hyperlipidemia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">112 (62.6%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">206 (57.5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.306</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence of at least 1 <italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> allele</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (24.0%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (19.0%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.177</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth category</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–32</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (29.1%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">163 (45.5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 17–24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (35.8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (24.9%)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 9–16</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (12.8%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (11.5%)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (22.3%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (18.2%)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of teeth, median (IQR)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.0 (10.0–25.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.0 (14.0–27.0)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPI*</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic> = 149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic> = 322</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> code 0, 1, 2, or 3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (74.5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">233 (72.4%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.657</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> code 4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (25.5%)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (27.6%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>IQR, interquartile range; Recall, three word delayed recall; GDS, geriatric depression scale; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CPI, Community Periodontal Index. Data are expressed as number (%) or median (IQR). Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square test or Mann-Whitney test. *We excluded people considered ineligible in all sextants in both maxillary and mandibular dentition from data analysis (cases, <italic>n</italic> = 30; controls, <italic>n</italic> = 36).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jad-55-jad160638-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of dental variables for MMI</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental variables</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model 1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model 2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model 3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">In 537 subjects</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth category</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–32</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 17–24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15 (1.35–3.45)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13 (1.32–3.42)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.11(1.31–3.39)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 9–16</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90 (1.01–3.56)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.046</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94 (1.01–3.70)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.046</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91 (0.99–3.66)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.051</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86 (1.08–3.20)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.026</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99 (1.14–3.47)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.97 (1.13–3.44)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Per 1 fewer tooth</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 (1.00–1.04)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (1.01–1.05)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (1.01–1.05)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">In 471 subjects</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPI<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> code 0–3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> code 4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.47–1.21)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.240</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.48–1.24)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.282</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.48–1.24)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.285</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>MMI, mild memory impairment; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Recall, three word delayed recall; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CPI, Community Periodontal Index. The OR was calculated by logistic regression analysis. Dental variables were added separately to each model. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, educational background, MMSE- total, Recall, and GDS. Model 2: Adjusted for the covariates used in Model 1, smoking habit, and history of cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Model 3: Adjusted for the covariates used in Model 2 and APOE <italic>ɛ</italic>4. <sup>*</sup>We excluded people considered ineligible in all sextants in both maxillary and mandibular dentition from data analysis (cases, <italic>n</italic> = 30; controls, <italic>n</italic> = 36).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jad-55-jad160638-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Effects of the APOE <italic>ɛ</italic>4 allele and number of teeth on MMI</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cases</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted OR (95% CI)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic> = 179</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic> = 358</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> (–) and Number of teeth ≥ 9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">236</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> (–) and Number of teeth ≤ 8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.59–1.81)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.919</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> (+) and Number of teeth ≥ 9</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.58–1.68)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.969</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>APOE</italic><italic>ɛ</italic><italic>4</italic> (+) and Number of teeth ≤ 8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82 (1.15–6.91)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic> = 149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic> = 322</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">APOE <italic>ɛ</italic>4 (–) and CPI 0–3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">187</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">APOE <italic>ɛ</italic>4 (–) and CPI 4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 (0.43–1.25)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.250</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">APOE <italic>ɛ</italic>4 (+) and CPI 0–3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.56–1.83)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.979</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">APOE <italic>ɛ</italic>4 (+) and CPI 4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96 (0.37–2.45)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.931</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>MMI, mild memory impairment; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Recall, three word delayed recall; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CPI, Community Periodontal Index. The OR was calculated by logistic analysis.Adjusted for age, sex, educational background, MMSE-total, Recall, and GDS, smoking habit, and history of cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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