Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration
Identifieur interne : 002919 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002918; suivant : 002920Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration
Auteurs : Ralf Smeets [Allemagne] ; Bernd Stadlinger [Suisse] ; Frank Schwarz [Allemagne] ; Benedicta Beck-Broichsitter [Allemagne] ; Ole Jung [Allemagne] ; Clarissa Precht [Allemagne] ; Frank Kloss [Autriche] ; Alexander Gröbe [Allemagne] ; Max Heiland [Allemagne] ; Tobias Ebker [Allemagne]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6285620
PubMed: 27478833
PubMed Central: 4958483
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration</title><author><name sortKey="Smeets, Ralf" sort="Smeets, Ralf" uniqKey="Smeets R" first="Ralf" last="Smeets">Ralf Smeets</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stadlinger, Bernd" sort="Stadlinger, Bernd" uniqKey="Stadlinger B" first="Bernd" last="Stadlinger">Bernd Stadlinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, Frank" sort="Schwarz, Frank" uniqKey="Schwarz F" first="Frank" last="Schwarz">Frank Schwarz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beck Broichsitter, Benedicta" sort="Beck Broichsitter, Benedicta" uniqKey="Beck Broichsitter B" first="Benedicta" last="Beck-Broichsitter">Benedicta Beck-Broichsitter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Ole" sort="Jung, Ole" uniqKey="Jung O" first="Ole" last="Jung">Ole Jung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Precht, Clarissa" sort="Precht, Clarissa" uniqKey="Precht C" first="Clarissa" last="Precht">Clarissa Precht</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kloss, Frank" sort="Kloss, Frank" uniqKey="Kloss F" first="Frank" last="Kloss">Frank Kloss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Private Practice, 9900 Lienz, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Private Practice, 9900 Lienz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grobe, Alexander" sort="Grobe, Alexander" uniqKey="Grobe A" first="Alexander" last="Gröbe">Alexander Gröbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heiland, Max" sort="Heiland, Max" uniqKey="Heiland M" first="Max" last="Heiland">Max Heiland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ebker, Tobias" sort="Ebker, Tobias" uniqKey="Ebker T" first="Tobias" last="Ebker">Tobias Ebker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27478833</idno><idno type="pmc">4958483</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958483</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4958483</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/6285620</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002919</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002919</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002919</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002919</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration</title><author><name sortKey="Smeets, Ralf" sort="Smeets, Ralf" uniqKey="Smeets R" first="Ralf" last="Smeets">Ralf Smeets</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stadlinger, Bernd" sort="Stadlinger, Bernd" uniqKey="Stadlinger B" first="Bernd" last="Stadlinger">Bernd Stadlinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, Frank" sort="Schwarz, Frank" uniqKey="Schwarz F" first="Frank" last="Schwarz">Frank Schwarz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beck Broichsitter, Benedicta" sort="Beck Broichsitter, Benedicta" uniqKey="Beck Broichsitter B" first="Benedicta" last="Beck-Broichsitter">Benedicta Beck-Broichsitter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Ole" sort="Jung, Ole" uniqKey="Jung O" first="Ole" last="Jung">Ole Jung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Precht, Clarissa" sort="Precht, Clarissa" uniqKey="Precht C" first="Clarissa" last="Precht">Clarissa Precht</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kloss, Frank" sort="Kloss, Frank" uniqKey="Kloss F" first="Frank" last="Kloss">Frank Kloss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Private Practice, 9900 Lienz, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Private Practice, 9900 Lienz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grobe, Alexander" sort="Grobe, Alexander" uniqKey="Grobe A" first="Alexander" last="Gröbe">Alexander Gröbe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heiland, Max" sort="Heiland, Max" uniqKey="Heiland M" first="Max" last="Heiland">Max Heiland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ebker, Tobias" sort="Ebker, Tobias" uniqKey="Ebker T" first="Tobias" last="Ebker">Tobias Ebker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Objective.</italic> The aim of this paper is to review different surface modifications of dental implants and their effect on osseointegration. Common marketed as well as experimental surface modifications are discussed.<italic> Discussion.</italic> The major challenge for contemporary dental implantologists is to provide oral rehabilitation to patients with healthy bone conditions asking for rapid loading protocols or to patients with quantitatively or qualitatively compromised bone. These charging conditions require advances in implant surface design. The elucidation of bone healing physiology has driven investigators to engineer implant surfaces that closely mimic natural bone characteristics. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of surface modifications that beneficially alter the topography, hydrophilicity, and outer coating of dental implants in order to enhance osseointegration in healthy as well as in compromised bone. In the first part, this paper discusses dental implants that have been successfully used for a number of years focusing on sandblasting, acid-etching, and hydrophilic surface textures. Hereafter, new techniques like Discrete Crystalline Deposition, laser ablation, and surface coatings with proteins, drugs, or growth factors are presented.<italic> Conclusion.</italic> Major advancements have been made in developing novel surfaces of dental implants. These innovations set the stage for rehabilitating patients with high success and predictable survival rates even in challenging conditions.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Br Nemark, P I" uniqKey="Br Nemark P">P.-I. Brånemark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adell, R" uniqKey="Adell R">R. Adell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Breine, U" uniqKey="Breine U">U. Breine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansson, B O" uniqKey="Hansson B">B. O. Hansson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindstrom, J" uniqKey="Lindstrom J">J. Lindström</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohlsson, A" uniqKey="Ohlsson A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27478833</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4958483</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/6285620</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact of Dental Implant Surface Modifications on Osseointegration</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smeets</surname><given-names>Ralf</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stadlinger</surname><given-names>Bernd</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwarz</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beck-Broichsitter</surname><given-names>Benedicta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jung</surname><given-names>Ole</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Precht</surname><given-names>Clarissa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kloss</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gröbe</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heiland</surname><given-names>Max</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-6940</contrib-id><name><surname>Ebker</surname><given-names>Tobias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Private Practice, 9900 Lienz, Austria</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Tobias Ebker: <email>t.ebker@uke.de</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Shinji Kuroda</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>6285620</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>22</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Ralf Smeets et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Objective.</italic> The aim of this paper is to review different surface modifications of dental implants and their effect on osseointegration. Common marketed as well as experimental surface modifications are discussed.<italic> Discussion.</italic> The major challenge for contemporary dental implantologists is to provide oral rehabilitation to patients with healthy bone conditions asking for rapid loading protocols or to patients with quantitatively or qualitatively compromised bone. These charging conditions require advances in implant surface design. The elucidation of bone healing physiology has driven investigators to engineer implant surfaces that closely mimic natural bone characteristics. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of surface modifications that beneficially alter the topography, hydrophilicity, and outer coating of dental implants in order to enhance osseointegration in healthy as well as in compromised bone. In the first part, this paper discusses dental implants that have been successfully used for a number of years focusing on sandblasting, acid-etching, and hydrophilic surface textures. Hereafter, new techniques like Discrete Crystalline Deposition, laser ablation, and surface coatings with proteins, drugs, or growth factors are presented.<italic> Conclusion.</italic> Major advancements have been made in developing novel surfaces of dental implants. These innovations set the stage for rehabilitating patients with high success and predictable survival rates even in challenging conditions.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Mechanical stability of a dental implant after insertion. Primary stability decreases subsequently to implant insertion while secondary stability increases. After 2-3 weeks, the implant stability is the lowest in a phase called implant stability dip.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Roxolid implant with SLA surface (Straumann Holding AG, Basel, Switzerland). Roxolid dental implants (a) are made of titanium zirconium alloy. Large grit-blasting generates the macrolevel aspects of the surface (b), while the microtopographic features (c) are induced by acid-etching with HCl/H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. Courtesy of Straumann Holding AG.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>FRIADENT plus surface (DENTSPLY Implants, Mannheim, Germany). The surface of the FRIADENT plus surface (a) is created by large grit-blasting, etching, and a proprietary neutralizing technique. The hydrophilic surface features grooves that are interspersed with micropores (b). Courtesy of DENTSPLY Implants.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>3i T3 (BIOMET 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA). Small calcium phosphate particles are deposited on a double acid-etched surface in 3i dental implants (a). These particles are 20–100 nm (c) in size and form about half of the implant's total surface (b). Courtesy of BIOMET 3i.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Laser-Lok implant (BioHorizons, Birmingham, AL, USA). A pattern of microchannels around the implant collar (b) is created by laser ablation. These cell-sized microchannels have been shown to act as a biological seal around the implant by fostering the attachment of connective tissue (c). Courtesy of BioHorizons IPH Inc.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>TiUnite surface (Nobel Biocare Holding AG, Zürich, Switzerland). The NobelReplace dental implant (a) is equipped with the TiUnite surface. The porous microstructure of the surface (b) has been suggested to promote osseointegration by providing additional retention in bone formation (c). Courtesy of Nobel Biocare.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>OsseoSpeed implant (DENTSPLY Implants, Mannheim, Germany). The nanolevel aspect (c) of the OsseoSpeed dental implant (a, b) is the result of titanium oxide blasting followed by etching with hydrofluoric acid. Accumulation of fluoride on the surface is a beneficial side effect of the manufacturing process. Courtesy of DENTSPLY Implants.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.007"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Concept of hydrophilicity. The hydrophilic surface on the left exhibits a water contact angle <italic>α</italic> < 90°, whereas the hydrophobic surface on the right shows a contact angle of <italic>β</italic> > 90°.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.008"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>SLActive (Straumann Holding AG, Basel, Switzerland). In SLActive dental implants, the degree of hydrophilicity has been enhanced by rinsing under nitrogen protection and storage in saline solution. The SLActive surface (a, b) possesses elements of nanotopography. Courtesy of Straumann Holding AG.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.009"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig10" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label><caption><p>Hydrophilic effects of UV treatment. Pure titanium discs were subjected to photofunctionalization using UV light. Droplets of water (20 <italic>μ</italic>L) were placed on untreated (a) and photofunctionalized discs (b). The water contact angle is drastically decreased by UV treatment (b), illustrating the hydrophilic effects of photofunctionalization. Courtesy of Henningsen.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2016-6285620.010"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Examples of dental implants with microtopographical surface features. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sandblasted and<break></break>acid-etched implants</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grit-blasted, acid-etched, and neutralized implants</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) SLA, Straumann <break></break>(ii) Camlog Promote surface</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) FRIADENT plus surface, DENTSPLY</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Examples of dental implants with nanotopographical surface characteristics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discrete Crystalline Deposition (DCD)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laser ablation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anodic oxidation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Titanium oxide blasted and acid-etched implants</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydrophilic implants</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) NanoTite/T3, BIOMET 3i</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) Laser-Lok, BioHorizons</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) TiUnite, Nobel Biocare</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) OsseoSpeed, DENTSPLY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(i) SLActive, Straumann</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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