Association of Alanine Aminotransferase and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis—NHANES 2009–2012
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Auteurs : R. Constance Wiener [États-Unis] ; Usha Sambamoorthi [États-Unis] ; Richard J. Jurevic [États-Unis]Source :
- International Journal of Inflammation [ 2090-8040 ] ; 2016.
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DOI: 10.1155/2016/3901402
PubMed: 26981311
PubMed Central: 4766325
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Association of Alanine Aminotransferase and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis—NHANES 2009–2012</title><author><name sortKey="Wiener, R Constance" sort="Wiener, R Constance" uniqKey="Wiener R" first="R. Constance" last="Wiener">R. Constance Wiener</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Addition 104A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Addition 104A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambamoorthi, Usha" sort="Sambamoorthi, Usha" uniqKey="Sambamoorthi U" first="Usha" last="Sambamoorthi">Usha Sambamoorthi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), P.O. Box 9510, Morgantown, WV 26506-9510, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), P.O. Box 9510, Morgantown, WV 26506-9510</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jurevic, Richard J" sort="Jurevic, Richard J" uniqKey="Jurevic R" first="Richard J." last="Jurevic">Richard J. Jurevic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Addition 102A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Addition 102A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26981311</idno><idno type="pmc">4766325</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4766325</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4766325</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/3901402</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E34</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E34</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E34</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E34</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Association of Alanine Aminotransferase and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis—NHANES 2009–2012</title><author><name sortKey="Wiener, R Constance" sort="Wiener, R Constance" uniqKey="Wiener R" first="R. Constance" last="Wiener">R. Constance Wiener</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Addition 104A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Addition 104A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambamoorthi, Usha" sort="Sambamoorthi, Usha" uniqKey="Sambamoorthi U" first="Usha" last="Sambamoorthi">Usha Sambamoorthi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), P.O. Box 9510, Morgantown, WV 26506-9510, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), P.O. Box 9510, Morgantown, WV 26506-9510</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jurevic, Richard J" sort="Jurevic, Richard J" uniqKey="Jurevic R" first="Richard J." last="Jurevic">Richard J. Jurevic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Addition 102A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Addition 102A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Inflammation</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-8040</idno><idno type="eISSN">2042-0099</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Objective</italic>. Alanine Aminotransferase is an enzyme associated with not only liver diseases, liver conditions, and metabolic syndrome, but also inflammation. Periodontitis is associated with increased cytokines and other markers of inflammation. The purpose of this study is to determine if an independent association between Alanine Aminotransferase and periodontitis exists.<italic> Methods</italic>. Data from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) were combined. Data concerning periodontitis and Alanine Aminotransferase were extracted and analyzed with Rao Scott Chi-square and logistic regressions. Serum Alanine Aminotransferase was dichotomized at 40 units/liter, and periodontitis was dichotomized to the presence or absence of periodontitis.<italic> Results</italic>. In bivariate Chi-square analyses, periodontitis and Alanine Aminotransferase were associated (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0360) and remained significant in unadjusted logistic regression (OR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.65]). However, when other known risk factors of periodontitis were included in the analyses, the relationship attenuated and failed to reach significance (adjusted OR = 1.17 [95% CI: 0.85, 1.60]).<italic> Conclusion</italic>. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Inflam</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Inflam</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Inflammation</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-8040</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2042-0099</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26981311</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4766325</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/3901402</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Association of Alanine Aminotransferase and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis—NHANES 2009–2012</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wiener</surname><given-names>R. Constance</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sambamoorthi</surname><given-names>Usha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jurevic</surname><given-names>Richard J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Addition 104A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), P.O. Box 9510, Morgantown, WV 26506-9510, USA</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Addition 102A, P.O. Box 9448, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*R. Constance Wiener: <email>rwiener2@hsc.wvu.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Jean-Marc Cavaillon</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>3901402</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 R. Constance Wiener et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Objective</italic>. Alanine Aminotransferase is an enzyme associated with not only liver diseases, liver conditions, and metabolic syndrome, but also inflammation. Periodontitis is associated with increased cytokines and other markers of inflammation. The purpose of this study is to determine if an independent association between Alanine Aminotransferase and periodontitis exists.<italic> Methods</italic>. Data from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) were combined. Data concerning periodontitis and Alanine Aminotransferase were extracted and analyzed with Rao Scott Chi-square and logistic regressions. Serum Alanine Aminotransferase was dichotomized at 40 units/liter, and periodontitis was dichotomized to the presence or absence of periodontitis.<italic> Results</italic>. In bivariate Chi-square analyses, periodontitis and Alanine Aminotransferase were associated (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0360) and remained significant in unadjusted logistic regression (OR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.65]). However, when other known risk factors of periodontitis were included in the analyses, the relationship attenuated and failed to reach significance (adjusted OR = 1.17 [95% CI: 0.85, 1.60]).<italic> Conclusion</italic>. Our study adds to the literature a positive but attenuated association of serum Alanine Aminotransferase with periodontitis which failed to reach significance when other known, strong risk factors of periodontitis were included in the analysis.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sample characteristics, NHANES 2009–2012, <italic>n</italic> = 5758.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weighted percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alanine Aminotransferase (serum)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <40 units/liter (normal)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,062</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥40 units/liter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">696</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,946</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,812</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mild</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,048</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Severe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">557</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,884</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,874</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Race/ethnicity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Hispanic white</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,308</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Hispanic black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,231</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mexican American</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">932</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,287</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–44 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 45–54 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,536</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 55–69 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,815</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4 </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less than HS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,393</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HS graduate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,218</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Some coll./tech.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,613</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Coll./tech. graduate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,527</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family income to poverty ratio</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to less than 2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,417</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.00 and above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,853</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alcohol consumption</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nonuse</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,293</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate use</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,041</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Heavy use</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,391</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smoking status</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Current</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,219</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Former</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,307</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Never</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,229</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0–24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,478</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,995</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 and above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,252</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insurance</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,178</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,580</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">732</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,394</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SE: standard error of row percent; HS: high school; and coll./tech.: college technical school.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Periodontitis status in Rao Scott Chi-square analysis, NHANES, 2009–2012.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency negative</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weighted row%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency Positive</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weighted row%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alanine Aminotransferase (serum)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0360</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <40 units/liter (normal)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2623</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2439</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥40 units/liter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">323</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">373</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1185</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1699</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1761</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1113</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Race/ethnicity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Hispanic white</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1445</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">863</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Hispanic black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 502</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">729</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mexican American </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">582</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">649</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">638</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–44 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1602</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">805</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 45–54 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">715</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">821</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 55–69 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">629</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1186</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less than HS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">446</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">947</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HS graduate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">529</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">689</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Some coll./tech.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">884</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">729</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Coll./tech. graduate </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1084</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">443</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family income to poverty ratio</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to less than 2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 986</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1431</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.00 and above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1753</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alcohol consumption</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nonuse</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">643</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">659</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate use</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1257</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">784</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Heavy use</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">587</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">804</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smoking status</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Current</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">819</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Former</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">620</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">687</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Never</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1926</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1303</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0151</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0–24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">805</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">673</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1014</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">981</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 and above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1109</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1143</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insurance</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2346</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1832</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">980</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">244</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">488</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1299</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1095</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SE: standard error of row percent; HS: high school; and coll./tech.: college or technical school.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Logistic regression of serum Alanine Aminotransferase on periodontal status: NHANES, 2009–2012.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted OR (95% CI)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted OR (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Periodontitis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 (1.02, 1.65)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 (0.85, 1.60)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55 (2.07, 3.15)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Race/ethnicity</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Hispanic white</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Hispanic black</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.07 (1.50, 2.86)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mexican American</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21 (1.52, 3.23)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63 (1.13, 2.37)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less than high school</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.62 (1.67, 4.12)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> High school</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71 (1.20, 2.44)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Some college</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31 (0.94, 1.82)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> College degree or above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family income to poverty ratio</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less than 2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36 (1.06, 1.73)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.00 and above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insurance coverage</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74 (1.14, 2.68)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to less than 25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25 to less than 30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.66, 1.46)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30 and above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.63, 1.32)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smoking</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.26 (2.28, 4.68)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alcohol consumption</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Heavy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.63, 1.34)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.47, 0.93)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32 (0.93, 1.87)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>OR: odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. </p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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