The occurrence of dental caries is associated with atherosclerosis
Identifieur interne : 002B27 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002B26; suivant : 002B28The occurrence of dental caries is associated with atherosclerosis
Auteurs : Bernhard Glodny [Autriche] ; Parinaz Nasseri [Autriche] ; Adriano Crismani [Autriche] ; Elisabeth Schoenherr [Autriche] ; Anna K. Luger [Autriche] ; Kristina Bertl [Autriche] ; Johannes Petersen [Autriche]Source :
- Clinics [ 1807-5932 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that marginal periodontitis is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether caries may also be associated with atherosclerosis.
The computed tomography data sets of 292 consecutive patients, 137 women and 155 men with a mean age of 54.1±17.3 years, were analyzed. Caries were quantified based on the number of decayed surfaces of all the teeth, and periodontitis was quantified on the basis of the horizontal bone loss in the jaw. The presence of chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) was assessed, and the aortic atherosclerotic burden was quantified using a calcium scoring method.
The patients with <1 caries surfaces/tooth had a lower atherosclerotic burden (0.13±0.61 mL) than patients with ≥1 caries surfaces/tooth. The atherosclerotic burden was greater in patients with a higher number of lesions with pulpal involvement and more teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. In the logistical regression models, age (Wald 49.3), number of caries per tooth (Wald 26.4), periodontitis (Wald 8.6), and male gender (Wald 11) were found to be independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. In the linear regression analyses, age and the number of decayed surfaces per tooth were identified as influencing factors associated with a higher atherosclerotic burden, and the number of restorations per tooth was associated with a lower atherosclerotic burden.
Dental caries, pulpal caries, and chronic apical periodontitis are associated positively, while restorations are associated inversely, with aortic atherosclerotic burden. Prospective studies are required to confirm these observations and answer the question of possible causality.
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DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(07)10
PubMed: 23917658
PubMed Central: 3714742
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Luger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertl, Kristina" sort="Bertl, Kristina" uniqKey="Bertl K" first="Kristina" last="Bertl">Kristina Bertl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-cln_68p946">Medical University, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical University, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Vienna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Johannes" sort="Petersen, Johannes" uniqKey="Petersen J" first="Johannes" last="Petersen">Johannes Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23917658</idno><idno type="pmc">3714742</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714742</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3714742</idno><idno type="doi">10.6061/clinics/2013(07)10</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002B27</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002B27</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002B27</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002B27</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The occurrence of dental caries is associated with atherosclerosis</title><author><name sortKey="Glodny, Bernhard" sort="Glodny, Bernhard" uniqKey="Glodny B" first="Bernhard" last="Glodny">Bernhard Glodny</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasseri, Parinaz" sort="Nasseri, Parinaz" uniqKey="Nasseri P" first="Parinaz" last="Nasseri">Parinaz Nasseri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-cln_68p946">Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Salzburg, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Salzburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crismani, Adriano" sort="Crismani, Adriano" uniqKey="Crismani A" first="Adriano" last="Crismani">Adriano Crismani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Orthodontics, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Orthodontics, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schoenherr, Elisabeth" sort="Schoenherr, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Schoenherr E" first="Elisabeth" last="Schoenherr">Elisabeth Schoenherr</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luger, Anna K" sort="Luger, Anna K" uniqKey="Luger A" first="Anna K." last="Luger">Anna K. Luger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertl, Kristina" sort="Bertl, Kristina" uniqKey="Bertl K" first="Kristina" last="Bertl">Kristina Bertl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-cln_68p946">Medical University, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical University, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Vienna</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Johannes" sort="Petersen, Johannes" uniqKey="Petersen J" first="Johannes" last="Petersen">Johannes Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-cln_68p946">Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinics</title><idno type="ISSN">1807-5932</idno><idno type="eISSN">1980-5322</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>OBJECTIVE:</title><p>Previous studies have suggested that marginal periodontitis is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether caries may also be associated with atherosclerosis.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS:</title><p>The computed tomography data sets of 292 consecutive patients, 137 women and 155 men with a mean age of 54.1±17.3 years, were analyzed. Caries were quantified based on the number of decayed surfaces of all the teeth, and periodontitis was quantified on the basis of the horizontal bone loss in the jaw. The presence of chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) was assessed, and the aortic atherosclerotic burden was quantified using a calcium scoring method.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS:</title><p>The patients with <1 caries surfaces/tooth had a lower atherosclerotic burden (0.13±0.61 mL) than patients with ≥1 caries surfaces/tooth. The atherosclerotic burden was greater in patients with a higher number of lesions with pulpal involvement and more teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. In the logistical regression models, age (Wald 49.3), number of caries per tooth (Wald 26.4), periodontitis (Wald 8.6), and male gender (Wald 11) were found to be independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. In the linear regression analyses, age and the number of decayed surfaces per tooth were identified as influencing factors associated with a higher atherosclerotic burden, and the number of restorations per tooth was associated with a lower atherosclerotic burden.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION:</title><p>Dental caries, pulpal caries, and chronic apical periodontitis are associated positively, while restorations are associated inversely, with aortic atherosclerotic burden. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Clinics (Sao Paulo)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Clinics (Sao Paulo)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Clinics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1807-5932</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1980-5322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23917658</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3714742</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6061/clinics/2013(07)10</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">cln_68p946</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Science</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The occurrence of dental caries is associated with atherosclerosis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Glodny</surname><given-names>Bernhard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cln_68p946">I</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nasseri</surname><given-names>Parinaz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cln_68p946">I,</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-cln_68p946">III</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crismani</surname><given-names>Adriano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cln_68p946">II</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schoenherr</surname><given-names>Elisabeth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cln_68p946">I</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luger</surname><given-names>Anna K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cln_68p946">I</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bertl</surname><given-names>Kristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-cln_68p946">IV</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cln_68p946">I</xref></contrib><aff id="af1-cln_68p946"><label>I</label>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Innsbruck, Austria.</aff><aff id="af2-cln_68p946"><label>II</label>Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Orthodontics, Innsbruck, Austria.</aff><aff id="af3-cln_68p946"><label>III</label>Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Salzburg, Austria.</aff><aff id="af4-cln_68p946"><label>IV</label>Medical University, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Vienna, Austria.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><fn fn-type="con"><p>Glodny B and Nasseri P planned and designed the study, performed and supervised the data acquisition, conducted the statistical analyses, interpreted the data, and drafted and revised the manuscript. Crismani A partially designed the study, interpreted the data, and drafted and revised the manuscript. Schoenherr E and Luger AK performed the data collection and drafted and revised the manuscript. Bertl K drafted and revised the manuscript. Petersen J designed the study, performed and supervised the data acquisition, interpreted the data, drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.</p></fn><corresp id="c1-cln_68p946">E-mail: <email>Johannes.petersen@i-med.ac.at</email> Tel.: <phone>43 512 504-22761</phone></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>946</fpage><lpage>953</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>28</day><month>1</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>3</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>OBJECTIVE:</title><p>Previous studies have suggested that marginal periodontitis is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether caries may also be associated with atherosclerosis.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS:</title><p>The computed tomography data sets of 292 consecutive patients, 137 women and 155 men with a mean age of 54.1±17.3 years, were analyzed. Caries were quantified based on the number of decayed surfaces of all the teeth, and periodontitis was quantified on the basis of the horizontal bone loss in the jaw. The presence of chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) was assessed, and the aortic atherosclerotic burden was quantified using a calcium scoring method.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS:</title><p>The patients with <1 caries surfaces/tooth had a lower atherosclerotic burden (0.13±0.61 mL) than patients with ≥1 caries surfaces/tooth. The atherosclerotic burden was greater in patients with a higher number of lesions with pulpal involvement and more teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. In the logistical regression models, age (Wald 49.3), number of caries per tooth (Wald 26.4), periodontitis (Wald 8.6), and male gender (Wald 11) were found to be independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. In the linear regression analyses, age and the number of decayed surfaces per tooth were identified as influencing factors associated with a higher atherosclerotic burden, and the number of restorations per tooth was associated with a lower atherosclerotic burden.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION:</title><p>Dental caries, pulpal caries, and chronic apical periodontitis are associated positively, while restorations are associated inversely, with aortic atherosclerotic burden. Prospective studies are required to confirm these observations and answer the question of possible causality.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental Caries</kwd><kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>Risk Factors</kwd><kwd>Dental Restoration</kwd><kwd>Computed Tomography</kwd><kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="8"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-cln_68p946" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>A 3D volume rendering reconstruction of the jaw in a left anterior oblique projection. There is severe periodontitis causing bone loss and loss of teeth, but no caries is present.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cln-68-07-946-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-cln_68p946" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Existing teeth per patient (%).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cln-68-07-946-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-cln_68p946" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>A) Correlation between the aortic atherosclerotic burden (axis of ordinates, in milliliters) and caries (axis of abscissa, surfaces per tooth). <bold>B)</bold> Correlation between the aortic atherosclerotic burden and pulpal caries. <bold>C)</bold> Correlation between the aortic atherosclerotic burden and chronic apical periodontitis (CAP). <bold>D)</bold> Correlation between the aortic atherosclerotic burden and the number of teeth.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cln-68-07-946-g003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-cln_68p946" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Logistic regression analyses of the target variable “presence of aortic atherosclerosis”. First model: Superficial caries and pulpal caries are grouped together as one parameter. Second model: Superficial caries and pulpal caries are separated parameters. N = 248 (both models), Nagelkerke's R<sup>2</sup> = 0.677 (first model) and 0.644 (second model). Pulpal caries appears in the models only if superficial caries is removed (model not shown).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model number</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wald</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direction of the Effect</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estimator</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower CI</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper CI</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.32</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.113</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.209</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Caries</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.345</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.237</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.547</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.983</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.624</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.869</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.436</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bony height</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.563</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.973</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.956</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.991</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Constant</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.369</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CAP</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of teeth</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Indication for CT scan</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CT protocol</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Fillings per tooth</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.31</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.151</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.104</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.201</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Caries</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.963</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.115</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.441</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.719</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.229</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.435</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.049</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bony height</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.912</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.971</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.953</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.989</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Incisal point to bone crest</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.822</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.037</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.004</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.072</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Constant</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.476</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CAP</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pulpal caries</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of teeth</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Indication for CT scan</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CT protocol</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Fillings per tooth</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-cln_68p946"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold><italic>p</italic> = significance; CI = confidence interval; * = significant; CAP = chronic apical periodontitis; ns = not significant.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-cln_68p946" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Linear regression analyses of different factors influencing the atherosclerotic burden. First model: all patients. Second model: Edentulous patients. N = 292 (first model) and n = 44 (second model). The R<sup>2</sup> values for the first and second models were 0.276 and 0.194, respectively.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model number</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estimator</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direction of the effect</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.378</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pulpal caries</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.331</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Filling index (number of fillings per tooth)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.148</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CAP</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bony height</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Incisal point to bone crest (distance)</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Superficial caries</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of teeth</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Indication for CT scan</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CT protocol</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.441</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bony height</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Indication</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CT protocol</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-cln_68p946"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold><italic>p</italic> = significance; * = significant; ns = not significant; CAP = chronic apical periodontitis.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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