Comparing Health Promotion Programs in Public Dental Service of Vantaa, Finland: A Clinical Trial in 6–36-Month-Old Children
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Auteurs : Irma Arpalahti [Finlande] ; Mimmi Tolvanen [Finlande] ; Kaisu Pienihakkinen [Finlande]Source :
- International Journal of Dentistry [ 1687-8728 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.1155/2013/757938
PubMed: 24348559
PubMed Central: 3852318
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparing Health Promotion Programs in Public Dental Service of Vantaa, Finland: A Clinical Trial in 6–36-Month-Old Children</title><author><name sortKey="Arpalahti, Irma" sort="Arpalahti, Irma" uniqKey="Arpalahti I" first="Irma" last="Arpalahti">Irma Arpalahti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Health and Social Welfare Affairs, Pakkalankuja 5, 01510 Vantaa, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Health and Social Welfare Affairs, Pakkalankuja 5, 01510 Vantaa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolvanen, Mimmi" sort="Tolvanen, Mimmi" uniqKey="Tolvanen M" first="Mimmi" last="Tolvanen">Mimmi Tolvanen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pienihakkinen, Kaisu" sort="Pienihakkinen, Kaisu" uniqKey="Pienihakkinen K" first="Kaisu" last="Pienihakkinen">Kaisu Pienihakkinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24348559</idno><idno type="pmc">3852318</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3852318</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3852318</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2013/757938</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002D73</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002D73</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparing Health Promotion Programs in Public Dental Service of Vantaa, Finland: A Clinical Trial in 6–36-Month-Old Children</title><author><name sortKey="Arpalahti, Irma" sort="Arpalahti, Irma" uniqKey="Arpalahti I" first="Irma" last="Arpalahti">Irma Arpalahti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Health and Social Welfare Affairs, Pakkalankuja 5, 01510 Vantaa, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Health and Social Welfare Affairs, Pakkalankuja 5, 01510 Vantaa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolvanen, Mimmi" sort="Tolvanen, Mimmi" uniqKey="Tolvanen M" first="Mimmi" last="Tolvanen">Mimmi Tolvanen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pienihakkinen, Kaisu" sort="Pienihakkinen, Kaisu" uniqKey="Pienihakkinen K" first="Kaisu" last="Pienihakkinen">Kaisu Pienihakkinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-8728</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-8736</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Objective</italic>. The study assessed whether the new family-based programs in health promotion or the training of dental professionals had an impact on the colonization of mutans streptococci (MS) in young children. <italic>Material and Methods</italic>. The participants were children born in 2008 and inhabitants of Vantaa aged 24–36 months. The families with first-born children were invited to a questionnaire study. Vantaa was categorized into three matching areas, which were randomly assigned to different programs. New counseling methods were trained. The routine program used earlier served as the control group. The children born in 2006 served as a historic control. The outcome measure was the presence of MS. Statistical method was logistic regression. <italic>Results</italic>. Colonization of MS was found only in few children born in 2006 or 2008; 15% and 11%, respectively. Within the 2008 birth cohort, the addition of parental counseling did not improve the routine program. Instead, the father's advanced level of education (<italic>P</italic> = 0.044) and the child's reported the use of xylitol at least three times a day (<italic>P</italic> = 0.014) associated with negative MS scores. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. The routine program and training of the professionals seem to reduce the proportion of children with MS more than adding parental self-care to oral health programs.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pienih Kkinen, K" uniqKey="Pienih Kkinen K">K Pienihäkkinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jokela, J" uniqKey="Jokela J">J Jokela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alanen, P" uniqKey="Alanen P">P Alanen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plutzer, K" uniqKey="Plutzer K">K Plutzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, Aj" uniqKey="Spencer A">AJ Spencer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joensuu, T" uniqKey="Joensuu T">T Joensuu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kressin, Nr" uniqKey="Kressin N">NR 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-8728</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24348559</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3852318</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/757938</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparing Health Promotion Programs in Public Dental Service of Vantaa, Finland: A Clinical Trial in 6–36-Month-Old Children</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arpalahti</surname><given-names>Irma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0889-8164</contrib-id><name><surname>Tolvanen</surname><given-names>Mimmi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pienihakkinen</surname><given-names>Kaisu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Health and Social Welfare Affairs, Pakkalankuja 5, 01510 Vantaa, Finland</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, 20014 Turku, Finland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Irma Arpalahti: <email>irma.arpalahti@fimnet.fi</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Robert Schroth</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>2013</volume><elocation-id>757938</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>22</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Irma Arpalahti et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Objective</italic>. The study assessed whether the new family-based programs in health promotion or the training of dental professionals had an impact on the colonization of mutans streptococci (MS) in young children. <italic>Material and Methods</italic>. The participants were children born in 2008 and inhabitants of Vantaa aged 24–36 months. The families with first-born children were invited to a questionnaire study. Vantaa was categorized into three matching areas, which were randomly assigned to different programs. New counseling methods were trained. The routine program used earlier served as the control group. The children born in 2006 served as a historic control. The outcome measure was the presence of MS. Statistical method was logistic regression. <italic>Results</italic>. Colonization of MS was found only in few children born in 2006 or 2008; 15% and 11%, respectively. Within the 2008 birth cohort, the addition of parental counseling did not improve the routine program. Instead, the father's advanced level of education (<italic>P</italic> = 0.044) and the child's reported the use of xylitol at least three times a day (<italic>P</italic> = 0.014) associated with negative MS scores. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. The routine program and training of the professionals seem to reduce the proportion of children with MS more than adding parental self-care to oral health programs.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The flow chart: those allocated to interventions, those recruited into the questionnaire study, and those analyzed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJD2013-757938.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>First-born children, born in 2008, in comparison with the 2008 and 2006 birth cohorts; percentages of negative MS scores in 24–36-month old by group. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">First-born children born in 2008</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">The 2008 birth cohort</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">The 2006 birth cohort*</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total <italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total <italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total <italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MS score negative (=0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">617</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1525</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89**</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">955</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85**</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> F group (oral hygiene and fluoride)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">686</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">419</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> X group (diet and xylitol)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">231</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Control group</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">199</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">449</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">305</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.658</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.011</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.129</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*The same areas where the 2008 birth cohort was given interventions.</p></fn><fn><p>**<italic>P</italic> = 0.011.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Parental background information and child's reported health habits in first-born children at the age of 24–36 months; percentages within groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total <italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral hygiene and fluoride <break></break>F</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diet and xylitol <break></break>X</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control <break></break>C</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Parents </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mother born before 1980 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">644</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.088</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Father born before 1980 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.462</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mother's advanced education level</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">601</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.148</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Father's advanced education level</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">575</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.269</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parents have not cleaned child's pacifier in their own mouth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">597</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.738</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parents have not tasted food from child's spoon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">611</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.041</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mother's use of xylitol at least 3 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">605</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.563</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Child </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth brushing at least 2 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">613</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.293</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluoride use at least 2 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">613</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.394</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Snacks between meals seldom or never</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">609</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.234</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xylitol at least 3 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">613</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.029</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of probiotics products</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">558</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.062</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Results of the logistic regression models of parent- and child-related factors on the presence of MS among first-born children at the age of 24–36 months with intervention group and area as confounders.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">MS score negative</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude OR</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mother born before 1980</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.153</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Father born before 1980</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mother's advanced education level </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.006</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Father's advanced education level</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.026</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27–0.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.044</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parents have not cleaned pacifier in their own mouth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.175</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parents have not tasted food from child's spoon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.614</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mother's use of xylitol at least 3 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.764</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child's tooth brushing at least 2 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.031</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child's fluoride use at least 2 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.096</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child's snacks between meals seldom or never</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.750</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child's use of xylitol at least 3 times/day</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.006</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20–0.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.014</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child's use of probiotic products</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.290</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender (male = 1) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.281</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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