Anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography
Identifieur interne : 002C95 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002C94; suivant : 002C96Anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography
Auteurs : Arpita Rai Thakur [Inde] ; Krishna Burde [Inde] ; Kruthika Guttal [Inde] ; Venkatesh G. Naikmasur [Inde]Source :
- Imaging Science in Dentistry [ 2233-7822 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the general anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine the human anatomic variability of the nasopalatine canal in relation to age and gender.
The study included 100 subjects aged between 20 and 86 years who were divided into the following 3 groups: 1) 20-34 years old; 2) 35-49 years old; 3) ≥50 years old. The subjects were equally distributed between the genders. CBCT was performed using a standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. The data of the CBCT images were sliced in three dimensions. Image planes on the three axes (X, Y, and Z) were sequentially analyzed for the location, morphology and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal by two independent observers. The correlation of age and gender with all the variables was evaluated.
The present study did not reveal statistically significant differences in the number of openings at the nasal fossa; diameter of the nasal fossa openings; diameter of the incisive fossa; shape, curvature, and angulation of the canal as viewed in the sagittal sections; antero-posterior dimensions and length of the canal in the sagittal sections; or the level of division of the canal in the coronal plane by age. However, males and females showed significant differences in the length of the canal in the sagittal sections and level of the division of the canal in the coronal plane.
The present study highlighted important variability observed in the anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal.
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DOI: 10.5624/isd.2013.43.4.273
PubMed: 24380067
PubMed Central: 3873316
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography</title><author><name sortKey="Thakur, Arpita Rai" sort="Thakur, Arpita Rai" uniqKey="Thakur A" first="Arpita Rai" last="Thakur">Arpita Rai Thakur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burde, Krishna" sort="Burde, Krishna" uniqKey="Burde K" first="Krishna" last="Burde">Krishna Burde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttal, Kruthika" sort="Guttal, Kruthika" uniqKey="Guttal K" first="Kruthika" last="Guttal">Kruthika Guttal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naikmasur, Venkatesh G" sort="Naikmasur, Venkatesh G" uniqKey="Naikmasur V" first="Venkatesh G" last="Naikmasur">Venkatesh G. Naikmasur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. 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College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttal, Kruthika" sort="Guttal, Kruthika" uniqKey="Guttal K" first="Kruthika" last="Guttal">Kruthika Guttal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naikmasur, Venkatesh G" sort="Naikmasur, Venkatesh G" uniqKey="Naikmasur V" first="Venkatesh G" last="Naikmasur">Venkatesh G. Naikmasur</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Imaging Science in Dentistry</title><idno type="ISSN">2233-7822</idno><idno type="eISSN">2233-7830</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>This study was performed to evaluate the general anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine the human anatomic variability of the nasopalatine canal in relation to age and gender.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>The study included 100 subjects aged between 20 and 86 years who were divided into the following 3 groups: 1) 20-34 years old; 2) 35-49 years old; 3) ≥50 years old. The subjects were equally distributed between the genders. CBCT was performed using a standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. The data of the CBCT images were sliced in three dimensions. Image planes on the three axes (X, Y, and Z) were sequentially analyzed for the location, morphology and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal by two independent observers. The correlation of age and gender with all the variables was evaluated.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The present study did not reveal statistically significant differences in the number of openings at the nasal fossa; diameter of the nasal fossa openings; diameter of the incisive fossa; shape, curvature, and angulation of the canal as viewed in the sagittal sections; antero-posterior dimensions and length of the canal in the sagittal sections; or the level of division of the canal in the coronal plane by age. However, males and females showed significant differences in the length of the canal in the sagittal sections and level of the division of the canal in the coronal plane.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The present study highlighted important variability observed in the anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mardinger, O" uniqKey="Mardinger O">O Mardinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Namani Sadan, N" uniqKey="Namani Sadan N">N Namani-Sadan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaushu, G" uniqKey="Chaushu G">G Chaushu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz Arad, D" uniqKey="Schwartz Arad D">D Schwartz-Arad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liang, X" uniqKey="Liang X">X Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, R" uniqKey="Jacobs R">R Jacobs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martens, W" uniqKey="Martens W">W Martens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adriaensens, P" uniqKey="Adriaensens P">P Adriaensens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quirynen, M" uniqKey="Quirynen M">M Quirynen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kraut, Ra" uniqKey="Kraut R">RA Kraut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyden, Dk" uniqKey="Boyden D">DK Boyden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cavalcanti, Mg" uniqKey="Cavalcanti M">MG Cavalcanti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruprecht, A" uniqKey="Ruprecht A">A Ruprecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vannier, Mw" uniqKey="Vannier M">MW Vannier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Artzi, Z" uniqKey="Artzi Z">Z Artzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nemcovsky, Ce" uniqKey="Nemcovsky C">CE Nemcovsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bitlitum, I" uniqKey="Bitlitum I">I Bitlitum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Segal, P" uniqKey="Segal P">P Segal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raghoebar, Gm" uniqKey="Raghoebar G">GM Raghoebar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Den Hartog, L" uniqKey="Den Hartog L">L den Hartog</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vissink, A" uniqKey="Vissink A">A Vissink</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shear, M" uniqKey="Shear M">M Shear</name></author><author><name sortKey="Speight, P" uniqKey="Speight P">P Speight</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bodin, I" uniqKey="Bodin I">I Bodin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Isacsson, G" uniqKey="Isacsson G">G Isacsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Julin, P" uniqKey="Julin P">P Julin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mraiwa, N" uniqKey="Mraiwa N">N Mraiwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, R" uniqKey="Jacobs R">R Jacobs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Cleynenbreugel, J" uniqKey="Van Cleynenbreugel J">J Van Cleynenbreugel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanderink, G" uniqKey="Sanderink G">G Sanderink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schutyser, F" uniqKey="Schutyser F">F Schutyser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suetens, P" uniqKey="Suetens P">P Suetens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sicher, H" uniqKey="Sicher H">H Sicher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, Wc" uniqKey="Song W">WC Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jo, Di" uniqKey="Jo D">DI Jo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jy" uniqKey="Lee J">JY Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Jn" uniqKey="Kim J">JN Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hur, Ms" uniqKey="Hur M">MS Hur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Ks" uniqKey="Hu K">KS Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jacob, S" uniqKey="Jacob S">S Jacob</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zelano, B" uniqKey="Zelano B">B Zelano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gungor, A" uniqKey="Gungor A">A Gungor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbott, D" uniqKey="Abbott D">D Abbott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naclerio, R" uniqKey="Naclerio R">R Naclerio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclintock, Mk" uniqKey="Mcclintock M">MK McClintock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Imaging Sci Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Imaging Sci Dent</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ISD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Imaging Science in Dentistry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2233-7822</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2233-7830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24380067</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3873316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5624/isd.2013.43.4.273</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Thakur</surname><given-names>Arpita Rai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burde</surname><given-names>Krishna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guttal</surname><given-names>Kruthika</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naikmasur</surname><given-names>Venkatesh G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to: Prof. Arpita Rai Thakur. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi - 110025, India. Tel) 91-880-253-6376, Fax) 91-011-26983046, <email>arpitadoc@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>273</fpage><lpage>281</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>26</day><month>6</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>7</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 by Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>This study was performed to evaluate the general anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine the human anatomic variability of the nasopalatine canal in relation to age and gender.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>The study included 100 subjects aged between 20 and 86 years who were divided into the following 3 groups: 1) 20-34 years old; 2) 35-49 years old; 3) ≥50 years old. The subjects were equally distributed between the genders. CBCT was performed using a standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. The data of the CBCT images were sliced in three dimensions. Image planes on the three axes (X, Y, and Z) were sequentially analyzed for the location, morphology and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal by two independent observers. The correlation of age and gender with all the variables was evaluated.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The present study did not reveal statistically significant differences in the number of openings at the nasal fossa; diameter of the nasal fossa openings; diameter of the incisive fossa; shape, curvature, and angulation of the canal as viewed in the sagittal sections; antero-posterior dimensions and length of the canal in the sagittal sections; or the level of division of the canal in the coronal plane by age. However, males and females showed significant differences in the length of the canal in the sagittal sections and level of the division of the canal in the coronal plane.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The present study highlighted important variability observed in the anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography</kwd><kwd>Anatomy</kwd><kwd>Nasopalatine Canal</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>The nasopalatine canal on CBCT images. A. An axial section at the level of the incisive fossa shows the medio-lateral diameter of the incisive fossa. B. A three-dimensional reconstructed image of the nasopalatine canal. C. A sagittal section shows the measurements of the length of the nasopalatine canal and the antero-posterior diameter of the canal at the nasal fossa, mid-level, and hard palate. D. A coronal section shows two openings of Stenson's foramina.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>A CBCT image shows 3 openings of the nasopalatine canal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Bar diagrams show the distribution of the number of openings at the nasal fossa. A. An age-wise distribution of the number of openings at the nasal fossa. B. A gender-wise distribution of the number of openings at the nasal fossa.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>CBCT images show the four shapes of the nasopalatine canal as seen on sagittal planes based on the labial and palatal walls of the nasopalatine canal. A. A cylindrical shape formed by parallel labial and palatal walls of the nasopalatine canal. B. A funnel shape formed by an increasing antero-posterior dimension of the nasopalatine canal from the nasal fossa to the hard palate. C. An hourglass shape in which the narrowest antero-posterior dimension of the NPC was at the mid-level compared to the dimensions at the nasal fossa and hard palate levels. D. A spindle shape in which the widest antero-posterior dimension of the nasopalatine canal was at the mid-level compared to the dimensions at the nasal fossa and hard palate levels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><p>Bar diagrams show the distribution of the subjects according to the shape of the canal. A. An age-wise distribution of the subjects according to the shape of the canal. B. A gender-wise distribution of the subjects according to the shape of the canal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><p>A CBCT image in the sagittal plane shows the method of measurement for vertical and slanted nasopalatine canals.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 7</label><caption><p>CBCT images show the curvature of the nasopalatine canal as viewed in the sagittal plane. A. A slanted nasopalatine canal. B. A slanted-curved nasopalatine canal. C. A vertical nasopalatine canal. D. A vertical-curved nasopalatine canal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 8</label><caption><p>Bar diagrams show the distribution of the subjects according to the curvature of the canal. A. An age-wise distribution of the subjects according to the curvature of the canal. B. A gender-wise distribution of the subjects according to the curvature of the canal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 9</label><caption><p>A CBCT image in the sagittal plane shows the method of measurement for the angulation of the nasopalatine canal.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-g009"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Distribution of the patients included in the study by age and sex</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-i001"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Description of the parameters analyzed in the study</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-i002"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Karl Pearson's correlation test for comparison of all parameters between males and females</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-i003"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Pearson's correlation test for comparison of all parameters according to age distribution</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="isd-43-273-i004"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>NPC: nasopalatine canal</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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